Churchill
Page 44
3. Ibid.
4. J. Charmley, Churchill, p. 17.
5. Lord Moran, Churchill at War, p. 353.
6. S. Lamb (ed.), Wit and Wisdom, p. 17.
7. Ibid., p. 136.
8. G. Best, Churchill, p. 256.
9. Geoffrey Best, Churchill and War (London: Hambledon and London, 2005), p. 216.
10. W. Churchill (ed.), Never Give In!, p. 414.
11. Ibid., p. 418.
12. W. Churchill (ed.), Never Give In!, p. 333.
13. Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, p. 22.
14. A. Bevan, “History’s Impresario,” in Churchill by His Contemporaries, p. 58.
15. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 66.
16. W. Churchill (ed.), Never Give In!, p. 465.
17. Ibid., p. 446.
18. S. Lamb (ed.), Wit and Wisdom, p. 305.
19. Ibid., p. 290.
20. Ibid., p. 271.
21. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 19.
22. Ibid., p. 68.
23. Ibid., p. 125.
24. M. Soames, Speaking for Themselves, p. 566.
25. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 3.
26. Ibid., p. 4.
27. Alistair Cooke in Manchester Guardian.
28. Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, pp. 299, 304.
29. S. Lamb (ed.), Wit and Wisdom, p. 330.
30. Lord Moran, The Struggle for Survival, p. 119.
31. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 110.
32. R. Jenkins, Churchill, p. 824.
33. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, volume IV, The Hinge of Fate (London: Cassel, 1951), p. ix.
34. David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (London: Allen Lane, 2004), p. 405.
35. R. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit, p. 188.
36. G. Best, Churchill, p. 316.
37. M. Soames, Speaking for Themselves, p. 593.
38. Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, p. 158.
39. R. Rhodes James, “The Parliamentarian, Orator, Statesman,” in R. Blake and W. Louis (eds.), Churchill, p. 505.
40. W. Churchill (ed.), Never Give In!, p. 495.
Chapter 9
1. Lord Moran, Churchill at War, p. 293.
2. M. Soames, Winston Churchill, His Life as a Painter, A Memoir by His Daughter (London: Collins, 1990), p. 180.
3. A. Storr, “The Man,” in A. J. P. Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 207.
4. Lord Moran, Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, p. 412.
5. M. Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 544.
6. Ibid., p. 541.
7. Edward Bacon, “Thousands Queue Up to Offer Homage,” in Illustrated London News, February 6, 1965, p. 6, and M. Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 541.
8. R. Jenkins, Churchill, p. 911.
9. Iain Hamilton, “The Captains and the Kings Honour the Great Commoner,” in Illustrated London News, February 6, 1965, p. 18.
10. M. Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 543.
11. Ibid., p. 543.
12. Ibid., p. 545.
13. David Moller, “Sir Winston Lies at Rest in an Oxfordshire Country Churchyard,” in Illustrated London News, February 6, 1965, p. 40. See also Sir Winston Churchill and the Bladon Connection (The Parish Church of St. Martin, Bladon, n. d.).
