and papacy 265
Philip of Mézières 266, 341–2
Philip of Novara 135
Philip VI of France (1293–1350),
crusade planning 261–2, 264–5, 276
Phocaea, Genoese control 305–6, 321
Piacenza, Council (1095) 2
pilgrimage: crusade as 27, 68–70, 77–80, 101–2
and Knights Templar 176
Muslim 217, 224
as penance 32–4, 88
symbols 69–70
to Holy Land 29
to Holy Sepulchre 77, 81
to Jerusalem 2, 20, 132
and transport 117
Pillart, Peter 88
piracy: and Knights Hospitallers 299, 324, 337–8, 352–3
and Mamluk sultanate 248–9
and Santo Stefano order 349
Turkish 294, 306
Pisa: and merchant communities 116, 132
and Santo Stefano order 349
and shipping contracts 61
Pius II, pope (1405–64): death 13
and general crusade 278, 286
and military orders 350
Pius V, pope (1504–72): and anti Turkish crusade 287–8
and Spain 289
place, in religious culture 28–9
plague: in Cyprus 295, 317
effects in west 266, 267, 305
in Egypt 218, 247
and Knights Hospitallers 335
planning, of recovery crusade 261–2, 274, 276, 278
Plauen, Heinrich von 343
Plettenbeurg, Wolter von 333
plunder see booty
poetry 93–100, 104–9
Islamic 220, 232–3, 236–7
and love 100–4, 110
pre-Islamic 232
pogroms, 1096 66, 115
Poland: crusades 4, 39
and Holy League 257, 309
and Teutonic Knights 276, 331, 337, 343–4
politics, and crusade theories 260, 265
Pomerania, and crusades 39
poor: motivation 8
and Peasants’
Crusades 261
and People’s Crusade 36, 47, 68
Popular Crusade (1309) 69
Portugal: and Castile 267
and Mamluk sultanate 249
and military orders 179, 185, 201, 325, 329–30, 345, 360
and North Africa 284, 286
and Second Crusade 41
Powell, James 13
Prague, rebellion (1419) 280–1
Prawer, Joshua 5–6
preaching 2, 13, 261, 279
development 45–6
local 44–6, 66, 69–70, 73, 77
and military orders 273
and state occasions 42–4; see also indulgence
Premonstratensians, in Latin East 163, 173, 294
Prevéza, battle (1538) 255, 288
Prison of Christ 142
privileges: of crusaders 9, 41, 43, 46, 71–2, 266
of military orders 195, 206; see also indulgence
promotion of crusades 42–7
property, crusader, administration 74–5
protection: of crusaders 71–2, 74, 108
of pilgrims 176
Protestantism: and anti-Turkish war 287
crusades against 4
and Order of St John 388
and Teutonic Order 358–9
Prussia: and Teutonic Knights 180–1, 339, 357–8
and crusades 4, 39, 323
decline 344
independence 181, 183, 191, 206, 330, 332
and Marienburg 208, 323, 331, 332, 343
as ordenstaat 276, 332–3, 343, 344
and Reisen 272–4, 343
secularization 343, 344
subjugation 185
Psalter of Melisende 141, 145
Deësis miniature 141
Pulgar, Ferdinand del 283
Pushkin Madonna 152
Qal‘at Jiddin (Judyn) 156, 167
Qal‘at Yahmur (Chastel Rouge) 156
Qalawun, al-Mansur, Mamluk sultan 241
Qaraman Turkomans 252
Quantum praedecessores 42
Qutuz, Mamluk leader 239
Raimbaut of Vaqueiras 94
Rainald of Châtillon 233
Rainald of Sidon 233
Ralph of Bethlehem 144
Al-Ram, courtyard buildings 166
Ramla, Fatimid capital 217, 224
ransom 165, 234, 336
and role of military orders 180, 191, 352, 356
Ranulf of Chester 73
Raydaniyya, battle (1517) 250
Raymond II of Tripoli, and military orders 184
Raymond IV of St Gilles, count of Toulouse, as First Crusade leader 2, 35, 36
Raymond of Poitiers and Antioch 121, 122
reconnaissance, importance 262
