A Disease in the Public Mind
Page 37
16. Mr. Lincoln & Friends, http://mrlincolnandfriends.org/inside.asp?pageID54&subjectD=4. Also see Robert C. Williams, Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom (New York: 2006), 222. After Bull Run, Greeley admitted to himself and others that he was “done as a politician.”
CHAPTER 24: THE THIRD EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
1. Gary Joiner, Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862 (New York: 2007), 427. For the letter in full see L. U. Reavis, A Representative Life of Horace Greeley (New York: 1872), 253–258.
2. Letter from Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1962, in Speeches, vol. 2, 357–358.
3. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 92–97.
4. Ibid., 29–31.
5. Ibid., 44–51, 74.
6. J. Michael Moore, The Peninsula Campaign of 1862: A Military Analysis (Jackson, MS: 2005), 16. “A History of Notable Senate Investigations,” Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, U.S. Senate Historical Office, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/investigations/pdf/JCCW_Fullcitations.pdf. For an excellent balanced history of this committee, see Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder (Lawrence, KS: 1998), Introduction.
7. Essay by Howard Jones, in Presidents, Diplomats and Other Mortals: Essays Honoring Robert Ferrell, John Gary Clifford et al. (Columbia, MO: 2007), 22.
8. Brian McGinty, The Body of John Merryman: Abraham Lincoln and the Suspension of Habeus Corpus (Cambridge, MA: 2011), 96. Also see Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York: 1991), 86; and Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore, MD: 2008), 397.
9. Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks (Baltimore, MD: 2002), 210. William Jackson Johnstone, Abraham Lincoln: The Christian (New York: 1913), 88.
10. Robert Striner, Lincoln’s Relentless Struggle to End Slavery (New York: 2008), 152–154.
11. Letter from Abraham Lincoln to Hannibal Hamlin, Sept 28, 1862, Speeches, vol. 2, 375.
12. Larry Tagg, The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln: The Story of America’s Most Reviled President (New York: 2009), 317.
13. J. M. Blackett, Divided Hearts: Britain and the American Civil War (Baton Rouge, LA: 2001), 175.
14. Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1863, Speeches, vol. 2, 393–415. Tagg, The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln, 334. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, 397.
15. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 260.
16. Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder, 142–148.
17. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 181–185. Also see James C. Welling, editor of the National Intelligencer, on the abolitionists’ threats in Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time by Allen Thorndike Rice (New York: 1909), 533.
CHAPTER 25: THE HUNT AFTER THE CAPTAIN
1. Gary W. Gallagher, The Union War (Cambridge, MA: 2011). Anyone who seeks to understand the Civil War should read this book.
2. Ibid., 52 (Seward memorandum), 63 (Miller diary).
3. “My Hunt After the Captain,” The Atlantic, http://theatlantic.com/magazine/print/1862/12/my-hunt-after-the-captain/308750.
4. The reference to fighting to defend their homes is further evidence of the persistence of Thomas Jefferson’s nightmare in the southern public mind.
5. Albert W. Altschuler, Law Without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes (Chicago: 2000), 39–40. The Twentieth Regiment was known as the “Copperhead Regiment.”
6. Ibid., 43–44.
7. Ibid., 46.
8. Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 67.
EPILOGUE: LINCOLN’S VISITOR
1. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 113–148.
2. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: 1995), 581–585.
3. Ibid., 588.
4. Marquis Adolphe de Chambrun, Impressions of Lincoln and the Civil War: A Foreigner’s Account, translated from the French by General Adelbert de Chambrun (New York: 1952), preface, v–x.
5. Ibid., 72–82.
6. Donald, Lincoln, 589–590.
7. Ibid., 591–592.
8. John Raymond Howard, ed., Patriotic Addresses in America and England from 1850–1865 (New York: 1891), 688–689. Also see David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, MA: 2001), 67–68: “The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, orator of the day, condemned South Carolina’s secessionists to eternal damnation: the South’s “remorseless traitors” were held fully responsible for the war.”
9. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 206–207.
