by Avi Shlaim
Garment, Len 428
Gaza Strip 31, 257, 295, 357
fedayeen terrorists from 108
Jabaliyah refugee camp 453
declaration of independence 467
violence over Al-Aqsa Mosque 562
see also Occupied Territories; West Bank
Gazit, Mordechai 361, 364, 376–8
Gemayel, Bashir, Lebanese president, assassination 419
Geneva Peace Conference 371–3, 395–6
Geyelin, Philip, journalist 147
Ghazi, king of Iraq (1933–9) 41–2, 155
Gil, Avi 528
Glubb, General John Bagot (‘Glubb Pasha’) 40–41, 83, 88
and succession to Abdullah 49–50, 52
and succession of Hussein 56
as adviser to Hussein 61, 97–8, 148
control of Arab Legion 62–3, 80, 100–101, 148
and Palestinian infiltrations into Israel 69, 71, 107
and raid on Qibya 71, 73
suppression of riots (January 1956) 86, 88–9
dismissal 97–105
farewell gift from Hussein 101–2
US role in dismissal 145–6, 149
Golan Heights
Jewish settlements 257
Syrian aims to liberate 360
Syrian offensive 365
Arab disarray (October War) 367–8
extension of Israeli law to 413
Gold, Dore, aide to Netanyahu 562, 568
Goldberg, Arthur, US representative at UN 269
Gorbachev, Mikhail, summit with Reagan 444, 450–51
Great Britain
and Hashemites 2, 14
and Arab Revolt 4–7
Balfour Declaration 8
independence for Transjordan 14, 17, 20
and Baghdad Pact 80, 82–4
and Israel 163, 193
and Jordan 117, 161–2, 169, 176–7, 179; aid to armed forces 80, 103, 353; Anglo-Jordanian treaty 80, 83, 103, 123–4, 127; reaction to dismissal of Glubb 102–4; willingness to relinquish control to USA 123; pessimistic view of viability 329, 352
Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916) 7–8, 9
mandates over Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan 10, 24
power in Middle East 16–17
and Palestine 21–2, 25–6
and Suez 114–21
opposition to Hussein’s marriage to Muna 181–2
and June War 248–9
view of Jordanian–Israeli peace negotiations 266
and Jordanian civil war 328–9
Greater Israel, Likud policy of 393, 448
Greater Jerusalem, extension of Israeli law to 258
Greater Syria 10, 11
Abdullah’s ambitions for 19–21
Gromyko, Andrei, Soviet foreign minister 269, 426
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) 469
Gulf States
and Iranian Revolution 410
Hussein’s criticism of 520
Gulf War 498–506, 614
invasion of Kuwait 478–84, 492–3, 494–5
Operation Desert Shield 482–3, 493–4
Operation Desert Storm 493, 502–4
cost to Jordan 507–8
Habaniyya, Iraq, meeting in (January 1956) 89
Habash, Dr George, leader of PFLP 312, 321, 338
Haber, Eitan 525
Habib, Philip, US envoy 417
Habib, Randa, journalist 553, 592
Haddad, Major Saad 415
Haddadin, Dr Munther 540, 541
Haditha, Manshoor, army chief of staff 317–18, 324
Hadow, Michael, British ambassador to Israel 248
Halabja, gassing of Kurds at 488
Halaby, Lisa see Noor Al Hussein
Halaby, Najeeb 407
Halevy, Efraim, deputy-director of Mossad 441, 448, 516
on agreement in Gulf War 490–92, 497–8
and Oslo Accords 522–3, 525
and Jordanian–Israeli peace negotiations 528, 537, 539
friendship with Hussein 533, 573
and Netanyahu 562–3
and Mishal affair 573–4
as head of Mossad 579, 580
Hamarneh, Mustafa, on Oslo Accord 522
Hamas
founding of 466
suicide bombers 556, 570, 571
offer of truce 571, 576
Hammarskjold, Dag, UN secretary-general 169, 170
Hamzah, Prince 408, 587
and Hussein’s last illness 582, 602–3, 606–7
appointment as Crown Prince 607
Harkabi, Yehoshafat, Israeli military intelligence 72
Harrison, Roger, US ambassador to Amman 489
