by Avi Shlaim
Ali, Prince 391, 587
Alia, Princess 92, 93, 94, 95–6, 183, 551
Alia, Queen 43, 355
death 391
Allon Plan 288–90, 291, 292–5
modified 337
as basis for later proposals 374–5, 382
Allon, Yigal 379–80
Herzog and 263
personal hostility to Hussein 287–8
meetings with Hussein 294–5, 298–300, 345, 381–2
and Jordanian civil war 330–31, 332
support for Hussein 330, 332, 335, 348
message to Hussein 332
meeting with Hussein (1970) 335–7
support for United Arab Kingdom plan 348
and Prince Hassan 389
Amanpour, Christiane, interview 599–600
Amer, Field Marshal Abdel Hakim, Egyptian commander 113, 117, 119, 240–41, 246
Amery, Sir Julian, MP 249, 270, 272
Amir, Lieutenant General Ali, Egyptian
head of United Arab Command 220
Amit, Meir, director of Mossad 200, 264
Amman 18
palaces 60
villa in Al-Hummar 60, 92
fedayeen in 312–13, 316–17
Amman Accord (1986) 424
principles of 424–5
reactions to 425–7
Amman Agreement (October 1970) 337–8
Amman Pact (1956) 113, 114
Anglo-Jordanian treaty (1948) 80, 83, 103
termination of 123–4, 127
Aqaba 16, 17, 183
Iraqi supplies through 411–12
Aqaba, Gulf of 116, 168
Arab Constitutional Party 112
Arab Cooperation Council (ACC) 468–70, 479, 614
Arab Defence Council, Cairo 230
Arab League
and UN partition plan 24, 31
and First Arab-Israeli War 26, 28, 30–31
and Israeli threat to Jordan 73–4
Security Pact 77, 78
and UN Resolution (1958) 169
and Palestinian separatism 204
recognition of PLO 337–8, 419, 420, 422
support for PLO 384, 460–61
rejection of Camp David Accords 400, 404
and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 479, 480–81
emergency meeting in Cairo (1990) 486
summit meetings 261, 262; Cairo (1964) 202–5; Alexandria (1964)211–12; Casablanca (1965) 220; Khartoum (1967), ‘three noes’ declaration 266–8, 269; Rabat (1969) 310; Rabat (1974) 382, 383–7, 422; Baghdad (1977) 404–5; Fez (1982) 419, 422; Amman (1987) 452; Algiers (1988) 460–61
Egypt: suspension 404, 613; readmission 452
Arab Legion 17, 73, 98
and First Arab-Israeli War 26, 28–9
10th Infantry Regiment 52
nationalism in 62, 73, 81, 105
border security with Israel 69,72, 73, 98–9
British subsidy to 80, 103, 106
suppression of riots (1955–6) 85, 86–9, 90
Arabization 98, 103, 104, 105, 106
Bedouin regiments 100–101
Haderi regiments 100
see also Jordanian Arab Army
Arab Liberation Front (wing of Iraqi Ba’th party) 312
Arab Revolt (1916) 3, 4–7
Arab solidarity agreement (1957) 123–4, 155
Arab states
disunity among 187, 266
balance between radical and conservative 210, 232, 400
and causes of June War 234–5, 240–42
Hussein’s disillusionment with 250, 251
and Israel 48, 164, 192, 202, 564
and Jordan 75–6, 232;
view of conduct in First Arab-Israeli War 28–31, 32–3; and Jordanian civil war 335, 340; reaction to United Arab Kingdom plan 343–6
and lack of progress on peace 283
and Palestine 67, 76
response to Reagan Plan 421
Arab Union, Jordan and Iraq 154–7
and Iraqi coup 159–62
Arab–Syrian Congress 10, 11
Arabia, and Arab Revolt 6
Arafat, Yasser
and Fatah 219, 323
as chairman of PLO 301, 309, 312
ceasefire agreements 317, 320
and second Rogers Plan 320
declaration of independence in Irbid 331
ceasefire after civil war 335, 336
and Amman Agreement 337–8
rejection of United Arab Kingdom plan 346
and Egyptian–Syrian war plan 360
at 1974 Rabat summit 383
and banishment of PLO 417
agreement with Hussein (1983) 420
and negotiations with Hussein 423, 431
Hussein’s distrust of 448, 452
independence for West Bank and Gaza Strip 467
