by Jo Roberts
7. Tom Segev, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem, October 10, 2008.
8. Quoted by Abba Eban in his speech to the U.N. Security Council, June 6, 1967. See Spencer C. Tucker and Priscilla Roberts, The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2008), “Abba Eban, Speech to the U.N. Security Council [Excerpt], June 6, 1967” at page 1283.
9. Segev, Seventh Million, 389.
10. Ibid.
11. Q and A with director Ilan Ziv after the screening of his film Six Days in June, Bloor Cinema, Toronto, April 17, 2008.
12. Tom Segev, 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007), 337.
13. Norma Musih and Shlomit Dank, in conversation with the author, Tel Aviv, October 14, 2008. Norma is co-founder of the Tel Aviv–based NGO Zochrot, of which we’ll hear more in Chapter 9.
14. Segev, Seventh Million, 514.
15. Meir Litvak and Esther Webman, “Perceptions of the Holocaust in Palestinian Public Discourse,” Israel Studies 8, no. 3 (2003): 123.
16. Both quotes in this paragraph are from Chris McGreal, “Arafat Forced to Give Up Most Powers to New PM,” The Guardian, March 19, 2003, www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/mar/19/usa.israel (accessed October 3, 2011).
17. Sammy Smooha, “The 2008 Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel: Main Findings and Trends of Change,” 2009, unpublished report, page 3, available at http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~s.smooha/uploads/editor_uploads/files/Index2008MainFindings_TrendsChangeEng.pdf (accessed May 19, 2013).
18. Marzuq Halabi, in conversation with the author, Haifa, October 3, 2008.
19. Daphne Banai, in conversation with the author, Ein Hod, October 15, 2008.
CHAPTER SEVEN: “All this is part of the Nakba”
1. Lutfiya Sama’an, in conversation with the author, Haifa, October 3, 2008.
2. Abnaa Suhmata Association website, www.suhmata.com/alauda_en.php (accessed August 24, 2011).
3. Wajeeh Sama’an, in conversation with the author, Haifa, October 3, 2008.
4. “Los que tienen memoria son capaces de vivir en el frágil tiempo presente. Los que no la tienen no viven en ninguna parte,” Patricio Guzmán, in Nostalgia for the Light (2010). Translation by Claire Huang Kinsley.
5. See Majid Al-Haj, “Whither the Green Line? Trends in the Orientation of the Palestinians in Israel and the Territories,” Israeli Democracy at the Crossroads, ed. Raphael Cohen-Almagor (Abingdon, U.K.: Routledge, 2005).
6. Uri Dromi, “Border Crossing,” Haaretz, November 12, 2004, www.haaretz.com/border-crossing-1.140096 (accessed August 24, 2011).
7. Marzuq Halabi, in conversation with the author, Haifa, October 3, 2008.
8. “Expert Symposium: On the Psychologist’s Couch,” Mustafa Kosoksi and Dr. Ilan Kutz interviewed by Anat Saragusti and Udi Cohen, Du-Et: Jewish-Arab Newspaper, 10 (Autumn 2006), 7. Published by the Citizens’ Accord Forum, Jerusalem.
9. See Efrat Ben Ze’ev, “The Politics of Taste and Smell: Palestinian Rites of Return,” in The Politics of Food, ed. Marianne E. Lien and Brigitte Nerlich (Oxford: Berg, 2004).
10. Dahoud Badr, in conversation with the author, al-Ghabsiya and al-Shaykh Danun, October 12, 2008.
11. Raneen Geries, in conversation with the author, Tel Aviv, October 2, 2008.
12. Jonathan Cook, “The Nakba March,” The Electronic Intifada, May 16, 2008, http://electronicintifada.net/content/nakba-march/7517 (accessed August 24, 2011).
13. JPost.com Staff, “Dichter: Saying Nakba Will Lead to Nakba,” Jerusalem Post, December 17, 2007, www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=85689 (accessed March 7, 2011).
14. Haaretz editorial, “Mocking Democracy,” March 19, 2010, www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/mocking-democracy-1.265060 (accessed August 24, 2011).
15. Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis (New York: Owl Books, 1998), 75, quoting from the original manuscript of David Ben-Gurion’s diaries, entry for June 16, 1948.
16. Shukri Salameh, letter to the editor, New York Times, September 23, 1988.
17. Ghassan Kanafani, “Jaffa, Land of Oranges,” translated by Mona Anis and Hala Halim, Al-Ahram Weekly, Cairo, April 30, 1998.
18. Raja Shehadeh, Strangers in the House: Coming of Age in Occupied Palestine (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 2002), 4.