Reconquista see Spain, reconquest
recruitment 13, 47–53
for First Crusade 34, 50–1, 81, 85–7
for later crusades 262
and lordship 13, 50–2, 85–6, 87–8
for Second Crusade 81
to military orders 189, 196–8, 199, 273–4, 323, 332, 340
regions, and crusader recruitment 51–2
Reisen (journeys) 272–4, 279, 343
relics: brought by crusaders 75, 150
of True Cross 141
religion, popular 13, 29–34
reliquaries 141, 150
Requesens, Luis de 346
Rethymnon, Venetian control 309
Rhodes: and crusader art 153
forti-fications 334, 337
and indigenous population 335
and Knights Hospitallers 85, 208, 298–9, 324, 325, 333–8, 339, 343, 361
and Latin East 291, 310
and Mamluk sultanate 249, 331, 337–8
and Ottoman Turks 254, 256, 297, 299, 337–8
Riant, Paul 373
ribat , in Islam 177, 243
Riccardiana Psalter 150
Richard, earl of Cornwall, and financing of crusade 55
Richard I of England (1157–97): capture 94–5, 108
and conquest of Cyprus 125, 147, 248
and conquest of Spain 107
in crusade-songs 94–5, 107–8
and financing of crusades 55, 63–4
nineteenth-century interest in 379
and Philip II of France 59, 61, 107–8
and Saladin 231
and supplies 63
and Third Crusade 38, 59, 132, 382, 384
Richard II of England (1367–1400), and Nicopolis crusade 274
Richard, Jean 5–6
Ridderlijke Duitse Orde Balije van Utrecht 389, 391
Ridwan, nephew of Malik-Shah 216
Riley-Smith, Jonathan 11, 13
Rinaldo d’Auino 104
risks, personal 73, 76–7, 104–5
Robert of Artois, as divisional commander 64
Robert of Cléry 85, 91
Robert of Flanders, and First Crusade 36, 73, 80
Robert of Naples 300
Robert of Normandy, and First Crusade 36, 55
Robert of Rochecorbon 86
Robert of Taranto 300–2
Roberts, David 364
Robertson, William 34
Robles, Melchior de 346
Roger of Antioch 225
Roger II of Sicily (1095–1154): and Innocent II 39
and Louis VII of France 61, 62
Röhricht, 373
Roland, duke of Brittany 91
Rolfe, Frederick 377
Romania 291
and Genoa 305, 311, 316
Venetian control 305, 306–10, 311, 316
and Venice 309–10
Rome, papal congress (1490) 277
Roscher, Helmut 11
Rossi, Angelo 361
Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio 374, 375, 376
Rotrou, count of Mortagne 71
routiers 268, 271
Rubenids 169
Runciman, Steven v, 5
, 7, 13
Russia: and Genoese trade 305
and Livonia 358
Russian Orthodox, crusade against 4, 276, 333, 358
Rutebeuf 93, 95, 109
Sabastiya, and church of John the Baptist 144, 157, 160–1
Safad, Templar castle 163, 185, 186
Safavids: and Mamluk sultanate 249–50
and Ottoman Turks 255–6
Sagrajas, battle (1086) 243
Sahyun, castle 167
St Catherine’s monastery, Mount Sinai 151, 152
St Elias, castle 166
St George, and knighthood 273
St John Ambulance 388
St Lazarus order 178, 208, 349
St Maurice order 349
St Sabas, war of (1256) 132, 190, 315–16
St Thomas of Acre order 178, 207, 325
saints: intercessory role 29
and medieval piety 28–31
and miracles 29–32
Saladin (1137–93): armies 235, 240, 229–30
capture of Jerusalem (1187) 37, 83, 147, 234–5
conquest of Palestine 3, 100, 125, 132, 147, 293, 367
and Egypt 38, 124, 228
heirs 236–9
and jihad 229
and military orders 186, 189, 234
and Richard I of England 231
rise 228–9
and war poets 232–3; see also Ayyubid empire
Saladin Tithe 57
Salado river, battle (1340) 267, 327, 329
Al-Salih Ayyub 233, 238
Salimbene of Adam 265
