The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism

by Casper Erichsen

  peace with Witbooi, 1;

  visit Berlin to take part in Colonial Show, 1, 2;

  diseases hit cattle, crops and people, 1;

  land ownership, 1;

  Rinderpest gives Germans ideas of how to speed up land acquisition, 1;

  native reserves established, 1;

  continuing economic power, 1;

  German violence to prominent Hereros, 1;

  war against Germans, 1;

  military skills, 1;

  myths, 1;

  flee from the Waterberg into the Omaheke Desert, 1;

  Germans issue Extermination Order, 1;

  Germans ‘cleanse’, 1, 2;

  put in concentration camps, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  and German-Nama War, 1;

  von Lindequist completes ethnic cleansing, 1;

  numbers exterminated by Germans, 1;

  treatment of survivors, 1, 2;

  reaction to South African takeover of South-West Africa, 1;

  German genocide exposed, 1; 2;

  survivors return from exile, 1;

  veterans fight in war for Namibian independence, 1;

  memorialisation of genocide, 1;

  life nowadays, 1;

  file claim for reparations, 1

  Hess, Rudolf, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Heyde, Major der, 1

  Heydrich, Reinhardt, 1, 2, 3

  Himmler, Heinrich, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Hindenburg, Paul von, 1

  Hintrager, Oskar: concentration camp inmates build house for, 1;

  knowledge of and support for death camp system, 1, 2, 3;

  influence wanes, 1;

  accepts closure of Shark Island, 1;

  prepares official report on Shark Island, 1;

  carries out census, 1;

  confiscates all indigene land, 1;

  encourages agriculture, 1;

  passes edicts against interracial marriage, 1;

  publishes article on race issues, 1;

  supports Boers, 1

  Hitler, Adolf: celebration of birthday in South-West Africa, 1;

  and colonialism, 1, 2, 3;

  in early propaganda films, 1;

  knowledge of German colonialism in South-West Africa, 1;

  and Lebensraum, 1;

  Mein Kampf and its ideology, 1;

  over-confidence, 1;

  plans for colonising Russia, 1, 2;

  private train, 1;

  and race, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  recognition that Nazis are part of historical and ideological continuum, 1;

  rise to power, 1

  Hohenlohe, Prince von, 1

  Holzapfel, Ludwig, 1

  Hoornkrans, 1

  Hoornkrans massacre (1893), 1, 2

  Höpker, Lydia, 1

  ‘Hottentots’ see Nama

  Hülsen-Haeseler (Head of Military Cabinet), 1

  IG Farben, 1

  ivory, 1

  Izaak, Samuel: relationship with Hendrk Witbooi, 1;

  and German-Nama War, 1, 2;

  hands self over to Germans, 1;

  Germans use as lure to bring in other Nama, 1, 2;

  on Shark Island, 1;

  evacuated from Shark Island, 1;

  kept in German incarceration to die off with rest of people, 1;

  final release and death, 1

  Jafta, Petrus, 1, 2

  Jagow, Gottlieb von, 1

  Jantzen & Thormaehlen shipping line, 1

  Japan, relations with Germany, 1

  Jews: German treatment in World War I, 1;

  Grimm on, 1;

  Holocaust, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Madagascar resettlement plans, 1;

  Nazi attitude to, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  in South-West Africa, 1

  Jitschin, Constantin, 1

  João II, King of Portugal, 1

  Jobst, Lieutenant Walter, 1

  Jod, Petrus, 1, 2

  Johnson, Private Harold F., 1

  Kahr, Gustav von, 1, 2

  Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Genetics and Eugenics see Eugen Fischer Institute

  Kalahari see Omaheke Desert

  Kamaheke, Gerard, 1

  Kamatoto, Josephat, 1

  Kambazembi, Salatiel, 1, 2

  Kampfbund Thule (Fighting Thule League), 1

  Kämpffer, Dr, 1

  Karibib, 1

  Karibib concentration camp, 1, 2

  Karumbi, Unjekererua wa, 1

  Kasche, Siegfried, 1

  Katjura, 1

  Kavezeri, Joel, 1

  Keitel, Wilhelm, 1, 2

  Kemper, Robert, 1

  Kenya, 1, 2

  Ketterler, Klemens von, 1

  Khauas Nama, 1

  Kipling, Rudyard, 1

  Kitchener, Lord, 1, 2, 3

  Koch, Erich, 1, 2

  Kolmanskuppe, 1

  Kopper, Simon, 1, 2, 3

  Korsch, Karl, 1

  Kreplin, Emil, 1

  Krupp Steel, 1

  Kuhlmann, August, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Kuhn, Philalethes, 1

  Kürle, Adolf, 1

  Kusserow, Heinrich von, 1, 2

  Kutako, Hosea, 1

  Laaf, Emil, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Ladeburg, H., 1

  Lagos, 1

  Lambert, Andreas, 1

  Lammers, Heinrich, 1

  Lange family, 1

  languages, Nama, 1

  Lebedour, Georg, 1

  Lebensraum: Epp on, 1, 2;