10. John Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete War Diary of John Hay, edited by Michael Burlinghame and John R. Turner Ettinger (Carbondale, IL: 1997), 67, 69, 70. Hay used the word so often that he sometimes shortened it and called Lincoln “The T” (68, 76).
11. Charles Bracelen Flood, Lee, The Last Years (Boston: 1981), 51.
12. Donald, Lincoln, 593. The visitor was Senator James Harlan of Iowa.
13. Chambrun, Impressions of Lincoln, 84.
INDEX
Abbott, Henry, 303–304
Abolition of slavery
attacks on Garrison, 111–113
British abolition of slavery in the West Indies, 110–113, 192–194
disillusionment with, 301–303
founding generation’s stance on, 47–48
Jefferson’s support for, 29
pressures on Lincoln, 261
Quaker efforts for, 20–21
South America, 16–17
Abolitionists
attacks on Lincoln, 293–294
Clay’s political compromise, 183–184
criticism of Lee, 270
demand for surrender, 306
Fredericksburg, 298
fugitive slave laws, 185
fundraising bill, 172
gag rule, 149–152
holding military funding, 299–300
hostility to Texas’s admission, 162–163
Lincoln’s plea for negotiated peace, 296–297
Lincoln’s religious views, 294–295
Pierce’s attack on, 219–220
political maneuverings between abolitionists and conciliators, 265–268
postwar hostility, 311–312
religious doctrine, 138–141
schism among, 137–138
Southern hostility towards, 145–146, 181–182
Southern panic over slave revolts, 239–240
Southern propaganda, 143–144
The Slave Power replacing religion, 177–178
treatment of Lee’s slaves, 236
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 187–190
Virginia’s abolitionists, 123
Proposed ban on slavery in Washington, DC, 144
Weld’s crusade, 129–135
See also Brown, John; Garrison, William Lloyd
Adams, Abigail, 65
Adams, Charles Francis, 155, 167, 256, 261
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 261–262
Adams, John, 27–28, 45, 60–61, 65, 69–70, 81–82, 94, 143
Adams, John Quincy, 100, 251
Amistad revolt, 152–153
antislavery petitions, 146–148
death and legacy, 173–175
freedom of speech, 146
gag rule, 149–152, 155–156
Garrison’s disunion motion, 153–155
Mexican War, 169
Texas, 161–162, 166–167
The Slave Power, 162–163
trade tariffs, 116
views of slavery, 144–145
Wilmot’s Proviso, 172
Adams, Samuel, 26–27, 41
Agassiz, Louis, 190–192
Alaska, 168
Alcoholism, 130
Alexander, Edward Porter, 306
Alford, Julius, 151
Alien and Sedition Acts, 84
Amalgamation, racial, 192, 232–233
American Anti-Slavery Society, 111–112, 131, 133, 137
American Colonization Society, 89–91, 95–96, 104, 109, 111–112,
233
American Revolution (War of Independence), 32–35, 39–49, 54, 82
Ames, Fisher, 82–83, 102–103
Amistad revolt, 152–153
Anarchism, 139
Andrew, John Albion, 245, 248, 255–256, 274–275
Anthropology, 190–191
Antietam, Battle of, 295, 302–303
Appleton, William, 267
Archbishop of Canterbury, 205
Articles of Confederation, 48, 50–51
The Atlantic Monthly, 261, 302
Austin, James T., 140
Baker, Ned, 263
Ball’s Bluff, Battle of, 302
Baltimore Massacre, 274–276
Battle Hymn of the Republic, 277, 310
Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 267, 283, 285–286, 288
