by Jo Roberts
2. “‘The draft law is intended to strengthen unity in the state of Israel and to ban marking Independence Day as a day of mourning,’ said party spokesman Tal Nahum”: Reuters, “Lieberman’s Party Proposes Ban on Arab Nakba,” Haaretz, May 14, 2009, www.haaretz.com/news/lieberman-s-party-proposes-ban-on-arab-nakba-1.276035 (accessed May 6, 2013).
3. Duncan Bell, introduction to Memory, Trauma and World Politics: Reflections on the Relationship between Past and Present (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 5.
4. See further Eviatar Zerubavel, Time Maps: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 40.
5. Avishai Margalit, The Ethics of Memory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 126.
6. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1983).
7. Sami Abu Shehadeh, in conversation with the author, Jaffa, October 18, 2008.
8. Ismail Abu Shehadeh, in conversation with the author, Jaffa, October 8, 2008.
9. Abed Satel and Shaban Balaha, in conversation with the author, Jaffa, October 17, 2008.
10. Ilan Pappé, A History of Modern Palestine, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 155.
11. For John’s telling of the Passion story, see John 18, 19. “His blood be on us and on our children!” is cited by Matthew at 27:25.
12. See further Thomas Cahill, Desire of the Everlasting Hills: The World Before and After Jesus (New York: Nan A. Talese, 2001), 274.
13. James Carroll, Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews (Boston: Mariner, 2002), 243.
14. Ibid., 295.
15. The Jews in Their Land, conceived and ed. David Ben-Gurion (Garden City, NY: Windfall/Doubleday, 1974), 272.
16. Carroll, Constantine’s Sword, 464.
17. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin 2003), 293.
18. Carroll, Constantine’s Sword, 460.
19. Ibid., 458.
20. Adam Gopnik, “Trial of the Century,” New Yorker (Sept 28, 2009), 77.
21. Ibid.
22. Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State at Project Gutenberg: www.gutenberg.org/files/25282/25282-h/25282-h.htm at 75.
23. “The First Zionist Congress and the Basel Program,” at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Zionism/First_Cong_&_Basel_Program.html (accessed May 6, 2013).
24. Gabriel Piterberg, “Cleanser to Cleansed,” London Review of Books 31, no. 4 (February 26, 2009): 31.
25. Letter to Chaim Weizmann, September 7, 1929, in Judah Leon Magnes, Dissenter in Zion: From the Writings of Judah L. Magnes, ed. Arthur A. Goren (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 276.
26. Oren Yiftachel, in conversation with the author, Be’er Sheva, September 28, 2008.
27. Cited in Daniel Noah Moses, “Notes from Jerusalem,” Crosscurrents 58, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 260–61.
28. David Remnick, “Amos Oz Writes the Story of Israel,” The New Yorker (November 8, 2004).
29. Ilan Pappé, “Fear, Victimhood, Self and Other,” The MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 1 (May 2001), http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/ (accessed February 20, 2007).
30. Ilan Pappé, in conversation with the author, Exeter, U.K., October 21, 2008.
CHAPTER THREE: The “New Israelis”
1. “The Watchman,” Time (August 16, 1948).
2. Ibid.
3. Donald Neff, “Rabin’s Murder Rooted in Zionism’s Violent Legacy,” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (January 1996), 59–61.
4. James Carroll, Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews (Boston: Mariner, 2002), 458.
5. Ze’ev Sternhell, The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 48.
6. Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State at Project Gutenberg: www.gutenberg.org/files/25282/25282-h/25282-h.htm at 96.
7. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin, 2003), 1.
8. For a fuller exploration of this idea, see Joseph Massad, “The ‘Post-Colonial’ Colony: Time, Space and Bodies in Palestine/Israel” in The Pre-Occupation of Postcolonial Studies, ed. Fawzia Afzal-Khan and Kalpana Seshadri-Crooks (Chapel Hill: Duke University Press, 2000).
9. See Oz Almog, The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew, trans. Haim Watzman (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000), 188.
10. Ibid., 187.
11. Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis (New York: Owl Books, 1998), 50.
12. Nimer Murkus, Unforgettable (Kafr Yassif, Galilee: private publication [Arabic], 1999), quoted in Ismael Abu-Saad, “Palestinian Education in Israel: The Legacy of the Military Government,” Holy Land Studies 5, no. 1 (May 2006): 27–28.