  Nazi vision, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  origins of term, 1, 2

  legal system, 1

  Lehman, Julius, 1, 2

  Leipzig (corvette), 1

  Lenin, V. I., 1

  Lens, Fritz, 1, 2, 3

  Leopold II, King of the Belgians, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Leutwein, Paul, 1

  Leutwein, Theodor: background and character, 1;

  long-term strategy, 1, 2;

  signs treaties with Herero and Nama, 1, 2;

  attitude to German colonial ambitions, 1;

  uses Rinderpest to speed up process of German land acquisition, 1;

  attitude to colonialism, 1, 2, 3;

  develops South-West African infrastructure, 1;

  on frustrations of German colonists, 1;

  intervenes in Schaeffer’s beating of prominent Herero, 1;

  on legal system in South-West Africa, 1;

  lack of control over Schutztruppe, 1;

  wages war against Bondelswarts, 1;

  on Samuel Maharero, 1;

  and Herero War, 1, 2, 3;

  relieved of military duties, 1;

  reaction to Extermination Order, 1;

  leaves South-West Africa, 1;

  reputation, 1;

  and racial mixing, 1;

  papers examined during investigation into German genocide, 1

  Leviné, Eugen, 1

  Lewala, Zacharius, 1

  Lewis, Robert, 1, 2, 3

  Lindequist, Friedrich von: background and character, 1;

  becomes governor of South-West Africa, 1;

  completes ethnic cleansing of Herero, 1;

  and German-Nama War, 1;

  sends Nama to concentration camps, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

  trip to Berlin, 1;

  hopes to ship remainder of Nama overseas, 1;

  influence wanes, 1;

  accepts closure of Shark Island, 1;

  calls for official report on Shark Island, 1;

  confiscates all indigene land, 1;

  criteria for loans for farmers, 1;

  papers examined during investigation into German genocide, 1;

  devises plans for German settlement of Ukraine, 1;

  encourages race research in colonies, 1

  Little Popo, 1

  Lloyd George, David, 1, 2

  locusts, 1

  Lohse, Heinrich, 1

  Lorang, Wilhelm, 1, 2

  Lubowski, Wilfried, 1

  Ludendorff, Erich von, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5

  Ludendorff, Dr Mathilde von, 1

  Lüderitz (formerly Angra Pequeña), nowadays, 1;

  German trader purchases, 1, 2;

  British reaction, 1;

  Germans take under their protection, 1, 2;

  renamed after German purchaser, 1;

  railways reach, 1, 2;

  German-Nama War boosts economy, 1;

  diamond rush, 1;

  captured by British in World War I, 1;

  Nazi sympathies, 1;

  nowadays, 1;

  mass graves near, 1

  Lüderitz concentration camps, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

  Lüderitz, Adolf: background, 1;

  purchases Angra Pequeña, 1, 2;

  buys bulk of Bethanie Nama land, 1;

  Germans offer to take his land under their protection, 1, 2;

  bought out by German company, 1;

  death, 1;

  portrait in Göring Colonial House, 1

  Ludwig III, King of Bavaria, 1

  Luschan, Professor Felix von, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Maass, Dr, 1

  McNabb, John, 1

  Madagascar, 1

  Maercker, General Ludwig von, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Maharero, Friedrich, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Maharero, Samuel: background, 1;

  favours attack on German military mission, 1;

  struggles to become Paramount Chief, 1, 2;

  compromise treaties with Germans, 1;

  land sales to Germans, 1;

  wealth, 1, 2;

  character, 1;

  Okahandja home, 1;

  and German-Herero War, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;

  close friends, 1;

  appeals to Nama to unite with Herero, 1;

  refuge in Bechuanaland, 1, 2;

  grave, 1

  Maharero, Wilhelm, 1

  Malzahn, Emil, 1

  Manasse, Chief, 1

  Marxist Spartacist League, 1

  Masai, 1

  May, Karl, 1

  Mayr, Captain Karl, 1

  medical experimentation, 1, 2

  Mengele, Joseph, 1

  Merriman, John X., 1

  missionaries see religion

  Mohri, Karl, 1

  Mollison, Theodor, 1

  Moltke, Helmuth von, 1

  Morenga, Jacob, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Möwe (gunboat), 1

  Müller, Richard, 1

  Munich, inter-war politics, 1, 2, 3

  Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 1, 2

  Munkamba, Lake, 1

  Nachtigal, Gustav, 1, 2, 3

  Nama (‘Hottentots’): origins, 1;

  migration to South-West Africa, 1;

  languages, 1;

  borrowings from Boers, 1;

  clans, 1;

  religion, 1;

  sell land to Germans, 1, 2;

  Witbooi Nama war with Herero, 1, 2, 3;

  Germans fail to persuade to conclude protection treaties, 1;

  von François provokes, 1;