19. Souad Dajani, Women and the Politics of Military Confrontation: Palestinian and Israeli Gendered Narratives of Dislocation, ed. Nahla Abdo and Ronit Lentin (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2002), 72, 73.
20. Salim Tamari, “Treacherous Memories: Electronic Return to Jaffa” from Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 1998 special commemorative edition, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/1948/365_tmri.htm (accessed October 24, 2012). All quotes in the next paragraph are also from this source. Sami Abu Shehadeh pointed out to me that although Tamari remembers the ice cream parlour as being owned by the Hinawi brothers, the owners are the Habash family.
21. Salim Tamari and Rema Hammami, “Virtual Returns to Jaffa,” Journal of Palestine Studies 27, no. 4 (Summer 1998): 74.
22. Sami Abu Shehadeh, in conversation with the author, Jaffa, October 18, 2008.
23. Karin Kloosterman, “Changes in the Air for Ajami,” Jerusalem Post, November 29, 2006, www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=42958 (accessed August 24, 2011).
24. From the Andromeda Hill website at www.andromeda.co.il/ (accessed January 12, 2010). The following quote is from www.andromeda.co.il/jaffa.html (accessed January 12, 2010). See Daniel Monterescu, “To Buy or Not to Be: Trespassing the Gated Community,” Public Culture 21, no. 2 (2009): 403–430, which analyzes the Andromeda Hill project in detail.
25. See Mark LeVine, “From Bride of the Sea to Disneyland: The Role of Architecture in the Battle for Tel Aviv’s ‘Arab Neighbourhood,”’ in The Landscape of Palestine: Equivocal Poetry, ed. Ibrahim Abu-Lughod et al. (Birzeit: Birzeit University Publications, 1999), 114–115.
26. Yudit Ilany’s blog, “Occupied,” ran from 2005–2010; as of this writing it is still online at http://yuditilany.blogspot.com/.
27. For more on the details of this process, see Sebastian Wallerstein and Emily Silverman with Naama Meishar, Housing Distress Within the Palestinian Community of Jaffa: The End of Protected Tenancy in Absentee Ownership Homes (Jerusalem: Bimkom — Planners for Planning Rights/Technion — Israel Institute for Technology Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, 2009). Available online at http://bimkom.org/eng/wp-content/uploads/Housingdistressjaffa.pdf (accessed 9 April, 2013).
28. Lily Galili, “First We’ll Take Ajami,” Haaretz, December 23, 2007, www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/first-we-ll-take-ajami-1.235742 (accessed August 24, 2011).
29. See Daniel Monterescu, “The ‘Housing Intifada’ and its Aftermath: Ethno-Gentrification and the Politics of Communal Existence in Jaffa,” Anthropology News 49, no. 9 (December 2008): 21.
30. Galili, “First We’ll Take Ajami.”
31. Ibid.
32. Abed Satel, in conversation with the author, Jaffa, October 17, 2008.
33. Omer Ori, “Jaffa Pool Restricts Entry of Arab Residents,” Ynetnews, August 15, 2008, www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3582781,00.html (accessed August 24, 2011).
34. “Yaakov Lappin, “National-Religious Housing Project Puts Jaffa Coexistence at Risk, Tel Aviv Municipality Says,” Jerusalem Post, June 18, 2009, http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=146041 (accessed May 6, 2013).
35. Ofer Petersburg, “Settlers Plan Housing Project in Jaffa,” Ynetnews, May 11, 2009, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3713290,00.html (accessed October 24, 2012).
36. Dina Kraft, “Boosting Jewish Populations in Arab Neighborhoods Stokes Tensions,” August 25, 2009, Jewish Telegraphic Agency News, http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/25/1007448/boosting-jewish-populations-in-arab-neighborhoods-stokes-tensions (accessed August 24, 2011).
37. Howard Schneider, “Coastal Israeli City Offers Glimpse into Deep-Seated Divide,”
Washington Post, May 26, 2009, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/25/AR2009052502078.html (accessed August 24, 2011).
38. See Monterescu, “To Buy or Not To Be,” 412.
39. Ofer Petersburg, “Saudis Discover Jaffa,” Ynetnews, March 30, 2008, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3525254,00.html (accessed August 24, 2011).
40. One example is “Yafa up to 1948,” Nader Abuljebain’s two-thousand-word history of Jaffa on the al-Awda (“The Return”), website, where he writes: “About 1100 B.C. Palestine was conquered by the Hebrews who came through the Jordan River and Jericho. However, there is no evidence that Yafa ever surrendered to Hebrew rule.” Abuljebain makes no further reference to historic Jewish presence in Jaffa until the arrival of the first Zionists. “Yafa up to 1948,” February 25, 2008, www.al-awda.org/until-return/yaffa.html (accessed August 24, 2011).