and recognition of Israel 467
renunciation of terrorism 468
and Saddam Hussein 494
and peace negotiations (from 1991) 511
and Oslo Accord 521, 522, 523
and economic aspirations for Palestine 565
inability to control terrorists 570
and Wye Agreement (1998) 589–90
at funeral 607
Arens, Moshe, Israeli minister of defence 446
Arif, Colonel Abd al-Salam, President of
Iraq 254, 268
Iraqi coup 159–60
and Iraqi troops in Jordan 322
Arif, General Rafiq, UAR commander-in- chief 158
al-Asad, Hafiz, Syrian President 333, 388
Cairo summit (1973) 359
and October War 369
and Geneva Conference 372
and Iran–Iraq War 413
reconciliation with Hussein 431–2
and Syrian plan to assassinate Hussein 554–5
at funeral 607
Ashrawi, Dr Hanan, PLO spokesperson 512, 517
Aswan Dam 114
Atmah, Ibrahim, RJAF 213
al-Atrash, Farid 92
al-Atrash, Sultan 20
al-Awn, Sharif Abdul Hamid 90
Ayyash, Yahya, Hamas bomb-maker 556
Aziz, Tariq, Iraqi foreign minister 495
al-Badr, Imam Muhammad, Yemen 188
Badran, Mudar, as prime minister 397, 511
Baghdad Pact (1955) 76–90, 155
Bahrain 412
Baker, James, US Secretary of State 508–9, 510, 511
and Madrid Conference 513, 515
Balfour, Arthur 8
Balfour Declaration (1917) 8, 9
Balfour-Paul, Glen, British ambassador to Amman 352–3, 354–5
Bar-Lavie, Ze’ev, IDF Military Intelligence 225, 369
Bar-Lev, Chaim, IDF chief of staff 292–3, 307–8
Barak, Major-General Ehud 498, 500, 501
Barbour, Walworth, US ambassador to Israel 248
Barnea, Aharon and Amalia, Mine Enemy 94–5
Basma, Princess 430, 591
on Hussein’s relationship with family 60–61, 588
Basra, port of 411
Ba’th Arab Socialist Party 113, 135
Ba’th Party 85, 312
Ba’th Party, Iraq 189, 312, 334, 413
Ba’th Party, Syria 62, 135, 312, 334, 413
coup in Syria 189, 235
Batikhi, General Samih 572, 574
plot against Prince Hassan 585, 594
Bayar, Calal, President of Turkey 82 Bedouins
in Arab Revolt 6
Prince Hassan and 583–4
Begin, Menachem
view of West Bank 256, 395
and contacts with Hussein 263–4
and second Rogers Plan 320
as prime minister 392–3, 395, 413–14
rejection of UN Resolution 242:395
view of PLO 395
deception in Camp David Accords 401
and war in Lebanon 416
rejection of Reagan Plan 418–19, 613
Beilin, Yossi, Israeli foreign ministry 4
30
and London Agreement 441, 444, 445
Beirut, Israeli siege of 416–17
Beit Shean, rocket attack 314
Beit Shemesh, Hussein’s visit to 569–70
Ben-Aharon, Yossi 498
Ben-Gurion, David 48, 225
and relations with Jordan 34–5, 116, 177
and assassination of Abdullah 36
and raid on Qibya 71–2
and Suez 115–16
territorial ambitions of 116, 163, 167
Bennett, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Erik 249, 270, 412
Bilby, Kenneth, New York Herald Tribune 34
Bitar, Salah 135
Black September commandos 339
Boumedienne, Houari, Algerian president 265
British Army, Parachute Brigade 162, 168, 169
Brown, Dean, US ambassador to Amman 329
Brown, George, British foreign minister 264–5
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, US national security adviser 402, 405
Bull, Odd, Norwegian chief-of-staff of UNTSO 241
Bundy, McGeorge 286
Buraimi Oasis 78
Burns, Findley, Jr, US ambassador to Jordan 228, 229–30
Bush, George H. W., US President 470–71
Hussein’s relations with 470, 491
and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 479–80, 487–9
US troops in Saudi Arabia 482–3
and Operation Desert Storm 504, 505
Cairo, conference (1921) 12, 14
Cairo Agreement (1970) 335
Cairo summit (1973) 359–60
Camp David Accords 400–406
Jordanian questions on 402–3
Camp David conference 398–400