  Witbooi opposition to Germans leads to Hoornkrans massacre, 1;

  Witbooi make peace with Herero, 1;

  Witbooi increase resistance to Germans, 1;

  Leutwein pressures groups to sign treaties, 1;

  Witbooi forced into treaty after attack on Naukluft Mountains, 1;

  Witbooi visit Berlin to take part in Colonial Show, 1, 2;

  Rinderpest outbreak, 1;

  native reserves established, 1;

  continuing economic power, 1;

  Germans wage war against Bondelswarts, 1, 2;

  and German-Herero War, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  war against Germans, 1, 2, 3;

  military abilities and tactics, 1;

  sent to concentration camps, 1, 2;

  Germans consider unfit for labour, 1;

  German ‘final solution’, 1;

  eighty Witbooi deported to Togo, 1;

  numbers exterminated by Germans, 1;

  treatment of survivors, 1;

  Fischer’s studies of Basters, 1, 2, 3;

  incarcerated survivors released by South Africans, 1;

  reaction to South African takeover of South-West Africa, 1;

  German genocide exposed, 1, 2;

  survivors return from exile, 1;

  veterans fight in war for Namibian independence, 1;

  life nowadays, 1;

  memorialisation of genocide, 1

  Namib Desert, 1, 2, 3

  Namibia see South-West Africa

  Native Americans, 1

  native reserves, 1, 2

  natural selection, laws of, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Naukluft Mountains, battle in (1894), 1

  Nautilus, HMS, 1

  Nazism: and colonialism, 1, 2;

  concentration camps, 1, 2, 3;

  influences on ideology, 1;

  lack of ideological and behavioural uniqueness, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  Party origins, 1, 2;

  in power, 1;

  and race science, 1;

  SA, 1, 2, 3, 4;

  South-West African support for, 1, 2

  Ndjambi, 1

  Nels, Louis, 1, 2, 3

  Netherlands: Dutch exploration, 1, 2;

  post-World War II desire to remain colonial power, 1, 2;

  see also South Africa

  Nettelbladt, Baron von, 1

  New York, 1

  New Zealand, 1

  Niet, Alex, 1

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1

  Noreseb, Manasse, 1

  Nuremberg Laws, 1

  Nuremberg Trials, 1, 2

  Nyhof, Hermann, 1

  Okahandja, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Okahandja concentration camp, 1, 2

  Okahandja River, 1

  Okanjira, 1

  Okanjira, battle of (1904), 1

  Okawayo, 1, 2

  Okomitombe, 1

  Omaheke (Kalahari) Desert, 1, 2, 3

  Omaruru, 1, 2

  Omaruru concentration camp, 1

  Ombakaha massacre (1904), 1

  Omburo, 1, 2

  Oorlams, 1

  Operation Barbarossa (1941–4), 1, 2, 3

  Operation George (1918), 1

  O’Reilly, Major Thomas Leslie, 1, 2, 3

  Osombo zoWindimbe, 1

  Osona, battle of (1885), 1

  Otavi, 1, 2

  Otjihaëna, 1, 2, 3

  Otjimanangombe, 1

  Otjimbende, 1

  Otjimbingwe, 1, 2, 3

  Otjozongombe, 1

  Oviumbo, 1

  Owambo, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Pan-Germanic League, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Paris Peace Conference (1919), 1

  Petersen, Alvina, 1

  photographs, 1, 2, 3

  phrenology, 1

  Pierer, Major, 1

  Ploetz, Alfred, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Poland, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Portugal, 1, 2

  postcards, 1, 2

  poverty, justifications for, 1

  Presgrave, E. L., 1

  Preyer, Wilhelm, 1

  progress, 1

  race laws: Nazi, 1, 2;

  in South-West Africa, 1

  race science and eugenics: Hitler’s study, 1;

  Nazi science and its applications, 1, 2, 3;

  Second Reich science and its applications, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;

  Thule Society and racial purity, 1, 2;

  US applications, 1, 2

  Radford, David, 1

  railways, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  rape, 1, 2, 3

  Ratzel, Friedrich, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Reade, William Winwood, 1

  Reche, Otto, 1

  Rechenberg, Freiherr von, 1

  Red Nation see Rooi Nasie

  Rehoboth, 1

  Reich Colonial League, 1

  religion: indigenous, 1, 2;

  Christian missionaries in Africa, 1, 2;

  Herero turn to Christianity after series of natural disasters, 1;

  Christian missionaries in concentration camps, 1, 2, 3;

  C
hristian missionaries help in ethnic cleansing of Herero, 1, 2;

  Christian missionaries try to help concentration camp inmates, 1, 2

  ‘Rhineland Bastards’, 1

  Rhodes, Cecil, 1

  Riarua, Assa, 1

  Richthofen, Manfred von, the Red Baron, 1

  Riefenstahl, Leni, 1, 2

  Rietmont, 1, 2, 3

  Rinderpest, 1

  Ritchie, Eric Moore, 1