Epilogue
1. Lord Moran, Churchill at War, p. 301.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p. 156.
4. Ibid., p. 239.
5. Ibid., p. 324.
6. Ibid., p. 8.
7. Ibid., p. 81.
8. Ibid., p. 274.
9. Ibid., p. 264.
10. Ibid., p. 132.
11. Ibid., p. 133.
12. Lord Attlee, “The Churchill I Knew,” in Churchill by His Contemporaries, p. 20.
13. Ibid., p. 23.
14. Ibid., p. 24.
15. David Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (London: Penguin, 2003), p. x.
16. P. Addison, Churchill, p. 1.
17. Ibid., p. 3.
18. Richard Gott, “The Man, the Myth, the Muck,” in Guardian, May 4, 1994.
19. G. Best, Churchill, p. 31.
20. P. Addison, Churchill, p. 238.
21. Ibid., p. 6.
22. Lord Moran, Churchill at War, p. 77.
23. R. Rhodes James, “The Parliamentarian, Orator, Statesman,” in R. Blake and W. Louis (eds.), Churchill, pp. 504, 503.
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to John Foster, Head of Education at Blenheim Palace, Dr. Tony Lemon of Mansfield College, Oxford, Dr. Andrew Stewart of King’s College London, His Grace the Duke of Marlborough, Caroline Anderson of the Oxfordshire Museum, Chris Galloway, Bursar of Ditchley Park, Joshua Ireland, Tony Morris, Richard Milbank, and Richard Milner. For allowing the use of his painting on the cover of this book, special thanks are due to Hugh Bourn. Thanks also to my wife Andrea for her enthusiasm and support for my work.
Photography Credits
Alamy
1 © London Aerial Photo Library/Alamy.
Corbis
4, 5 © Bettmann/CORBIS;
7 © Corbis; 21, 24 © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS.
Getty Images
2, 19, 21 Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images; 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15 Getty Images;
13, 18, 20 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 14 Popperfoto/Getty Images;
17 AFP/Getty Images.
Press Association
9, 25 PA Archive/Press Association;
16, 23 AP/Press Association Images.
Topfoto
3 Topfoto.
Index
4th Hussars 41–44, 45, 48, 50–61, 71, 293, 327, 356, page 5 of insert
21st Lancers 62, 63, 64–68
31st Punjab Infantry 57
35th Sikhs 57
abdication crisis 197, 213–214
Abdullah, Emir 171
Abingdon 15
Addison, Paul 364, 368
Adenauer, Konrad 334, 368
Admiralty 20, 97, 100, 110, 162, 169, 180, 181, 243
Churchill as First Lord of 116, 117, 118–144, 157, 226–36
Churchill returns to 226–27
Fisher returns to 151
reform of 121–22
War Group 134, 141
Afghan War 44
Afghanistan 57
Afridi tribes 58
Afrika Corps 271
Agadir crisis 116
Air Defense Research Committee 215, 216
Air Ministry, Churchill at 162, 166–68, 173
air power
Churchill battles for adequate 215
transforms strategic situation 209, 214, 227
use in First World War 157
see also Royal Air Force
air-raid precautions 220
Alamein
First Battle of 288
Second Battle of 290, 342, 343
Alanbrooke, Viscount see Brooke, General Sir Alan
Albania 220
Alexander, General Sir Harold 250, 288, 294, 295, 307, 308, 316, 327, 334
Alexandria 204, 272, 274
Algeria 281, 294
Algiers 294, 296, 306
Aliens Bill 92
aliens, rounding up of 258
Allen, Commodore Gordon 341
Allenby, Lord 170
Altmark 232
Amery, Leopold 3, 177, 186, 236, 324
Amritsar massacre 167
Anders, General Wladyslaw 290
Anderson, Sir John 245
Anglo-American alliance 5, 280, 309, 313
Anglo-American Chiefs of Staff committee 282
Anglo-Boer war (1880–81) 74
Anglo-German naval agreement (1935) 209
Anglo-Soviet agreement (1941) 276
Anson, Sir William 96
Antwerp 136, 143
Anzio 302, 305
appeasement 196
, 217, 218, 237, 342
Arcadia Conference 280
Arctic convoys 276, 296
Ardennes 221