Hashem, Ibrahim
on regency council (1951) 50
as prime minister 86, 107, 141
murdered in Baghdad 166
Hashemite family 1–2, 3, 14
and Arab delegation at Versailles 6
respect for Jews 9, 23, 48–9, 502
Arab view of 75–6
Hussein’s obligation to dynasty 124–5, 151–2, 156, 175, 251, 386, 609
Hashim, Prince 408, 587–8
Hashimiyya Palace 541–2
Hassan II, King of Morocco 492
Hassan, Prince 120, 465
Hussein and 19, 60, 485–6, 518–19
on Talal 55–6
appointed Crown Prince (1965) 184, 586
on June War 249
and United Arab Kingdom plan 342
as Hussein’s closest adviser 353–5, 518–19, 584
and Kissinger 374
views on West Bank 386
meeting with Allon 389
and Iranian Revolution 410
campaign against corruption 473–4, 585
and economic policy 473, 507–8
and bread riots 474–5
and peace negotiations with Israel 513, 516, 525, 526–7, 541
on Rabin 527–8
and Halevy 533, 574, 580
and treaty negotiations 540
Syrian plot against 554–5
as regent 581, 583–4
and Hussein’s illness 584, 592–3, 596
relations with Queen Noor 584
as facilitator in Israeli-Palestinian final status talks 588
meeting in London (1999) 596–8
and succession to Hussein 588, 593, 594–5, 600–601, 603
Hussein’s letter to 604–6
Hawatmeh, Nayef, leader of PDFLP 312, 321, 338
Haya, Princess 391
Heath, Edward, British prime minister 328, 367
Hebron, mayor of 344
Hebron Protocol (1997) 565–6
Heikal, Mohamed, friend of Nasser 104
Henniker-Major, John, British ambassador to Jordan 179, 181–2
Herbert, Dr Emanuel 193
and contact with Yaacov Herzog 192–6, 197, 199, 212, 259, 270
and Sharif Nasser 193, 194
reaction to Samu’ raid 227
use of house for meetings 279, 292, 298, 301, 393
Herzog, General Chaim 177, 198, 368
Herzog, Yaacov 196–7
first meeting with Hussein 197–200
plan for Middle East 198–9
second meeting with Hussein 207–9
third meeting 212–15, 217–18
fourth meeting with Hussein (after June War) 217–18, 259–64
and reaction to Samu’ raid 227
proponent of Greater Israel 260, 263
and contacts with Foreign Office 265
continuing meetings 270–72, 292–3, 302–3, 306
and meetings of Eban and Hussein 279
view of Rifa’i 281, 282–3
on value of meetings 284, 293–4, 306
meetings with Rifa’i 294–5, 297, 298, 301–2, 306
notes on Israeli cabinet meeting 331
Hijaz 1–2, 3–4
and Arab Revolt 6
capture by Ibn Saud 15–16
Saudi suspicion of Hashemite designs on 481–2, 4
96
Hirohito, Emperor, funeral 470–71
al-Hiyari, Cadet Ahmad Yusef, and 1958 plot 157–8
al-Hiyari, General Ali 133, 134
defection 139
reinstatement 151
Hizbullah, guerrillas in south Lebanon 556–7
Hogarth, Commander D. G.8–9
Horsfield, Major David 57
Hourani, Akram 135
Huda, Tawfiq Abul, prime minister 49, 61, 75, 79
resignation 64, 80
Hussein bin Ali (1852–1931) 7, 9
Arab nationalism of 2, 3–4, 5
and Arab revolt 2, 5–8, 154–5
and son Abdullah 3–4
relations with Britain 4–5, 9, 14–15
reaction to Balfour Declaration 8–9, 23
defeat by Ibn Saud 15–16
exiled in Cyprus 16, 42
Hussein bin Nasser, Sharif (great uncle), as prime minister 190–91
Hussein bin Talal (1935–99), King of Jordan
EARLY YEARS 38–58
assassination of grandfather 35, 38, 45–7
education 42–3
relations with grandfather 42, 43–5, 67–8
honorary captain in Arab Legion 43, 45
named as crown prince 52
at Harrow 53–4, 57
at Sandhurst 56–7
CHARACTER 58, 502, 609
‘Lion of Jordan’1, 171, 173
view of death 46
love of fast cars 54, 57, 145
good manners 58, 502
learns to fly 63
immaturity at first marriage 96