Samson, abbot of Bury St Edmunds 50
San Jorge de Alfama order 179, 326
sandstone, for building 155
Sanmicheli, Giangirolamo 175
Sanmicheli, Michele 175
Sans-Avoir, Walter 36
Santa María de España order 179, 180, 184, 188, 202
Santiago order 326
and clerics 199
foundation 179–80
leadership 329
military role 183, 185, 328, 359–60
nationalization 345–6
numbers 188
organization 201–2
and ransom 191
recruitment 201
resources 196
and sisters 342
Santo Stefano order 288, 348–50, 359, 361
Sanudi dynasty 306
Saranda Kolones, castle 173–4
Savaric of Vergy 87
Savorgnano, Giulio 175
Saxons, crusades against Wends 39
Schein, Sylvia 259
Scorel, Jan van 140
Scott, Sir Walter 371, 374–5, 376, 384
Scott, William Bell 376
sculpture, crusader 146–7, 149, 156
Second Crusade (1147–9): command structure 64
in historiography 11
and invasion of Byzantine empire 3
and Latin East 121–2
overland route 38
and practicalities 61
proclamation 42–3
promotion and preaching 43–4
recruitment 81
sea route 61, 62
and songs 92, 93
and Spain and Portugal 41; see also Saladin
Second World War, and crusade imagery 383
Selim I the Grim, sultan (1467–1520) 249, 255
Selim II, sultan (1524–74) 256
Seljuks: and Abbasids 213–14
and Antioch 112–13, 216, 218, 225
army 229
crusader attitudes to 20
and defilement of Holy Places 29
disintegration of empire 213, 215–18, 224–6
and First Crusade 213, 217–20
and People’s Crusade 36
sultanate of Rum 250
and Third Crusade 3
threat to Byzantine empire 2
threat to Europe 4; see also Khorezmians
Sens, cathedral 144, 160–1
Serbia, and Ottoman Turks 252, 274
serfs, enfranchisement 55
service, military 17–18, 118, 182–90, 342
Muslim 229
Setton, Kenneth 5, 13–14
Seville, conquest (1232–53) 4, 245
Al-Shaubak, castle 113
Shepherds’ Crusade: 1251 3, 47, 69
1320 69
ShiSi Muslims 113, 122, 213–15
and First Crusade 218
and jihad 223–4, 231
Sevener 228
and Sunni Muslims 223–4, 226
Twelver 214, 216–17, 223, 255
shipping: contracts 61, 65, 66
and First Crusade 61
of horses 62
and Latin East 116–17
and Second Crusade 61, 62
and Third Crusade 38, 61
shrines of saints: and miracles 29–31
and sense of place 28–9
Siberry, Elizabeth 11
Sicilian Vespers 300, 303
Sicily 293
and defeat of Islam 18–19
and Latin East 124, 299–300, 303
and papacy 39–40, 263
and Teutonic Knights 330
Sidon: Fatimid control 217
Frankish capture 112, 113
Sigebert of Gembloux 80
Sigena, convent 202
Sigismund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary 275, 280–1, 336, 343
Silifke, castle 169
Simon of Montfort 109
Simonis 379
sin: and laity 27–8
and Muslim conquests 106
and penance 32–3, 82, 100
sipahis , Ottoman 252, 256
sirventes 93, 99, 107, 109–10
Sis, castle 170
Slavs, crusades against 39
Smith, Sir Sidney 371
Smyrna: capture (1344) 5, 251, 270, 298, 335
defeat by Tamerlane 337
Smythe, George, Lord Strangford 369
Société de l’Orient Latin 373
society see knights; lordship; orders, military
songs, crusade 25, 91–110
chanson de femme 102–4
and dangers of crusading 104–5
definition 93
dit 109
and love-songs 93, 100–4, 110
pastorela 93, 101–2, 104
as propaganda 106–7, 110
sirventes 93, 99, 107, 109–10
Southey, Robert 374
Spain: and Almohads 244–5
and Almoravids 243–4
and Charlemagne 91–2
Civil War and crusade imagery 383