Carter, Jimmy, US President
and rights of Palestinians 389, 395
and Hussein 391–2, 406
and Begin 395, 401
and Camp David conference 398–400
and Camp David Accords 401–2, 403–4
cuts in aid to Jordan 405–6
Carter, Rosalynn 391–2
censorship
lifted 64–5
imposition of 149, 587, 616
on UAR radio broadcasts 157
Chadli ben Jedid, President of Algeria 492
Chamoun, Camille, President of Lebanon 159, 162
Charles, Prince of Wales 616
Childers, Erskine, on Zarqa Affair 137–8
Christopher, Warren, US Secretary of State 524, 536, 540
Churchill, Winston S., as colonial secretary 12, 13, 14
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
support for Hussein 144–9
and Iraqi coup 158, 161
on Jordanian regime 231–2, 240
and Saddam Hussein 411, 437
and Syrian plot against Hussein 554–5
Clinton, Bill, US President
and Oslo Accord 522, 528
and Jordanian–Israeli peace treaty 535, 543, 545–6, 547
and Washington Declaration 537–8
at funeral of Rabin 553–4
and Netanyahu 563, 573, 590
and peace process 581
and Wye Agreement (1998) 588–91
at funeral of Hussein 607
Cohen, Mendel, memoirs At the Court of King Abdullah48–9
Cold War 143
and American view of Middle East 300, 329–30, 414
see also Soviet Union
communism, perception of threat of 122, 126, 154, 174
Copeland, Miles, CIA 134
Coral Island, meeting on 303
Craig, Mrs, nanny to Princess Alia 95, 96
Crawford, Professor James 540
Crossman, Richard 87, 89
Curzon, Lord 18
Czechoslovakia, and Soviet-Egyptian arms deal 81
Dalgleish, Wing Commander Jock 46, 168, 170–71
Damascus, entry of Arab Army into (1916) 6
Danin, Ezra 27
Daoud, Muhammad, head of military government 242, 325, 335
Dayan, General Moshe 115, 119, 297
minister of defence 248, 348
view of occupied territories 256, 356
opposition to Hussein 257, 307, 331
on Jewish claim to Jerusalem 258
and Bundy 286
retaliation against Palestinian terrorism 303, 308
targeting of East Ghor Canal 304
opposition to revised Allon Plan 337
and meetings with Hussein 350–51, 376–7, 393–5
offer of defence pact 350, 351, 352
and United Arab Kingdom plan 350–51
and October War 362, 367–8
as foreign minister in Likud government 393, 413
offer of partition of West Bank 394
Dead Sea, mineral resources 358
Dhofar, insurgency 410, 412
Dina Abdul Hamid, Queen (first wife) 90–96
and daughter Alia 92, 93, 94, 95–6, 183
divorce 93–4, 95–6, 179
second marriage to Salah Ta’amari 94–5
Dinitz, Simha 347–8, 356–7, 428
Domino Theory, applied by US to Middle East 159, 329
Doudin, Marwan 434
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, British foreig secretary 328–9
Druze, minority in Syria 20
Duke, Charles, British ambassador to Jordan 84, 101, 102–3
Dulles, John Foster
on future of Jordan (1956) 122–3, 140, 143
on Nasser’s intentions for UAR 154
view of Israel 163, 167
East Bank
Fatah bases 274–5
regulation of Palestinian organizations 337–8
control regained 341
development plans 386
after Oslo Accord 532
East Ghor Canal, Israeli attacks on 304
East Jerusalem, Har Homa settlement 566, 568, 570
Eban, Abba, Israeli foreign minister 167, 242
in favour of peace agreements 256, 263
and direct contact with Hussein 257, 279, 287
meetings with Hussein and Rifa’i 279–80, 281, 288–90, 294–5, 297, 299–300
view of Hussein 283–4, 331
indiscretion about meetings with Hussein 299–300
and Rogers Plan 309
and Hussein’s problem with fedayeen 313–15
and Geneva conference 372
Eden, Sir Anthony, prime minister
and Nasser 77–8, 79
and Baghdad Pact 84, 89
on dismissal of Glubb 102, 103–4
