Persian Gulf, 42, 48, 33map, 93, 102, 109; Abu Dhabi and Dubai, 105–6. See also maritime trade
Persian literature, 146–47
Pervez, Saulat, 245
Petra, 33map, 52, 58map, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78–79
Petrini, Carlo, 13, 276
Phoenicians, 5, 59, 98, 116, 162; diffusion of Middle Eastern plants and, 164, 169, 234; in Iberia, 12, 127, 163, 166, 170; as seafarers, 34, 93; as traders, 24, 27, 95, 103, 124, 183
pilafs, 135; Oshi Plov (Persian-Tajik Rice Pilaf with Quince), 135–37
Pimenta dioica, 256. See also allspice
Pimpinella anisum, 178. See also anise
piracy, 68–69, 92, 214–15, 222, 270
Pistacia spp., 9. See also mastic
Pliny the Elder, 25, 51, 71, 178
Po clan, 205–6, 212–13
poets and poetry, 107, 108, 118, 172; Ka‘b ibn al-Ashraf, 109, 111, 118–21
Pollo en Mole Verde de Pepita (Spiced Chicken in Green Pumpkin Seed Sauce), 266–67
Polo, Maffeo, 4
Polo, Marco, 38, 81, 97–98, 103, 150, 204–5
Polo, Niccolò, 4
pomegranate, 33map, 58map, 162, 164–65, 167–68, 169; Sibāgh (Abbasid and Andalusian Dipping Sauce), 189
Pomeroon, 259, 261
Portugal, 192, 193, 232, 245, 255. See also Iberia
Portuguese traders, 103, 126, 127, 231. See also Gama, Vasco da
Potajes Sabrosos (Jaramillo), 6, 7
Potts, Daniel, 148
prickly ashes, 216–17. See also Sichuan pepper
Puccioni, Nello, 242
Pu clan, 205–6, 212–13
pu-erh (camel’s breath) tea, 95, 142–43map, 228–29
Pulau Sembilan, 226–27
pumpkin seeds, 265, 268; Pollo en Mole Verde de Pepita (Spiced Chicken in Green Pumpkin Seed Sauce), 266–67
Punica spp., 164. See also pomegranate
Punt, 50. See also Minaeans
Pu Shugeng, 205, 213
Quanzhou, 198–201, 211–13, 215–18; Houzhu shipwreck, 201–2; mosques, 204, 205fig. See also Zayton
Quince, Persian-Tajik Rice Pilaf with (Oshi Plov), 135–37
Qur’an, 3–4, 26, 115–16, 122–23
Quraysh tribes and traders, 108–9, 110fig., 111, 118, 123; Ka‘b’s eulogy, 120; Muslim converts, 139, 140, 144. See also Khadijah; Muhammad; Umayyads
Radhanites (Radaniyya), 103, 181–83
ras el hanout, 117, 191, 235, 257, 265, 268
Red Sea, 33map, 48, 61, 64, 68–69, 93, 109. See also specific ports
religious tolerance, 97, 131, 163, 166, 230. See also convivencia
resins, 21. See also frankincense; mastic
Revelation of the Magi, 88, 89
Rhus spp., 176. See also sumac
rice and rice dishes, 63, 125, 135; Maqlay Samak (Fried Fish on a Bed of Coconut Rice), 96–97; Oshi Plov (Persian-Tajik Rice Pilaf with Quince), 135–37
Roche, Salomon de la, 259, 260–61, 262
Rodrigo de Triana (Juan Rodríguez Bermejo), 192, 243–44
Rome, 58map; aromatics in, 22, 26, 33–34, 80, 84, 94; Muslim expansion and, 127–29; Nabataean trade and, 76–77, 79–80
Rosa × damascena. See Damascus rose
Rosa phoenicia, 116
rose. See Damascus rose; rose water
rose water, 116, 158, 175, 191, 236
Roybal’s General Store, 12
Rub‘ al-Khali (Empty Quarter), 18, 33map, 51, 59, 77, 92
rue, 175, 191
Ruiz, Manuel, 180
Rusafa (Andalusia), 166–67
Rusafa (Syria), 159–60, 166
Rustichello da Pisa, 204–5
Sa‘ad ibn Abi Waqqas, 138–39, 204
Saba (Sheba), 50
saffron, 19, 62–64, 134, 190–91, 202, 232, 268; cost of, 54, 62; in Iberia, 169, 177, 190–91; pre-Islamic trade, 51, 52, 61, 108; trade routes, 58map; Zalābiya / Shaqima / Buñuelos (Deep-Fried Cardamom-Spiced Fritters Soaked in Saffron Syrup), 207–8
Safr b. Abd Allah, 167, 168
Saharan trade, 58map, 124, 125, 126, 127, 234
Saif ud-Din, 209
Salalah, 30, 31–33, 35
Salman the Persian, 110fig.