41. Muhammad Abu al-Hayyja, in conversation with the author, Ayn Hawd, October 15, 2008.
42. Naama Meishar, “Fragile Guardians: Nature Reserves and Forests Facing Arab Villages,” in Constructing a Sense of Place: Architecture and the Zionist Discourse, ed. Haim Yacobi (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2004), 306.
43. Ibid., 312.
44. Yeela Ranaan, in conversation with the author, Be’er Sheva, October 19, 2008, and an email of April 24, 2011, in which Yeela wrote: “Although of the originally mapped-out 45 villages about 9 have been recognized … they still do not have a municipal plan, because the gov’t is insisting on village plans that are in contrast to the needs and wishes of the residents … in effect leaving the village space in a non-recognized existence. The number of villages is not exact, as several villages counted within the 45 are in fact several smaller villages bunched into one.” See also Oren Yiftachel, “Bedouin Arabs and the Israeli Settler State: Land Policies and Indigenous Resistance,” in The Future of Indigenous Peoples: Strategies for Survival and Development, ed. Duane Champagne and Ismael Abu-Saad (Los Angeles: UCLA American Indian Studies Center, 2003), 31.
45. John Tordai, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem, October 16, 2008.
46. David Ben-Gurion, from the monument erected to him at Sde Boker, Negev, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/InnovativeIsrael/Negev_high-tech_haven-Jan_2011.htm?DisplayMode=print (accessed August 25, 2011).
47. Yeela Raanan, in conversation with the author, Be’er Sheva, October 19, 2008.
48. Dr. Thabet Abu Rass and Professor Oren Yiftachel, “Four Reasons to Reject the ‘Prawer Plan,’” Adalah Newsletter 89 (January 2012). Except where noted, further information on the Prawer Plan in this paragraph comes from an email from Yeela Ranaan received on February 2, 2012.
49. Rawia AbuRabia, “The Beduin of the Negev,” Jerusalem Post, October 1, 2012, www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=286257.
50. Suliman Abu-Obiad, in conversation with the author, Be’er Sheva, October 19, 2008.
51. Ran Reznick, “Study: Ramat Hovav Has Double the Average Number of Birth Defects and Cancer,” Haaretz, June 1, 2004, www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/study-ramat-hovav-has-double-the-average-number-of-birth-defects-and-cancer-1.124008 (accessed August 25, 2011).
52. Dominick LaCapra, Writing History, Writing Trauma (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), xi.
53. Doron Halutz, “Language is My Anchor,” Haaretz, weekend magazine, April 11, 2010, www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/language-is-my-anchor-1.284042 (accessed October 26, 2012).
54. Ibid.
55. Ibtisam Mara’ana, Paradise Lost (2003).
56. Raneen Geries, in conversation with the author, Tel Aviv, October 2, 2008.
57. Email correspondence with Rawda Makhoul, January 1, 2010 and April 24, 2011.
58. See The Haifa Declaration (Haifa: Mada al-Carmel/Arab Center for Applied Social Research, 2007), 13: “It has spread an atmosphere of fear through the Arab educational system, which is supervised by the security services.”
59. Sharon Roffe-Ofir, “Most Arabs Below Poverty Line,” Ynetnews, February 16, 2008, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3507481,00.html (accessed October 16, 2011).
60. Ismael Abu-Saad, “Palestinian Education in Israel: The Legacy of the Military Government,” Holy Land Studies 5, no. 1 (May 2006): 51.
61. Dan Rabinowitz, “The Palestinian Citizens of Israel, the Concept of Trapped Minority and the Discourse of Transnationalism in Anthropology,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 1 (January 2001): 67.
62. Sayed Kashua, Dancing Arabs, trans. Miriam Shlesinger (New York: Grove Press, 2004), 106.
63. Sammy Smooha, Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel 2003–2009 (Haifa: The Jewish-Arab Center, University of Haifa, 2010), 18.
64. The Democratic Constitution (Haifa: Adalah – Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel, 2007); The Future Vision for the Palestinian Arabs in Israel, (Haifa: National Committee for the Heads of the Arab Local Authorities in Israel, 2006): The Haifa Declaration, ibid.
65. On the documents and their critical reception, see Elie Rekhess, “The Evolvement of an Arab Palestinian National Minority in Israel,” Israel Studies 12, no. 3 (2007).
66. Ibtisam Mara’ana, Paradise Lost.
CHAPTER EIGHT: Ghosts of the Nakba
NB: due to differences in transliteration, Yizhar’s Khirbet Khizeh is referred to by Anita Shapira as Hirbet Hizah and by Ephraim Kleiman as Khirbet Khiz’ah.