Argentina 331
Armistice (1918) 160, 182
Ashley, Maurice 186, 223, 369
Asquith, Herbert 2, 16, 37, 43, 92, 100, 102, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 119, 122, 125, 130, 131, 137, 140, 143, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 247
Churchill’s criticism of 149, 150
on Churchill’s strengths 116–17
and Dardanelles campaign 144, 152
foundering of his government 153
and postcoalition Liberals 176
Asquith, Margot 132
Asquith, Violet 44, 102
Astor, Sir John 193
Aswan 64
Athens 311, 314
Atlantic, Battle of the 273
Atlantic Charter 263–64, 303
Atlantic convoys 260, 264
Atlantic Wall 294
atomic bomb 294, 318–19, 328, 336, 337, 344, 348
Attlee, Clement 5, 23, 53, 105, 115, 139, 230, 233, 236, 236, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 259, 284, 295, 296, 311, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 327, 332, 333, 354
1945 election 317, 318
on Churchill 359–60
criticism of 311
wartime achievement of 320
made Deputy Prime Minister 284
as Prime Minister 327, 333
second term 332
Auchinleck, General Claude 5, 250, 268, 272, 284, 288, 342, 343
Australia 6, 95, 274
fear of Japanese invasion 274, 278
feels abandoned by Churchill 6
Austria 217, 250, 309
aviation
Churchill’s love of 126–27, 166–67
civil 167
development of 124–25
see also air power; Royal Air Force
Baganda people 99
Bahamas 201
Balaclava 314
Baldwin, Stanley 175, 178, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 199, 200, 205, 207, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 224–25, 329, 342
Balfour, Arthur 37, 73, 83, 87, 154, 189
Balkans, Second World War 272, 294, 309
Balmoral 193
Balsan, Consuelo 345
Baltic republics 310
Bangalore 50, 56, 58, 59, 61
Bank of England 179
Banstead Manor 27–28
Baring, Hugo 50
Barnes, Reginald 45, 46, 50
Barrett, Buckley 367
Battle of Britain 20, 216, 251, 255, 256, 258–59, 269, 270
Battle of France 251, 255, 269
battleship-building 110, 124
BBC 232, 254
the Beatles 360
Beatty, Lord David 181
Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord 131, 199, 222, 224, 245, 256, 258, 284, 311, 345, 350, 368
Belfast 128, 129–30
Belgium
Churchill’s intervention in Antwerp (1914) 136
German invasion (1914) 116
Second World War 250, 303
Bell, Sir Hesketh 99
Beneš, Edvard 21
Bengal Lancers 57
Beresford, Lord William 48
Berlin 259, 309, 319, page 6 of insert
Berlin Airlift 330
Berlin, Isaiah 363
Bermuda 263, 281, 303, 335, 339
Best, Geoffrey 7, 363, 368
Bevan, Aneurin 242, 253, 256, 287, 323, 330
Beveridge, William 105
Bevin, Ernest 244, 245, 319
Birkenhead, Lord see Smith, F. E.
Bismarck, sinking of the 273
Black and Tans 172
Bladon 12, 23, 40, 190, 353, 356, page 8 of insert
Blake, Lord 369
Blandford, Lord 19, 26
Blenheim Palace 8–24, 28, 48, 92, 102–3, 161, 213, 220, 353, 370, page 1 of insert
Bletchley Park 248, 370
the Blitz 20, 259
Blood, General Sir Bindon 48, 55, 56, 57, 58
Blum, Léon 212
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen 52, 83, 102
Board of Trade, Churchill as President of 15, 16, 102, 104, 105–11
boarding school system 30–31
Boer War 74–81, 82, 350
Bolshevism 163–66
Bombay 49
Bomber Command 270
bombing campaigns 214, 258–59, 270, 303–4
Bonar Law, Andrew 143, 154, 161, 165–66
becomes Prime Minister (1922) 174
resignation 175
Bonham Carter, Violet 120, 145, 370
Book, Norman 230
Boothby, Robert 213, 347
Brabazon, Colonel John 41, 49
Bracken, Brendan 176, 191, 228, 243, 266, 311
Bradford 115
Breccles 193
Brendon, Piers 368
Bridgeman, Sir Francis 123, 138
Bridges, Sir Edward 314