salt, 125, 131, 251
Samarkand, 134, 135, 139, 147, 148, 153, 214; maps, 32, 142–43
San Pedro Atócpan, 268–69
San Salvador, 243
Santa Fe, 12
Sassanid Empire: Islam in, 138, 139. See also Persia
Sayyet-e Ajall Shams-al-Dīn Bokārī, 205
sea trade. See maritime trade
Semitic peoples, 24, 274; cooperation and conflict among, 14; early migration out of Arabia, 20–21, 57–59, 93–94; as traders, 2–5, 14, 20–21, 24, 35, 101, 271, 274. See also specific peoples and places
Sephardic Jewish cooking, 63–64, 175, 207; Berenjena con Acelguilla (Eggplant with Swiss Chard), 172–73
Sephardic Jews. See Jews
Seri Indians, 30
sesame (Sesamum indicum), 98, 99–101, 142–43map; in New World, 264, 265, 268
sesame oil, 99, 100, 108
Sesamum orientale var. malabaricum, 99
Shah Mansur, 133–34, 137
Shanga, 241, 242
Shaqima (Deep-Fried Cardamom-Spiced Fritters Soaked in Saffron Syrup), 207–8
Sheba (Saba), 50
Shepard, Paul, 49
Shia Muslims, 159
shipwrecks, 201–2, 242
Sibāgh (Abbasid and Andalusian Dipping Sauce), 189
Siberian musk, 150–51
Sichuan pepper, 147, 203, 216–17
silk, 72, 155, 182, 200, 236
Silk Road Cooking: A Vegetarian Journey (Batmanglij), 135
Silk Roads trade, 137–38, 142–43map, 148–49; Sogdian traders, 66, 147–49, 150, 153. See also specific places and spices
Simeti, Mary, 87
Simpson, Nathan, 262
Sinai, 60–61, 95, 164; author’s visit, 60–61, 64, 66–68
Singer, Caroline, 51
Siqueff Febels, Jorge, 253–54
Siwa Oasis, 70fig.
Skeat, Walter W., 3
slave trade, 182, 249, 251, 262
Slim Haddad Helú, Carlos, 270
Sogdians, 135, 139, 144–47; Sogdian traders, 66, 147–49, 153
Sohar, 90–91, 92, 98, 241
Solomons, Levy, 264
Soncino, Joshua, 195
Sortun, Ana, 43, 44
Souk al-Attarin (Jerusalem), 15
A Soup for the Qan (Buell and Anderson), 6, 7, 10
South America, 250map; Jews and Muslims in, 245, 249. See also New World entries; specific places
Southeast Asia: Zheng He’s fleet in, 220–22, 224–27. See also specific places
Spain: Catholic reconquest, 186, 196, 244–45; Muslim and Jewish expulsion and emigration, 186–88, 192–93, 196, 244–45, 247, 254–55; Rodrigo de Triana’s return to, 244. See also al-Andalus; Iberia; specific cities
Spanish cooking, 12, 87, 117, 135, 172, 179, 207; Berenjena con Acelguilla (Sephardic Eggplant with Swiss Chard), 172–73; disappearance of Middle Eastern spices, 188, 190–91; Gazpacho al-Andalus (Tharīd), 112–13; Sephardic cooking, 63–64, 175, 207
Spanish Inquisition. See Catholic inquisitions
Spice Islands. See Moluccas
spice markets. See markets and marketplaces
spice mixtures, 180, 265, 268; allspice in, 257; baharat, 265, 268, 272, 273; bizar a’shuwa, 19, 20; cardamom in, 55; cassia in, 67, 203; chiles in, 246; coriander in, 191; cumin in, 235; gâlat dagga, 126; ginger in, 157, 203; in New World, 223, 264–65, 266, 268–69; ras el hanout, 117, 191, 235, 257, 265, 268; rose in, 117; Sichuan pepper in, 217; star anise in, 203; za’atar, 176
“spices,” as term, 3
spice trade, 2–4, 271, 274; author as trader, 4, 46; cultural impacts, 48–50, 79, 83–84, 145, 155, 158–59; early written records, 41–42, 49, 60–61, 66; globalization and, 4, 21, 89; Islam’s spread and, 123–24; motivati
ons for and economic benefits of, 30, 42, 44–45, 48–49; spices as luxury goods, 84, 94; transport methods and costs, 34–35, 40, 47–48. See also trade entries; specific peoples, places, and spices
spikenard, 81
Sri Lanka. See Ceylon
Sri Lankan cinnamon. See Ceylon cinnamon; cinnamon
star anise, 95, 142–43map, 202, 203
Stephens, John Lloyd, 61, 75
stews: Harira / Carne de Cordero en la Olla (Lamb and Garbanzo Bean Stew), 6, 7–8; Prehistoric Mansaf (Kid and Lamb Stew with Yogurt, Root Crops, and Herbs), 272–73
stone flower, 108–9
al-Subhi, Ali Masoud, 52–53
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 238–39
Sulaiman (son of Abd al-Rahman I), 167
Sulayman ibn Sulayman al-Nebhani, 240
sumac, 33map, 175, 176
Sumatra, 38, 220, 224, 230
Swiss Chard, Sephardic Eggplant with (Berenjena con Acelguilla), 172–73
Syria: Abbasid caliphate, 159–60, 163, 174; Islam’s introduction, 123. See also Damascus; Mesopotamia; Umayyads
Taba, 64, 66–68
Tabasco pepper, 257
Tahitian vanilla, 261
Tajikistan, 147, 153, 200; Dushanbe market, 133–34, 135, 137, 138fig. See also Bukhara
Tajiks, 134, 139, 140–41, 146; Oshi Plov (Persian-Tajik Rice Pilaf with Quince), 135–37
Taklimakan Desert, 86, 142–43map, 147, 148
Tamerlane, 214–15
Tangier, 125, 130, 132
Tan Yeok Seong, 224
Tasch, Woody, 275
taxation: in Catholic Spain, 186; Islam and, 95, 97, 118, 119, 121–22, 141
Tayy tribe, 139, 140–41
tea, 229; camel’s breath (pu-erh), 95, 142–43map, 228–29
tharīd, 57, 94, 111, 112; Tharīd (Gazpacho al-Andalus), 112–13
Theobroma cacao, 263. See also cacao; chocolate
Thessaloníki, 185
Tian Shan, 25, 148, 150, 151
Tibet and Tibetans, 147, 151, 153, 181
Timbuktu, 58map, 125, 125fig.