Beckham, Fontaine, 10
Beecher, Henry Ward, 187, 216, 294, 311–312
Beecher, Lyman, 130–131, 187
Bell, John, 252, 268
Benezet, Anthony, 22
Benjamin, Judah, 253
Bennett, James Gordon, 216–217, 240
Benton, Thomas Hart, 117
Biblical history of slavery, 15–16
The Biglow Papers (Lowell), 169–170
Black Republicans, 283
Blair, Francis Preston, 268–270
Blair, Montgomery, 266, 269
Boisrond-Tonnerre, Louis Felix, 76
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 70–75, 78, 84–85, 87, 309
Booth, John Wilkes, 309
Boston tea party, 26–27
Boteler, A. R., 262
Boyer, Jean-Pierre, 96
Branham, Caroline, 106
Brazil, 16–17
Breckinridge, John C., 82, 251
Britain
abolition of slavery in the West Indies, 110–113, 134–135, 181, 192–194
blockade of French ports, 83
control of Mississippi River commerce, 50
cotton economy, 261–262
Cromwell’s rule, 226
embargo against, 83–84, 87, 101, 178–179
Garrison’s abolitionist movement, 109–110
history of slavery, 16–17
incipient tyranny, 25–26
Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence, 29–31
Jefferson’s election as president, 71–72
Millerism, 138
Napoleon’s abdication, 87
Oregon territory, 168
Quaker efforts for abolition, 21–22
sanctioning the slave trade, 20
tariff bills, 116
Texas’s admission to the Union, 164
Treaty of Ghent, 88
War of 1812, 84–86
Broadnax, William Henry, 124, 126–127
Brooks, Noah, 294, 299, 307–308
Brooks, Preston, 216
Brown, Albert Gallatin, 283
Brown, Jason, 199, 224
Brown, John, 211, 269–270, 277
armed resistance to The Slave Power, 221–227
death of sons, 11–12
defeat of, 13–14
Harpers Ferry, 1–11
Lincoln’s nomination, 249
Ohio, 196–199
Stuart’s truce proposal, 12–13
trial and execution, 237–244, 246–247
trial of backers, 245, 248
Brown, John, Jr., 197–198
Brown, Oliver, 4–5, 10–11
Brown, Owen, 3, 8, 13, 196
Brown, Watson, 10–11
Buchanan, James, 148–149, 186, 218–221, 230, 232, 237, 251, 263, 265–266
Bull Run, Battles of, 283–290, 294
Burns, Anthony, 185–186, 195, 226
Burnside, Ambrose, 298
Burr, Aaron, 82–83
Butler, Andrew P., 215
Butler, Benjamin F., 292–293
Buxton, Thomas Folwell, 109–110
Calhoun, Andrew Pickens, 253
Calhoun, John C., 116, 119–120, 146, 149, 165–166, 180–181, 183–184, 248, 250
California, 167–168, 180–183
Calvinism, 196
Cameron, Simon, 272
Canada, 84–86, 168, 221
Caribbean colonies, 69–70, 86–87. See also West Indies
Cass, Lewis, 195
Chambrun, Adolphe, Marquis de, 309, 313
Chandler, Zachariah, 308
Channing, William Ellery, 140
Chase, Salmon P., 293
Chicago Tribune, 280–281
Chinese businessmen in Jamaica, 194
Christianity. See Religion
Christophe, Jean, 72, 77
Civil rights, women’s, 149–150
Clay, Henry, 84, 89–93, 164, 173, 181, 183–184
Clinton, George, 49
Cobb, Howell, 182–183
Coles, Edward, 124–125
Colonization of slaves in Africa, 89–91, 95–96, 104, 109, 111–112, 127– 128, 233
Committee on the Conduct of the War, 293
Committees of correspondence, 86
Compensated emancipation, 110, 127, 163, 173–175, 232, 292, 296–297
Compromise of 1850, 183–184, 195
Confederacy, 180–181, 280, 283–284. See also specific individuals and events
Congress, U.S.
