Germs, Genes, & Civilization: How Epidemics Shaped Who We Are Today
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transmission method, 16, 39, 215
in white versus black populations, 236
tularemia, as biological warfare, 134
Tuskegee syphilis study, 147
typhoid fever
bacterial cause of, 64
carriers of, 46
cystic fibrosis and, 81
resistance to, 51
transmission method, 16, 215
typhus versus, 127
typhus
in indigenous Americans, 195, 207-208
malnutrition and, 110
origin of, 209-211
as spotted fever, 208
transmission method, 29, 39, 211
types of, 209
typhoid fever versus, 127
virulence of, 45
in warfare, 126-129
in World War I, 125
U–V
U.S. Public Health Service, 147
Ug99 variant, 251
unknown viruses, immune system response to, 241
unreliability of biological warfare, 138-139
urban cultures. See cities
Urban II (pope), 124
vaccination
Catholic Church’s view on, 172
indirect immunity and, 52
premise for, 48
of soldiers, 131
Vandals, effect of disease on, 89
Variola major, 214
Variola minor, 214
Varro, Marcus, 37, 84
VD. See venereal disease (VD)
vectors
effect on disease virulence, 44-46
explained, 39
Vedic culture of India, 176
vegetables, contamination of, 94-95
venereal disease (VD), 38, 141. See also names of specific diseases
ancient civilizations and, 159-162
bloodborne diseases, 149-150
effect on AIDS transmission, 152
embarrassment, 141
naming customs, 146
origin of, 145-147
promiscuity rates versus propaganda, 144-145
puritanism versus promiscuity, 141-143
rates of, 144
relationship with skin infections, 148-149
religious reaction to, 154-155
verruga Peruana, 197
Vesuvius (volcano), 87
Vibrio cholerae, 71
Victorian-era England, prostitution statistics, 142
Vietnam War, 126
Vikings, 211-212
Villalba, Joaquin, 209
violence, accidental versus intentional, 34
viral diseases. See also viruses; names of specific diseases
cell culture techniques for identification, 238
in cities, 214-215
emerging disease examples, 237-239
origin of, 20
rate of evolution, 23
transmission methods of emerging diseases, 241
virulence of emerging diseases, 239-240
virulence of disease, 24-28. See also transmission methods
crowding, effect of, 41-44
Ebolavirus example, 40-41
efficiency of transmission methods and, 242
emerging diseases, 239-240
intentions, lack of role in, 206-207
misconceptions about, 33-34
via mutation, 60-62
oscillation of, 42-44
via plasmids, 63-65
reservoirs and carriers, effect of, 46-47
Spanish flu of 1918, 243-244
vectors, effect of, 44-46
viruses. See also viral diseases
as biological warfare, 134
lack in indigenous Americans, 195
mutation rate, 61-62
origin of diarrheal diseases, 70-71
as plasmids, 64-65
RNA viruses, 62
vulnerability of cities to waterborne diseases, 76-78
W
warfare. See also invaders; military
biological warfare
against indigenous Americans, 203-204
against rabbits, 137-138
agents used in, 134-135
amateur attempts at, 132-133
anthrax as, 132
cost of protective measures, 131
genetic engineering of diseases, 139
origin of, 130
psychological effects of, 131
unreliability of, 138-139
in World Wars I and II, 136-137
large versus small armies, effect of disease on, 123-124
mortality rate versus disease, 115-116, 125-126
spread of disease during, 116-118
tropical diseases and, 122-123
typhus and, 126-129
water contamination
effect on disease virulence, 46
as transmission method, 39
water supply
cholera and, 72-73
in Indus Valley civilization, 74-78
waterborne diseases. See also names of specific diseases
climate change and, 245
vulnerability of cities to, 76-78
“well-seasoned troops,” origin of phrase, 116
Wells, H. G., 252
West Nile virus, 40, 208
Western Europeans versus Eastern Europeans, long-term benefits of bubonic plague, 219-221
wheat rust fungus, 251
wheat scab, 251
White Plague. See tuberculosis
white population, tuberculosis in, 236
whooping cough, transmission method, 215
wild animals, die-offs of, 237
witch hunts, fungal diseases and, 108-109
witchcraft, 180
World War I, 116, 125
biological warfare in, 136-137
typhus in, 128
World War II, 116, 125
anthrax testing during, 132
biological warfare in, 136-137
worms in ancient religious beliefs, 168
Wycliffe, John, 222
X–Y–Z
Xerxes, 123-124
yaws, 148, 234
yellow fever, 15, 233
role in warfare, 122-123
virulence of, 45
Yersinia enterocolitica, 63
Yersinia pestis, 63, 132, 135, 139, 216-217
Zhouhou Beijifang (Ge Hong), 19, 210