as risk taker 105–6, 237
leadership 138–9, 278
personal courage 138–9, 315–16
reputation as playboy 179–80
personal diplomacy 278–9, 502, 532–3
POLITICAL/SOCIAL VIEWS
Jordanian nationalism 63, 65
liberal-populist ideas 63–4, 74, 106–7
respect for Jews 502
autocratic rule 149–51, 578, 615–16
FAMILY LIFE
closeness to mother and siblings 60–61
marriage to Dina Abdul Hamid 90–96
birth of Alia (1956) 92, 93
CIA protection for 147, 148
marriage to Toni Gardiner (Princess Muna) 179–83, 355
to Alia Toukan 355
and death of Queen Alia 391
marriage to Lisa Halaby (Queen Noor) 407–9
AS KING
succession (1952) 55–6, 59
first years as king 61–3
choice of ministers 64, 74, 75, 84, 85
and Arab unity 65, 154–5
and Palestine 65–74
relations with Britain 65, 106
early views on Israel 68–9, 110
and Baghdad Pact 78–90
and Nasser 78, 79–80
relations with Iraq 79, 106, 108
anti-government riots (1955–6) 85–9
relations with Glubb 97–8
Arabization of army 98, 103, 104, 105–6
and decision to dismiss Glubb 100–105
border war with Israel (1956) 108–10
and idea of dialogue 109–10, 611–12
and liberal experiment 111–28, 149
acceptance of Nabulsi 112–13
Amman Pact 113, 114
support for Nasser over Suez 117–18, 119
rebellion against mother 113
move towards American support 122
and Arab solidarity agreement (1957) 123–4
centrality of dynastic interests 124–5, 151–2, 156, 172, 175, 210, 250–51, 386, 546, 609
relations with King Saud 125, 132
condemnation of communism 126, 142, 174
opposition from Nabulsi 126–7, 128, 129, 130
public letter to Nabulsi 126–7
and Zarqa mutiny 130–39
call for resignation of Nabulsi cabinet 131
royal coup (1957) 140–43
CIA support for 144–9
co-option and forgiveness of opponents 151
and Arab Union with Iraq 154–7
plots against 157–8
Iraqi revolution (1958) 158–9, 160–66
and death of Faisal II160, 165–6
claim to throne of Iraq 161
British protection for (1958) 162–4
low point of morale 167–8
and Syrian attack on aircraft 170–71
broadcast to nation 171
criticism of Nasser 173
world tour (1959) 173–4
Shar’a’s plot against 174–5
meeting with Jamian and Chaim Herzog 177
dislike of domestic economic matters 184, 191–2, 472–3, 610
and Saudi Arabia 187–8
dissolution of parliament (1963) 190–91
meetings with Yaacov Herzog 192–201, 207–9, 212–15, 217–18, 259–64, 270–72
and diplomatic relations with Soviet Union 198
acceptance of permanence of Israel 200–201
on Israel’s influence in US 200
and acceptance as leader among Arabs 202
and Cairo summit 202–5
rapprochement with Nasser 198, 202–6, 208
and Palestinian liberation movement 205
secrecy of contacts with Israel 209, 271
resistance to foreign troops in Jordan 213, 220
meeting with Golda Meir 220–22
reaction to IDF attack on Samu’224, 225–6
and O’Connell, 228–31
and June War 234–8, 239–40, 248–51, 612
pact with Nasser (1967) 234–9
‘The Big Lie’ telephone conversation with Nasser 245–6
meetings with President Johnson 259
address to UN General Assembly 259
and Arab summits 261, 262, 264–5
desire for peace with Israel 262–3
possibility of separate negotiations with Israel 264–6, 271–2, 280
meeting with Wilson and Brown 264–5
meeting with Nasser 265–6
visit to Moscow 268–9
view of loss of Jerusalem 279, 612
contacts with Israel 278–310, 349, 386–7
personal diplomacy 278–9, 502, 532–3
six principles for peace 290, 302
rejection of Allon Plan 292
meeting on ship in Bay of Aqaba 294–5
appeals to America 294, 295–6, 306–7