and Suez war 107, 114–15
Egypt 6, 21, 31, 150
Amman Pact 113
and Arab Cooperation Council 468, 469–70
Arab League: Rabat summit 310; suspension 404, 613; readmission 452
Free Officers’ Revolution (1952) 62
dependence on USSR 81, 265, 310
and Israel 356, 370, 565; responsibility for June War 240–48, 251; and proposals for peace 257–8, 357, 396; military disengagement agreement (1974) 373; Sinai II agreement 387–8; peace treaty (1979) 413
and Jordan: hostility towards 53, 60, 68; radio propaganda against 77, 80, 81, 84; economic aid for 123, 128; mutual defence treaty (1967) 237–8, 239; and murderers of Tall 339, 345
and Palestinians 107–8, 384
October War 358–9, 365–6, 369–70
reaction to Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty 547, 552
and Syria: defence treaties 81–2, 235, 237; joint war plan 359–60; end of alliance 369
and UAR 153–4, 179, 213–14
and Yemen revolution 188–9
and United States 309, 320, 481
violation of 1970 ceasefire 320–21
see also Nasser, Gamal Abdel; Sadat, Anwar
Egyptian air force, destruction by Israel (1967) 240
Egyptian Army, October War 365
Eilan, Arye, Israeli foreign ministry 72–3
Eisenhower Doctrine 14, 126
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
and Suez crisis 114–15
support for Hussein 143–4, 167
meeting with Hussein 173–4
El-Bid, Salem, vice-president of Yemen 494
Elath, Eliahu, Israeli ambassador in London 193–4
Elazar, David, Israeli chief of staff 364
Eran, Dr Oded, Israeli ambassador in Amman 572
Eshkol, Levi, Israeli prime minister 196, 256, 299
and Rabin 224–5
policy of support for Hussein 225, 248
on West Bank 256, 300–301
and direct contact with Hussein 257, 278–9, 287, 297
Eshkol, Miriam 225
Eveland, Wilbur Crane, CIA 144–6
Eytan, Walter, Israeli ambassador to France 221
Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia 402, 403, 425
and Iran-Iraq war 413
and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 479, 481
Fahmy, Ismail, Egyptian foreign minister 372
Faisal bin Hussein (d.1933) 3, 4, 6, 23
as king of Syria 10, 11
as king of Iraq 14, 19
Faisal bin Hussein, Prince 183, 587
Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia 164, 188
and Nasser 267, 268
and Gaddafy 310
and October War 366
Faisal II, King of Iraq (and cousin) 54, 59, 79, 92, 155
and Arab Union 156
warned by Hussein of plot against him 158
murder of 160, 165–6
Fatah faction (PLO) 94–5, 312
guerrilla operations 219–20, 232, 274–5
attempts to contain 222
and Samu’ incident 223
Israeli attacks on 276–7, 282
plan to expel to Syria 307–8
fighters in Amman 317, 335–6
call for general strike 323, 335
and Black September commandos 339
reaction to United Arab Kingdom plan 344
plot to assassinate Hussein 383
Fawzi, Dr Mahmud, Egyptian foreign minister 104
al-Fayez, Akif 141, 172
fedayeen terrorists 108
Hussein’s policy towards 276–7
Israeli warnings on 286
border war with Israel 303–4
civil war with 311 -40
growing power and arrogance of 311, 312–13
attacks on army bases 315–16
renewed attacks in Jordan 321
in Irbid 323–4, 338
in Ajlun 336, 339
controls on 337–8
expelled to Syria 339
First Arab-Israeli War (1947–9) 25–32
first phase 25–6
second phase 27
armistice (1949) 32
France
interests in Middle East 5, 10–11, 20
and Suez 115–17
Free Jordanian Officers movement 62, 63
and dismissal of Glubb 99,100
and Zarqa Affair 129, 139
Friedman, Thomas, New York Times563
Gaddafy, Colonel Muamar 310, 335
Gardiner, Toni (Antoinette) see Muna, Princess
Gardiner, Lieutenant-Colonel Walker 180