Brighton 31, 32
Bristol 112
Bristol University 222, 262
British Army
Brodrick’s reforms 51, 86
Churchill’s views on size of 72, 85–86, 105
demobilization (post 1918) 162–63
inter-war years 163
need to cooperate with Royal Navy 116, 122–23, 234–35, 236
need to rebuild in 1940 257
size in First World War 42
Victorian and modern warfare 81
see also specific battles and conflicts
British Empire
Churchill and
belief in 4, 5, 11, 26, 35, 52–53, 70, 86, 98, 199, 274–75, 336, 340
fears loosening grip on 205
should not be isolationist 89–90
colonies lost to Japanese 298
conditions for keeping 108
contribution to war effort 275–76
decolonization 336
expansion in Middle East 169, 170–71
First World War defense of 115
independence movements 162, 204, 336
postwar 329, 331
seems secure in 1920s 180
weakening of 322
British Expeditionary Force
First World War 116, 132
Second World War 252
British Gazette 184
British Parliamentary Association 187
The Broad Sword 61
Brodrick, St. John 51, 85, 86
Brooke, General Sir Alan 4, 21, 247, 254, 268, 274, 276, 287, 296, 298, 300, 370
Browne, Sir Anthony Montague 19, 354, 356
Bruce, Allan 43
Buckingham Palace 243
Bulgaria 310
Buller, Sir Redvers 74, 78
Burma 278, 285, 298, 299, 303, 308, 309, 336
Burma Road 253, 309
Burnley 107
Butler, Rab 239, 332, 338
Byng, Colonel Julian “Bungo” 79
Cabinet War Rooms 369
Cairo 63, 64, 68, 71, 170, 171, 171, 272, 288, 293, 300, 310
Cairo Conference 171, 263, 292, 296, 301, 303
Calcutta 59, 71
Calcutta Pioneer 55
Callahan, Sir George 123
Cambridge, Duke of 41, 43
Camp David 293
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry 100
Campos, Marshall 45
Camrose, Lord 346
Canada
Churchill visits 187, 265, 275, 281, 303, 307, 309, 335
D-Day landings 304
Cannadine, David 360–61
Cape Colony 80
Capri 306
Carden, Admiral 140–41, 142
Carlton Club 91
Carrington, Sir Frederick 49
Carson, Sir Edward 2, 37
Casablanca Conference 263, 291, 303
Cassell, Sir Ernest 92
Cecil, Lord Hugh 14, 69, 88
Ceylon 298, 336
Chakdara 57
Chamberlain, Austen 174
Chamberlain, Joseph 3
7, 73, 74
Churchill makes fun of 86
and tariff reform 87, 89
Chamberlain, Neville 177, 178, 184, 213, 215, 240, 259
and appeasement 216, 217–18, 219–20, 236–37
death of 259
dissatisfaction with government of 259
invites Churchill to join government 227
Munich Agreement 219, 221
outbreak of Second World War 225
resigns as Prime Minister 237
retires as leader of Conservatives 259
role in Churchill’s government 244
as wartime Prime Minister 231, 235–36, 240, 243, 256
Chanak crisis 174
Chaplin, Charlie 187
Charmley, John 320, 321, 368
Chartwell 20, 178, 187, 188, 191–92, 198, 220, 221, 222, 223, 272, 319, 327, 370
Chartwell Trust 346
Chatfield, Lord 235
Chequers 20, 261–62, 267, 268, 278, 311
Chiang, Madame 297
Chiang Kai-shek 285, 297
Chiefs of Staff, Churchill’s dealings with 247–48, 263, 268, 274, 278, 287, 292, 298, 299–300, 304
Chiefs of Staff Committee 235, 245
Chile 331
China 211, 253–54, 285, 296–97, 309
Chinese laborers in South Africa 95
Churchill, Clementine (née Hozier) (wife) 3, 7, 21, 92, 186, 284, 325, 327, 352
biography of 368
character 104
correspondence with Mary 23
correspondence with Winston 18, 102, 104, 106, 120–21, 127, 131, 135, 147, 149, 150, 151–52, 158, 159, 166, 172, 177, 182, 187, 191, 203–4, 220, 239, 280, 288–89, 306–7, 307–8, 310, 313, 315–16, 327, 345, 351
family life 188–94
health problems 190
marriage to Winston 15–16, 101–2
relationship with Winston 15–16, 101–2, 106, 126–27, 149, 151, 159, 188–194, 203, 225, 302, 311, 346, 348, 352