Counter-Reformation; and expansionism 288–9
and military orders 288, 289
and New World 285, 289
and Protestantism 289–90
expansionism 284–5, 288
and Islam 18–19, 243–6
military orders; modern 387
nationalization 326, 345–6, 360
organization 201–2
origins 178–80
and reconquest 182–3, 185, 186, 188, 190, 207, 361
recruitment 196
revenues 194, 195–6; see also Calatrava Order; Knights Hospitallers; Knights Templar; Montegaudio Order; San Jorge de Alfama; Santa María de España; Santiago Order;
and Ottoman Turks 282, 285, 288
and Papal Schism 4
reconquest 88, 243–5
and Ferdinand and Isabella 282–3
and First Crusade 38–9
and fourteenth-century crusades 266–7
and France 109
and songs 91–2, 93, 98–9, 106–7, 109
and thirteenth-century crusades 4
and twelfth-century crusades 3–4, 39, 41
and Second Crusade 41; see also Aragon;
Castile; Charles V, emperor;
Granada; North Africa
Spanish Armada (1588) 4, 289
spice trade 117–18, 249, 321
Spöhr, Louis 378
spying, importance 262
Staufen see Hohenstaufen dynasty Stedinger heretics 40
Steenbergen, battle (1583) 289
Stephen of Blois; and First Crusade 36
and risks of crusade 73
stone, as building material 22, 139, 155–6
subsidio 288, 289
Sufis: and Almohads 244
and Almoravids 243
and Christians 242
and First Crusade 219
and jihad 223–4
and khanqas 226
and Ottoman Turks 250
and Saladin 228, 234
sugar cane 127, 174, 320, 321
Al-Sulami, AAli ibn Tahir, and jihad 220–1
Suleyman the Magnificent (1494–1566) 255–6, 299
Sullivan, Sir Arthur 375
Sunni Muslims 113, 122, 213–14
in Egypt 228
and First Crusade 218
institutions 226
and jihad 222
and Ottoman
Turks 255
and Shi‘i Muslims 223–4, 226
supply, problems of 60–1, 62–4, 66
Sweden, and Knights Hospitallers 345
Swordbrethren 180, 181, 183, 190, 206
Sykes, Sir Mark 382
Syria: and Cyprus 295
and disintegration of Seljuk empire 213, 215–16
and Egypt 239, 240–2, 246
and military orders 135, 183, 184, 186–7, 189–90, 194, 203, 298
and Mongols 238–9
and Ottoman Turks 5, 284, 297
and Shi‘i Muslims 214
and Venice 316
Tamerlane: and battle of Ankara 253, 277, 298, 302
and conquest of Smyrna 298, 337
and sack of Damascus 248
Tancred of Taranto (1076–1112): and Antioch 113–14
and First Crusade 36, 79, 87, 369
Tannenberg, battle (1410) 276–7, 331, 333, 343
Tarsus, church of St Paul 170
Al-Tarsusi 241
Tasso, Torquato 365, 370, 374, 384
taxation: excusado 289
in Latin East 117–18, 130, 224–5
and military orders 195, 206, 332
Muslim 225, 229, 248
papal 57–9, 66, 262–5, 266, 267–8, 278, 284, 288
secular 56–7, 66, 264
subsidio 288, 289
Tenedos, and Venice 307–8, 310, 316
Tennyson d’Eyncourt, Charles 371
Teruel, Hospital of the Holy Redeemer 180, 191
Teutonic Knights: army 333
at Königsberg 343
and castles 184–6
charitable role 191
criticism 206, 324, 331, 333, 341, 343
independence 184
and Jerusalem 134, 178, 184
leadership 329
and Lithuania 39, 272–3, 276–7, 325, 331, 337, 343
masters 188, 330–1, 333, 343, 344
in Mediterranean 330
military role 11–12, 331, 357–8, 361
modern survival 388–9, 391 ;
and Montfort 149, 167
numbers 186, 358, 359
organization 199–200, 201, 333, 339, 340–2, 355
origins 178, 180–1
and papacy 325
and perpetual crusade 4, 12
property and resources 194, 332–3, 338–9
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