formation of personal bodyguard 308
civil war with fedayeen 313, 332
assassination attempts on 316, 322
possibility of abdication 319, 484
policy towards PLO 324, 442
and future of West Bank 341–2
meetings with Golda Meir 348
UAK plan 349–50
meetings with Kissinger and Nixon (1973) 357–8
on instability of stalemate (1972–3) 357
proposals for peace terms with Israel (1972–3) 357–8
distrust of Sadat 357, 364
and Cairo summit (1973) 359–60
meeting with Meir before October war 360–64
and October War 365–7
engagement on Golan Heights 367–9
as negotiator 375–6
meetings with Kissinger in Washington 379
meetings with Peres 381–2, 383, 427–8, 430–31, 434
meetings with Rabin 381–3, 434, 525–6, 528
assassination plots 383, 554–5
at Rabat summit (1974) 383–7
and relations with Palestinians 385–6
role in Lebanese civil war 388
and Jimmy Carter 391–2, 406
distrust of Begin 392–3
and Sadat’s visit to Jerusalem 396–7
reaction to Camp David Accords 400–402, 405–6
and Baghdad summit (1977) 404–5
view of Iraq 404, 405
and Saddam Hussein 404–5, 436–8
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br /> view of Iranian Islamic Revolution 410
view of Israeli invasions of Lebanon 415, 416–17
and Reagan 414–15
and Reagan Plan 418, 420
agreement with Arafat (1983) 420
proposals for international conference, 422, 432, 440, 456–7, 472, 509
attempt at partnership with PLO 422–39, 613
relations with Arafat 431–2, 433
meetings with Murphy 432
attempt to reconcile Iraq and Syria 438–9
meetings with Shamir 448–50, 451–2, 497–502
Shultz’s secret briefing folder 451
and Arab League summit (Amman 1987) 452
reaction to Shultz Initiative 456–7
and disengagement from West Bank 457–9, 461, 462–5
and Arab unity 468–70
meetings with George H. W. Bush 470–72, 487–9
and Ma’an riots 474–5
Gulf War 498–506
attempts to resolve Iraq-Kuwait crisis (1990–91) 478–84, 492–3, 494–5
international criticism (1990–91) 485–6, 495–6
meeting with Thatcher 489–90
agreement of neutrality and support with
Israel 490–92, 495, 497–502, 503, 506
warnings to West on 495–6
anti-Western speech 503–4
criticism of Arab states 504
rehabilitation with America 508–10
health concerns 507, 518, 519, 570
contacts with Israel resumed after Madrid 516
televised address (1992) 45, 519–20
address to staff college (1992) 520
reaction to Oslo Accord 521–5
relations with Rabin 525, 527–8, 533, 538, 549–50
and peace treaty with Israel (1994) 532, 534–5, 540–43
speech to Parliament 535–6
Washington Declaration 537–8
and hopes for peace with Israel 543–6, 611, 615
relations with Peres 549, 557
call for overthrow of Saddam Hussein 550–52
and assassination of Rabin 553–4
and Netanyahu 557–9, 562–8, 581
and Hebron Protocol 565 and shooting of Israeli schoolgirls 569–70
and Mishal affair 571–6
relations with Sharon 575, 579
negotiator between Israel and
Palestinians 578–9
role in Wye Agreement 589–91
nomination for Nobel Peace Prize 591
LAST MONTHS
diagnosis of cancer 581, 582–3
last illness 589–90, 591–2, 594–7, 598, 603–4
return to Jordan (last months) 598–9
televised address (1999) 598
problem of succession 184, 587–8, 593–607
relationship with Hassan 60, 485–6; closeness to 353–5, 518–19, 584, 597; change in attitude to 592–3; meeting in London 596–8; final letter to 604–6
death and funeral 607–8
memorial service in London 616
legacy 609–16
Husseini, Faisal, PLO delegation 512
al-Husseini, Hajj Amin, Palestinian nationalist leader 25