ence of cluster method on, 80 f, 84– 87,
146, 161– 62, 247n3, 286– 96, 332n141;
90– 92, 105– 7, 123, 311– 12; Klovdahl’s
anonymous sources in, 33– 34; creative
network dynamics analysis of, 134,
use by AIDS activists of, 188– 89; of the
135 f; KS/OI Case/Patient 57 in, 104– 9,
LA cluster study, 112– 17; of later epi-
110 f, 126 f, 127 f, 298, 310– 12; naming of
demics, 359– 62; of the lesbian and gay
sexual partners in, 108; “ Patient O/0”
press, 155– 56, 177n142, 191– 92, 227,
in, 79– 81, 108– 16, 122n125, 125 f, 126 f,
237– 41, 319– 36, 342n170, 349, 351– 52;
130, 137– 38, 199, 212– 13, 278– 79, 291,
of the Patient Zero story, 14n41, 197–
356– 57, 363; publication of results of,
206, 243, 253– 55, 356– 59; reactions
78, 107; reception of, 77– 79, 81, 116– 20,
to Patient Zero story in, 217– 29, 281;
132, 135– 37; Shilts’s mistaken reading
representations of PWAs in, 212n76,
of, 51n51, 116– 18, 133– 37, 239– 40, 310–
227, 237– 41, 261, 265n54; silence on
11, 343– 44n178; standards for inclusion
Patient Zero story in, 206– 16; as source
in, 107; visual representations of clus-
of information on AIDS, 187, 198; on
ters in, 123– 38
Typhoid Mary, 72
428
Index
Menard, Jacques, 302n43
opportunistic infections, 2– 3, 8– 9, 327,
Metcalfe, Robin, 65n74
342, 344. See also Pneumocystis carinii
Mexican migrant laborers, 86– 87, 88 f
pneumonia (PCP)
Michener, James, 155– 56
oral history methods, 31– 32
Mickleburgh, Rod, 247n3
oral polio vaccine (OPV) theory, 11– 13
“microprocessing,” 116n105
origin debates, 9– 14, 17; on Africa as
Milk, Harvey, 153n45, 154– 55
source, 10– 14, 55– 56, 187; in colonial-
Montagnier, Luc, 17n49
era disease, 13– 14; cultural history of,
Montréal Ce Soir, 199– 201
46– 47, 51– 57, 67, 108n93, 355– 62; on
Montreal Expo ’67, 295– 96
homosexual travelers, 187, 188 f, 358n8;
moral condemnation: charges of deliberate
oral polio vaccine theory in, 11– 13; on
spreading of disease and, 57– 65, 75– 76,
primates, 10– 13; on United States as
229– 37, 317– 42, 351– 52; of promiscu-
source, 55– 56, 187. See also creation of
ous sexual activity, 68– 69; of purported
Patient Zero
sources of disease, 52– 57; scapegoating
Origins of AIDS, The (Pepin), 13– 14
and, 45– 51, 180– 82, 229– 37, 240– 43,
“Origins of the AIDS Pandemic, The”
253, 265– 67
(Hooper), 12n30
Morisset, Richard, 277
Ortleb, Charles, 155, 191– 92, 237
Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, 3n8, 286– 87,
Ostrow, David, 96
356, 359
Moss, Andrew R., 77– 79, 81, 83, 360– 61;
pandemic (defi nition), 7n15
on incubation periods of HIV, 121; on
Pasteur, Louis, 70
the LA cluster study, 119– 20, 135
Patient 57. See Case/Patient 57
Mulroney, Brian, 21, 189
patient rights, 250; to privacy, 32– 38, 202,
Münster, Sebastian, 58– 59, 60– 61 f
210, 264, 279n81, 283, 292; restricted
Murphy, Timothy F., 59n59
activities and, 30, 252, 318; transmission
Mycobacterium avium complex, 9, 373
of disease and, 27– 30, 228– 37, 344– 45
Myers, David, 333– 34
patient- rights movement, 29– 30, 180, 250
patient viewpoint accounts, 30– 41, 289–
NAMES Project AIDS Quilt, 188, 241
353; absence in Patient Zero story of,
National Advisory Committee on AIDS
4, 30– 41, 291– 94, 352– 53; archival and
(NAC- AIDS), 189, 261
oral history methods in, 31– 32; chal-
National Cancer Advisory Board (NCAB),
lenges to Shilts’s account of Dugas
1– 3, 4n9, 23, 27– 29