13. Abed Satel and Shaban Balaha, in conversation with the author, Jaffa, October 17, 2008.
14. See Absentees’ Property Law, 5710–1950 1(b). This translation found in Hillel Cohen, “The State of Israel versus the Palestinian Internal Refugees” in Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine, Israel and the Internal Refugees, ed. Nur Masalha (London: Zed Books, 2005), 59.
15. Ibid.
16. Yoav Stern, “50 Years After Massacre, Kafr Qasem Wants Answers,” Haaretz, October 30, 2006, www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/780569.html (accessed October 3, 2011).
17. Gudrun Kramer, A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 117.
18. Rachel Shabi, We Look Like the Enemy: The Hidden Story of Israel’s Jews from Arab Lands (New York: Walker and Company, 2008), 37.
19. This and the following two quotes are from Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis (New York: Owl Books, 1998), 156.
20. “Human material”: in Segev, ibid., 155.
21. Shabi, We Look Like the Enemy, 46.
22. See “Religion: Exodus,” Time (July 6, 1962).
23. For a fuller exploration of this idea, see Ella Shohat, “Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims,” Social Text, no. 19/20 (Autumn, 1988): 24.
24. Gershon Shafir and Yoav Peled, Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 77.
25. Ella Shohat, “Invention of the Mizrahim,” Journal of Palestine Studies 29, no. 1 (Autumn 1999): 6, 8.
26. Shohat, “Sephardim in Israel,” 32.
27. Ruth Blau, Les gardiens de la cité : histoire d’une guerre sainte (Paris: Flammarion, 1978), 271, trans. and cited in Yakov M. Rabkin, The Threat From Within: A Century of Jewish Opposition to Zionism (London: Zed Books, 2006), 43.
28. Shabi, We Look Like the Enemy, 47.
29. Tom Segev, The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust (New York: Owl Books, 1991), 179. Excerpts from THE SEVENTH MILLION: THE ISRAELIS AND THE HOLOCAUST by Tom Segev, translated by Haim Watzman. Translation copyright © 1993 by Haim Watzman. Reprinted by permission of Hill and Wang, a division of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc.
30. See Julius Zellermayer, “The Psychosocial Effect of the Eichmann Trial on Israeli Society,” Psychiatry Digest 29, no. 11 (1968): 13.
31. Uri Hadar, in conversation with the author, Tel Aviv, September 24, 2008.
32. Segev, The Seventh Million, 179.
33. Ibid., 338.
34. Ibid.
35. Shoshana Felman, “Theaters of Justice: Arendt in Jerusalem, the Eichmann Trial, and the Redefinition of Legal Meaning in the Wake of the Holocaust,” Critical Inquiry 27, no. 2 (2001): 201.
36. Segev, The Seventh Million, 351.
37. Lawrence Douglas, The Memory of Judgment (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 137.
38. Hanna Yablonka, The State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann (New York: Schocken Books, 2004), 224.
39. Susan Sontag, “Reflections on The Deputy,” in Against Interpretation, and Other Essays (New York: Octagon Books, 1982), 126.
40. Akiba A. Cohen et al., The Holocaust and the Press: Nazi War Crimes Trials in Germany and Israel (New Jers
ey: Hampton Press, 2001), 32.
41. Haim Gouri, Facing the Glass Booth (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003), 275.
42. Yablonka, State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann, 233–34.
43. Ibid., 164.
44. See Zellermayer, “The Psychosocial Effect,” 15.
45. Segev, Seventh Million, 328.
46. Yablonka, State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann, 187.
47. Ibid., 189.
48. See Anita Shapira, “The Eichmann Trial: Changing Perspectives,” Journal of Israeli History 23, no. 1 (2004): 35.
49. Idith Zertal, Israel’s Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 109.
50. See Ylana Miller, “Creating Unity Through History: The Eichmann Trial as Transition,” Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 1, no. 2 (2002): 139.
51. Yablonka, State of Israel vs. Adolf Eichmann, 85.
52. See Zertal, Israel’s Holocaust, 102.
53. See Joel Beinin, The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998), chapter 4.
CHAPTER FOUR: Reshaping the Landscape
1. Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 347. Courtesy of University of Cambridge Press.