1. S. Yizhar, Khirbet Khizeh, translated from the Hebrew by Nicholas de Lange and Yaacob Dweck. Ibis Editions, Jerusalem 2008, p. 7.
2. Quotes in this paragraph: ibid., 107 and 104–5.
3. Ibid., 75–76.
4. Ibid., 109.
5. Ram Loevy, in conversation with the author, Tel Aviv, October 3, 2008.
6. All quotes in this paragraph are from Anita Shapira, “Hirbet Hizah: Between Remembrance and Forgetting,” Jewish Social Studies, n.s., 7, no. 1 (Fall 2000): 13. Courtesy of University of Indiana Press.
7. Ibid., 26.
8. Noah Efron, “The Price of Return,” Haaretz, November 23, 2008, www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040218.html (accessed August 29, 2011).
9. Shapira, “Hirbet Hizah,” 38.
10. Ibid., 1.
11. Ibid., 55.
12. Benny Morris, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem, October 7, 2008.
13. Simha Flapan, The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities (New York: Pantheon, 1987), 5.
14. See Kristen Blomeley, “The ‘New Historians’ and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict,” Australian Journal of Political Science 40, no. 1 (2005): 127.
15. Flapan, Birth of Israel, 6.
16. See Ilan Pappé, “Israeli Historians Ask: What Really Happened Fifty Years Ago?” The Link 31, Issue 1 (January–March 1998), 6.
17. See Avi Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988). Another example: Ben-Gurion wrote in an October 1938 letter to his children, “I don’t regard a state in part of Palestine as the final aim of Zionism, but as a means towards that aim.” Cited by Benny Morris, 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 9.
18. See Ilan Pappé, The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1992).
19. Benny Morris, “The New Historiography: Israel Confronts its Past,” Tikkun 3, no. 6 (1988): 21.
20. Anita Shapira, “The Failure of Israel’s ‘New Historians’ to Explain War and Peace: The Past Is Not a Foreign Country,” The New Republic, November 29, 1999.
21. Both quotes in this paragraph are from Benny Morris, 1948 and After, 17.
22. Norman G. Finkelstein, Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict (London: Verso, 2001), 95.
23. S. Ilan Troen, Imagining Zion: Dreams, Designs, and Realities in a Century of Jewish Settlement (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 211.
24. Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 47–48.
Courtesy of University of Cambridge Press.
25. Nur Masalha, The Politics of Denial (London: Pluto Press, 2003), 19, 20.
26. Benny Morris, Revisited, 60.
27. Ari Shavit, “Survival of the Fittest: An Interview with Benny Morris,” Haaretz, January 9, 2004.
28. Erik Cohen, “Israel as a Post-Zionist Society,” in The Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory and Trauma, ed. Robert S. Wistrich and David Ohana (London: Frank Cass, 1995), 156.
29. Tom Segev, as quoted in Neri Livneh, “Post-Zionism Only Rings Once,” Haaretz, September 20, 2001, www.haaretz.com/post-zionism-only-rings-once-1.70170 (accessed August 29, 2011).
30. Ilan Pappé, in conversation with the author, Exeter, U.K., October 21, 2008.
31. Asima Ghazi-Bouillon, Understanding the Middle East Peace Process: Israeli Academia and the Struggle for Identity (New York: Routledge, 2009), 110 and 78–80.
32. Benny Morris, “Politics by Other Means,” The New Republic, March 22, 2004.
33. Ghazi-Bouillon, Understanding, 78.
34. Ilan Pappé, A History of Modern Palestine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), xx.
35. Benny Morris, “Politics by Other Means.”
36. Ilan Pappé, “Response to Benny Morris’ ‘Politics by other means’ in the New Republic,” The Electronic Intifada, March 30, 2004, http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2555.shtml (accessed August 29, 2011).
37. See Ilan Pappé, “The Tantura Case in Israel: The Katz Research and Trial,” Journal of Palestine Studies 30, no. 3. (Spring 2001): 19–39.
38. Benny Morris, “The Tantura ‘Massacre’ Affair,” Jerusalem Report, February 9, 2004: 21.
39. Morris, “The Tantura ‘Massacre’ Affair,” 22.
40. Oren Yiftachel, in conversation with the author, Be’er Sheva, September 28, 2008.
41. Zochrot had prepared a booklet for the tour, in Arabic and Hebrew, documenting the history of the town: the parts translated into English included an interview with a Bedouin woman remembering the taking of Bir al-Seba, an excerpt from Benny Morris’ The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, and newspaper coverage of the current Arab inhabitants’ ongoing struggle for the mosque to be reopened. A similar booklet is produced for each of Zochrot’s tours.