and, 291– 94; of Dugas, 289– 90, 331– 53;
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 1– 3
ethical and privacy considerations in,
National Writing Championship (Hearst
32– 38, 292; medical practitioner rec-
Foundation), 146– 47
ords and, 31, 292– 93. See also Dugas,
Nattrass, Nicoli, 12n32
Gaétan
Nau, Jack, 166n93, 171
Patient Zero story. See creation of Patient
network dynamics, 134– 35, 136 f
Zero; Shilts’s portrayal of Patient Zero;
New York Native, 155n53, 191– 92
signifi cance of Patient Zero
Nichols, Stuart, 307, 309, 313
Patton, Cindy, 22– 23
nitrite inhalants (poppers), 22, 101– 2, 325
Pearson, Wendy Gay, 250
Nohl, Johannes, 61 f
pentamidine, 22
Nordwind, Richard, 113n100, 114 f
people living with HIV, 7, 207, 252, 288,
Nungesser, Lon G., 227, 314n83
359
People magazine, 219– 24
Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot
people with AIDS (PWAs), 169– 70;
(ORTEP), 135, 136 f
fears regarding, 186– 88, 222, 229–
Oppenheimer, Gerald M., 16n48
37, 317– 37; media representation of,
Index
429
212n76, 237– 38; PWA movement
ment and, 29– 30; tracing techniques
of, 169–70n106, 238, 314– 15n83; re-
for STDs of, 56– 57, 63, 79– 84, 85n17,
jection of “victim” characterization
90– 94; transnational coordination be-
by, 169–70n106, 238; sexual activity
tween, 273– 80, 282– 84, 364; visual rep-
of, 172–73, 177, 182, 314– 16, 344– 45;
resentation of data by, 124– 38. See also
Shilts’s interviews with, 169– 77; on
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
Shilts’s writing, 227. See also PWA
PWA movement, 169–70n106, 238, 314–
movement
15n83. See also activism; people with
Pepin, Jacques, 13– 14
AIDS (PWAs)
Perlman, David, 157
Perry, Troy, 333
quarantine measures, 52, 180, 230– 31, 264
Persky, Stan, 228
Philadelphia (Demme), 256– 57
Reagan (Ronald) administration: early si-
Picard, André, 247n3
lence on HIV/AIDS of, 21, 180, 189,
Pinchon, Robert, 63– 64n67
194– 95, 211; education policies on
pink triangle, 211– 12n74
HIV/AIDS of, 230– 32; fi rst speech on
Piot, Peter, 10n24
HIV testing by, 189; Presidential Com-
plague (Black Death): accusations of de-
mission on HIV of, 77, 189, 231n106,
liberate spreading of, 58– 62, 65n72;
232, 234– 37
divine punishment and scapegoating
/>
Reasoner, Harry, 212, 213 f, 214 f, 221
in, 46– 47, 49; quarantines in response
Redford, Ray, 289– 90, 297, 298 f, 300, 305,
to, 51– 52
336, 347– 49, 366– 76
Plague, The (Camus), 164, 166
Remis, Robert, 200– 201
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP),
“Requiem for Gaetan” (Greyson), 215– 16
2– 3, 9, 22, 99, 101, 309
research methodology, 31– 41; archival and
Popham, Paul, 171, 173, 177, 195, 333– 34
oral history methods in, 31– 32, 364– 65,
population- based epidemiology, 83
377– 78; ethical quandaries of, 32– 34
pornographic videocassettes, 344– 45
Ridle, Clarence, 165
Porter, Roy, 31, 292
rights. See patient rights
Powell, Alan, 268n61
Ring, Dawna, 280
pox (French Disease): accusations of de-
risk groups, 2– 3, 80, 101– 2
liberate spreading of, 58; cultural nar-
River, The (Hooper), 12n30
ratives of, 45, 48– 50; origin stories of,
Robert, Jean, 277
52– 57, 67. See also sexually transmitted
Rosen, Mel, 170– 71
diseases (STIs); syphilis
Rosenberg, Charles, 5– 6n13, 165– 66
Presidential Commission on the HIV Epi-
Rostinio, Pietro, 67
demic, 44n5, 77
Roueché, Berton, 82
Price, Gordon, 175–76
Royal Society of Canada, 232