abolition in the District of Columbia, 148–149
abolitionist movement, 293
Adams’s antislavery petitions, 146–148
admission of Texas, 163–167
Buchanan’s message on secession, 254
fugitive slave law, 62
gag rule, 149–152, 155–156
Harpers Ferry probe, 247–248
Lincoln’s election to, 172–173
Lincoln’s negotiated peace, 296–297
Lincoln’s postwar policy, 308
Mexican War, 169
military spending, 290, 299–300
Missouri Compromise, 91–93
New England secessionist rhetoric, 118–119
nullification crisis, 121
response to rebellion, 281
slavery-antislavery factions paralyzing, 182–183
tension over expansion of slavery, 215–216
War of 1812, 84–86
See also Continental Congress
Congressional Globe, 268–269
Connecticut, 35, 84, 86, 88
Constitution, Confederate, 253
Constitution, U.S
amendment banning slavery, 310
annexation of Texas, 165, 167
Calhoun’s Exposition of 1828, 116–117
development of, 51–54
gag rule, 148
Garrison’s stance on slavery, 111
Lincoln and, 259, 276, 296–297
Constitutional Convention, 178–179, 248
Continental Congress, 27, 30–32, 40, 44, 48–54. See also Congress, U.S.
Coppoc, Edwin, 10, 13
Cotton production, 54–55, 115–116, 180–181, 207–208, 261–262
Cresson, Elliot, 109, 111
Cromwell, Oliver, 226
Cropper, James, 109
Cuba, 181
Cushing, Caleb, 250–251
Custis, George Washington Parke, 11, 65, 106, 234
Custis, Nelly, 108
Dale, Sam, 120
Dana, Charles, 279–281, 283, 290
Darwin, Charles, 192
Davis, Jefferson, 277, 305
Arrival in Richmond, 280
Bull Run, 287–288
Confederate presidency, 253
Cushing nomination, 250–251
Fort Sumter, 267, 294–295
Lee and, 281–282
Mexican War, 171
mustering the Confederate army, 290
Declaration of Independence, 29–32, 35, 39, 47–48, 51–52
Declaration of independence (Saint-Domingue), 76
“Declaration of Independence by the Representatives of the Slave Population of the United States of America” (John Brown), 3–4
/> Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 145
Democratic Party, 184
Congressional Globe, 268–269
formation of, 100
Garrison’s views of, 103
Lincoln nomination, 250–251
national convention, 218
slavery platform, 251–252
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 73, 75–79
Disunion, 48, 53–54, 58, 87, 118–120, 153–155, 219, 268, 301–302
Dixie (anthem), 277–278, 310
Dodge, William E., 259
Douglas, Stephen A., 195, 218, 229–234, 250–252, 269
Douglass, Frederick, 4, 246
Doyle, James P., 198–199
Doyle, Mahala, 243
Ellison, William, 205
Ellsworth, Elmer C., 278–279
Ellsworth, Oliver, 53
Ely, Alfred, 289
Emancipation
able-bodied blacks in the Continental army, 40–41
compensated, 110, 127, 163, 173–175, 232, 292, 296–297
French slaves, 69
Garrison’s moral and spiritual commitment to, 100–101
Greeley’s cry for, 291–292
Jefferson on, 37
Lafayette and Washington, 61
Lincoln’s political tension over, 292–293
Missouri Compromise, 91–93
Quakers’ push for, 62
Union generals’ approach to, 292–293
Virginia’s concerns over a race war, 283
Washington’s decision to free his slaves, 59, 63–65
westward expansion and, 49–51
See also Abolition of slavery; Abolitionists; Slaves and slavery
Emancipation Proclamation, 293–300, 310
Embargo, 83–84, 87, 101, 178–179
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 185, 225–226, 244, 247
Emigrant Aid Company, 196
Eppes, John W., 78
Everett, Edward, 252, 254–255
Ewell, Richard S., 282
Executive authority, Lincoln’s use of, 281
Exposition of 1828, 116–117
“Faking” (media), 216–217
Farewell Address (Washington), 59–60, 309–310
Federalism, 59–60
Federalists, 81–84, 87–89, 93–94, 100, 102–103
Fillmore, Millard, 184, 219
Finley, Paul, 89
Floyd, William, 123
Force bill, 83–84, 121, 262
Foreign policy, 57–58
Fort Pickens, Florida, 265
Fort Sumter, South Carolina, 265–267, 269, 273–274, 279, 311
Forten, James, 89–90, 104
Fortress Monroe, 106, 270
Forty-ninth parallel, 168
France
British blockade, 83
Jefferson’s election as president, 71–72