2. Guy Erlich, “Not Only Deir Yassin,” Ha’ir, Tel Aviv, May 6, 1992. Trans. from Hebrew by Elias Davidsson: www.deiryassin.org/op0010.html (accessed October 3, 2011).
3. Barbara Bender, introduction to Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place, ed. Barbara Bender and Margot Winer (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 5.
4. Barbara Bender, “Landscape: Meaning and Action,” Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, ed. Barbara Bender (Oxford: Berg, 1993), 3, quoting F. Inglis, “Nation and Community: A Landscape and Its Morality,” The Sociological Review, n.s., 25, no. 3 (1977): 489–513.
5. Bender, Contested Landscapes, 4–5.
6. David A. Wesley, State Practices and Zionist Images: Shaping Economic Development in Arab Towns in Israel (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2006), 76, quoting Sharon Zukin, Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991).
7. See Ghazi Falah, “The 1948 Israeli-Palestinian War and its Aftermath: The Transformation and De-signification of Palestine’s Cultural Landscape,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86, no. 2 (1996): 268.
8. See Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948, by Meron Benvenisti, translated by Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta, © 2000 by the Regents of the University of California. Published by the University of California Press, 156.
9. Ibid., 155.
10. Reasons to demolish are from Arnon Golan, “Transformation of Abandoned Arab Areas,” Israel Studies 2, no. 1 (1997): 103.
11. Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State at Project Gutenberg: www.gutenberg.org/files/25282/25282-h/25282-h.htm at 143.
12. See further Zvi Efrat, “Mold,” Constructing a Sense of Place: Architecture and the Zionist Discourse, ed. Haim Yacobi (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate: 2004), 77.
13. Ibid., 79.
14. Wajeeh Sama’an, in conversation with the author, Haifa, October 3, 2008.
15. Haaretz, April 4, 1969. Cited in Ghazi Falah, “The Transformation and De-signification of Palestine’s Cultural Landscape,” in The Landscape of Palestine: Equivocal Poetry, ed. Ibrahim Abu-Lughod et al. (Birzeit: Birzeit University Publications, 1999), 98.
16. Aron Shai, “The Fate of Abandoned Arab Villages in Israel, 1965–1969,” History and Memory 18, no. 2 (2006): 93.
17. Hillel Cohen, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem, September 25, 2008.
18. Golan, “Transformation of Abandoned Arab Areas,” 106.
19. Ibid., 104.
20. See the JNF’s website at www.jnf.org/about-jnf/history/index.html, “A Bridge of Love” (accessed August 18, 2011).
21. Joseph Weitz, Forests and Afforestation in Israel (Jerusalem: Massada Press, 1974), 4.
22. Tsili Doleve-Gandelman, “Zionist Ideology and the Space of Eretz Israel: Why the Native Israeli is called Tzabar,” in Trees, Earth and Torah: A Tu B’Shvat Anthology, ed. Ari Elon, Naomi Mara Hyman, and Arthur Waskow (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1999), 179. Courtesy of University of Nebraska Press.
23. See the JNF’s website at www.jnf.org/work-we-do/our-projects/forestry-ecology/, “Forestry” (accessed October 3, 2011).
24. See the JNF’s website at www.jnf.org/about-jnf/ (accessed October 3, 2011).
25. See the JNF’s website at http://support.jnf.org/site/PageServer?pagename= history#1948 (accessed October 3, 2011).
26. “Scroll of Fire,” August 2000 at www.gemsinisrael.com/e_article000006235.htm (accessed October 3, 2011).
27. See “From Classic Forestry to Ecological Forestry KKL-JNF at 36th Israeli Ecological Society Conference,” Jerusalem Post, June 30, 2008 — speaker, Prof. Joseph Riov of Hebrew University, www.jpost.com/Green-Israel/People-and-The-Environment/From-classic-forestry-to-ecological-forestry-KKL-JNF-at-36th-Israeli-Ecological-Society-Conference (accessed May 6, 2013), and Alon Tal, Pollution in a Promised Land (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), 95.