primary case (as term), 111
Rubin, Gayle, 158, 332
promiscuity (as contested term), 68– 69
rumors: in the early HIV/AIDS epidemic,
Proposition 64 (California), 180, 186– 87,
57, 63n67, 168, 175, 207– 8, 317– 37, 345;
222
in historical epidemics, 46– 48, 57, 59,
“Proud Lives,” 222, 224 f
62, 65n72
public health systems, 27– 30; of Canada,
Russell, Bill, v, 68n84
273– 88, 364; cluster testing method of,
Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Re-
79– 81, 84– 87, 90– 92, 120, 123– 38; gov-
sources Emergency Act of 1990,
ernance on transmission of disease
236– 37
and, 229– 37; international conventions
and, 279, 279– 80n82; investigators of,
Sacks, Stephen, 333– 34
82– 83, 92– 94; patient- rights move-
Safai, Bijan, 314– 15
430
Index
same- sex marriage and family rights, 16,
infl uence on, 155– 56; mistaken read-
288
ing of the LA cluster study by, 51n51,
same- sex sexual activity: antisodomy laws
116– 18, 133– 37, 239– 40, 310n68, 343–
on, 23– 24; cultural narratives of, 48– 51,
44n178; on origin accounts, 14n41; per-
54; decriminalization in Canada of, 94–
sonal qualities of, 147, 148– 51, 153,
95, 299; identifi cation with HIV/AIDS
159n6; promotional activities for Band
risk of, 2– 3, 9n20, 22, 68– 69, 331. See
of, 135, 181, 195, 202– 7; rivalry with
also lesbian and gay communities
Maupin of, 153– 55; as source for sub-
San Francisco AIDS Foundation, 223 f
sequent historical accounts, 19– 20, 34,
San Francisco Chronicle, 32n92, 117– 18,
244– 45, 247n3, 284– 88, 291n7; sub-
146n24, 156– 60, 179
stance use and sobriety of, 144, 146n24,
scapegoating, 45– 51, 180– 82, 229– 37, 240–
150, 160– 61, 178; writing practices of,
43, 253, 265– 67
4n9, 43, 143, 146– 48, 151– 53, 156– 59,
Schram, Neil, 118
166– 89, 343– 44n178. See also And the
“Scientist Zero” (Ortleb), 237n126
Band Played On (Shilts)
Seneca, 47
Shilts’s portrayal of Patient Zero, 4, 19– 20,
severe acute respiratory syndrome
32– 43, 65– 66, 75– 76, 139– 43, 165– 66,
(SARS), 359– 60
356– 63; absence of patient’s viewpoint
Sex and Germs (Patton), 22– 23
in, 291– 94; critical response to, 78, 135–
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),
37, 140– 41, 156n58, 182, 215– 16, 226 f,
26, 375; CDC’s campaign against,
237, 253– 54n22, 257; on Dugas’s ap-
82– 84, 90, 94– 95; cluster testing ap-
pearance, 66, 148– 50; mistaken read-
proach to treatment for, 79– 81, 84–
ing of the LA cluster study in, 51n51,
87, 90– 92, 120; cultural narratives of,
116– 18, 133– 37, 239– 40, 310n68, 343–
45, 48– 50; immunosuppression and,
44n178; motivation and obsession in,
313– 15, 325, 373, 375; origin stories of,
139– 56, 158, 166– 79, 181– 85, 312– 13,
52– 57, 67; public health tracing tech-
319– 21, 328, 352– 53; in promotion of
niques of, 56– 57, 63, 79– 84, 85n17, 90–
Band, 193– 207; public reaction to, 217–
94; racialized views of, 86– 87, 90n32;
29; scapegoating and othering in, 180–
risk populations for, 85– 94. See also
82, 229– 37, 265– 67; writing process in,
transmission of causative agent of
178– 85. See also And the Band Played
AIDS
On (Shilts)
sexually transmitted infections (STIs),
signifi cance of Patient Zero, 246– 50, 356–
26n77
62; Krever Commission and, 246– 52,
Shakespeare, William, 62– 63
258– 88; persistence of story and, 284–
Shanti Project, 324
88; Zero Patience and, 248– 58, 259 f,
Shilts, Randy, 4, 18– 19, 40, 366, 375; archi-
285– 87
val research on, 32, 141– 43; archives
silence, 206– 16; in the Canadian media,
of, 32n92, 33– 34, 143n12; background
207– 10; of the CDC, 210; of the Dugas
of, 144– 46; on Denneny’s promotion
family, 210– 11, 215; as focus of histori-
strategy for Band, 194– 95, 204– 6; early
cal inquiry, 206– 7
journalism career of, 143, 146– 55; fi -
silence = death Project, 211n74
nancial situation of, 179, 203– 6; on
Silverman, Mervyn, 117
Gallo, 17n49; health status of, 150– 51,
Silversides, Ann, 20– 21n61, 189n14
172, 184–85; HIV/AIDS reporting by,
simian immunodefi ciency virus (SIV),
32n92, 117– 18, 139, 142, 156– 66, 167,
11, 13
318, 347n187; “humanizing this dis-
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, 322
ease” goal of, 139– 41, 142, 146, 163,
60 Minutes, 210– 13, 214 f, 219, 221– 22, 232
164– 66; The Mayor of Castro Street of,
Slack, Paul, 65n72
153, 155– 56, 191, 193n18; Michener’s
smallpox, 82, 111
Index
431
S/M culture, 332
Tiemeyer, Phil, 190n15
Smith, Eric, 209– 10
Timon of Athens (Shakespeare), 62– 63
<
br /> Smith, Greg, 200
Tipping Point, The (Gladwell), 358n7
social construction of knowledge, 5– 7,
Tivey, Bob, 177, 183, 240– 41, 248, 334, 346,
284– 88, 356– 57; arenas of historical
364– 65
production in, 264– 67; homophobia in,
Toronto (Canada): AIDS Memorial of,
22– 25, 29– 31, 99– 100n66; micropro-
241, 354, 366; AIDS work in, 22– 25,
cessing in, 116n105; power differentials
208– 9, 213, 215, 239– 41; bathhouse
in, 6– 7, 206– 7, 238– 39; through visual
raids in, 249– 50; bathhouses in, 24, 265,
images, 123– 38
301; SARS outbreaks in, 360; World
sociograms, 130– 32
Pride festivities in, 354– 55. See also
sociopathy, 43– 44, 139, 181– 82, 184, 195,
Elliott, Douglas; Greyson, John
224 f, 291, 341– 42
toxoplasmosis, 9
sodomy. See same- sex sexual activity
transfusion- acquired HIV/AIDS, 3n7, 165,
Sonnabend, Joseph, 118– 19, 313– 14
230, 262; in Canada, 247– 48, 252, 262–
Soper, George, 71– 74
63; of hemophiliac patients, 3, 195– 96,
source contact (as term), 115
236n124, 248
Southern California Physicians for Human
transmission of causative agent of AIDS:
Rights, 312n73
California Proposition 64 on, 180, 186–
Speck, Richard, 181
87, 222; casual contact theory of, 342–
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 294n14
43; condom use and, 312n73; criminal-
spread contact (as term), 115
ization of, 232– 36; Dugas’s opinions on,
STDs. See sexually transmitted diseases
75, 177, 195, 232– 33, 291, 293– 94, 312–
(STDs)
14, 315– 16, 329– 31, 336– 37; education
Steele, Derek G., 264n52
on prevention of, 308– 9, 318, 328– 29,
Stewart, Noah, 337, 338, 343– 45, 347– 52
346– 48; government policies on, 229–
Stone, Chris, 148– 50
37; infectious disease model of, 102– 3,
Stonewall riots of 1969, 95, 145
119– 20, 292– 93; low- and high- risk ac-
“Strange, Deadly Diseases That Strike
tivities in, 120, 133n138; multifacto-
Gay Men, The” (Shilts), 157– 58
rial models of causation and, 118– 19,
subclinical HIV infection, 100n68, 120– 22,
314– 15n83, 353; patient rights and, 27–
132, 135– 38, 167, 226 f
30, 180, 228– 37, 344– 45; public opinion
Sullivan, Kathleen M., 235– 36
on, 187; sexual contact model of, 27– 30,
Sullivan, Wayne, 278n77
116– 20, 132, 308– 9, 312– 17; stories of
syphilis: CDC campaign (Operation Pur-
Patient Zero and the Making of the AIDS Epidemic Page 72