28. Yshay Shechter, in conversation with the author, Bat Yam, October 8, 2008.
29. Noga Kadman, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem, October 6, 2008.
30. Our Eretz Israel 32 (June 2008) (in Hebrew). Thanks to Noga Kadman for this reference, and for the translation.
CHAPTER FIVE: Knowing the Land
1. Sharon Zukin, Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991).
2. Denis Wood with John Fels, The Power of Maps (New York: Guilford Press, 1992), 21. (Italics in original.)
3. Maoz Azaryahu and Arnon Golan, “(Re)naming the Landscape: The Formation of the Hebrew Map of Israel 1949–1960,” Journal of Historical Geography 27, no. 2 (2001): 185.
4. Ibid., 178.
5. Ibid., 192.
6. Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948, by Meron Benvenisti, translated by Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta, © 2000 by the Regents of the University of California. Published by the University of California Press, 38–39.
7. Azaryahu and Golan, “(Re)naming the Landscape,” 192.
8. Ibid., 187.
9. Naftali Kadmon, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem, October 6, 2008.
10. Jewish Topographies: Visions of Space, Traditions of Place, ed. Julia Brauch, Anna Lipphardt, and Alexandra Nocke (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2008), 205.
11. Ibid., 206, fn. 26.
12. The phrase “a land without a people for a people without a land” was originally coined in the 1840s by the Earl of Shaftsbury. His belief was not that Palestine was empty, but rather, as Gudrun Kramer puts it, that “the people living in Palestine were not a people with a history, culture, and legitimate claim to national self-determination.” Gudrun Kramer, A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 166.
13. Ze’ev Sternhell, The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 65.
14. David Ben-Gurion, “From the Founding of Petah Tikva to the Present Day” in The Jews in Their Land, conceived and ed. David Ben-Gurion (Garden City, NY: Windfall/Doubleday, 1974), 280.
15. Oz Almog, The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew, trans. Haim Watzman (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000), 26.
16. Both quotes in this paragraph are from Almog, The Sabra, 163.
17. Ilan Pappé, in conversation with the author, Exeter, U.K., October 21, 2008.
18. Amaya Galili, in conversation with the author, Tel Aviv, October 2, 2008. Amaya works as educational co-ordinator for Zochrot, a small NGO we’ll hear more of in Chapter 9.
> 19. Hashomer Hatza’ir was founded in Poland early in the twentieth century. Its ideology blended Marxist Zionism with the scouting ideals of Robert Baden-Powell. “The three leading principles of the Movement have always been: ‘Towards Zionism, Socialism and Peace among nations,’” says the homepage of its website, www.hashomer-hatzair.org/pages/english.aspx (accessed October 24, 2012). “Every year many scouting projects are launched where the young members are shown the connection between the guiding principles of the Movement and the Israeli landscapes and places of historical and geographic interest.” Such groups are no longer a cultural mainstay for Israeli youth.
20. Meron Benvenisti, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem, September 22, 2008.
21. See Jun Yoshioka, “Imagining Their Lands as Ours: Place Name Changes on Ex-German Territories in Poland after World War II,” Slavic Eurasian Studies 15 (2007): 273–287.
22. See Azaryahu and Golan, “(Re)naming the Landscape,” 182.
23. Amos Elon, The Israelis: Founders and Sons (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 280. In Nadia Abu El-Haj, Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 99.
CHAPTER SIX: Ghosts of the Holocaust
1. Tom Segev, The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust (New York: Owl Books, 1991), 219–20. Excerpts from THE SEVENTH MILLION: THE ISRAELIS AND THE HOLOCAUST by Tom Segev, translated by Haim Watzman. Translation copyright © 1993 by Haim Watzman. Reprinted by permission of Hill and Wang, a division of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc.
2. Ibid., 220. Regarding Begin’s earlier support of reparations, see ibid., 225.
3. Nadav Shragai, “Yad Vashem Slams Women in Green for Judenrat Comparison,” Haaretz, September 21, 2004, www.haaretz.com/news/yad- vashem-slams-women-in-green-for-judenrat-comparison-1.135213 (accessed October 3, 2011).
4. Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 393.
5. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict 1881–1999 (London: Vintage, 2001), 514.
6. Marc H. Ellis, Beyond Innocence and Redemption: Confronting the Holocaust and Israeli Power (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 33.