tobacco, 196
Tohono O’odham, 165
tomato, 112, 171
Torres, Luis de, 192, 245
Totonac people, 260
trade: cultural impacts of, 48–50, 79, 83–84, 145, 155, 158–59; Islamic precepts and, 116–18, 119, 141, 144. See also spice trade
trade routes and hubs: fifteenth-century Europe, 192–93, 194; maps, 33, 58, 142–43, 250; Muslim expansion and, 123–24, 130–31, 222, 232; New World, 250map, 255, 261; Ottoman control over, 185, 241; Sephardic trade networks after expulsion from Iberia, 192–93, 196. See also specific peoples, places, and spices
transportation, 95; by camel, 34–35, 40, 47, 95, 109; costs, 34, 109; by sea, 38, 40, 47–49, 95, 109. See also camel caravans; maritime trade
Treasure Fleet, 219–22, 224–27, 230
Tripoli, 58map, 125, 128
true cinnamon. See cinnamon
Tuareg tribes and traders, 124, 125, 126, 127
tuocha pu-erh (camel’s breath tea), 95, 142–43map, 228–29
Turanians. See Sogdians
Turkey: chiles in, 247, 248; New World products’ entry into Europe through, 196
Turkish delight, 9–10, 117
Turks: in China, 149, 202, 206; Ottoman Turks, 152, 185, 241, 247; pomegranate and, 164; Silk Road trade networks and, 214, 227, 241; Tamerlane, 214–15; under Caliphates, 144, 159, 160
turmeric, 37, 38, 38, 142–43map, 268
Tutemur, 5–6
Uighurs, 147, 156–57, 202, 235
Ukaz market, 108
Umar ibn al-Khattab, 139
Umayyads, 117, 128, 140, 155, 158–59; economic policies, 141, 144, 158. See also Abd al-Rahman I; al-Andalus; Quraysh
Ummu’l-Fal bint al-Harith, 120
usury, 118, 119, 141, 195. See also money lending
Uthman ibn Affan, 138–39
vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), 54, 250map, 256, 260–61; cultivation and processing, 259, 260–61, 262; trade and diffusion routes, 245, 255, 258, 259, 261, 262
Venice and Venetians, 58map, 196, 206; Venetian Jews, 63, 192, 256; Venetian trade, 183, 185, 193–94, 247. See also Polo, Marco
Veracruz, 10, 250map, 255, 258, 260, 261
Wal-Mart, 210
Warnock, Peter, 73
water storage and management, 52, 75–76, 78–79, 155, 158. See also irrigation
Weiss, Walter, 70
West African trade, 58map, 125, 126–27, 184. See also specific places
West Indies, 243–44; Jews in, 249; trade routes and hubs, 250map, 255. See also specific ports and islands
wheat pastas, 81
Wolfert, Paula, 7
Wubei Zhi, 220
Xi’an, 149
Xuanjang, 153
Yasir al-Balisi, 184
Yathrib. See Medina
Yemen: frankincense in, 26, 29, 33–34; Ma’rib oasis, 33map, 53–57; Zheng He’s Treasure Fleet in, 221. See also Minaeans; Nabataeans
Yemenis: outside Yemen, 57–59, 93–94, 130, 163. See also Banu Nebhani; Minaeans; Nabataeans
Yin-shan cheng-yao, 6, 7
Yongle Emperor (Zhu Di), 218–19, 222, 227–30
You-ding, 210
Yucalpetén, 251
Yucatán, 250map, 256–57, 265; author’s visit, 251–54; Spanish settlers in, 249, 251, 258
za’atar, 176
Zalābiya (Deep-Fried Cardamom-Spiced Fritters Soaked in Saffron Syrup), 207–8
Zanthoxylum spp., 216–17. See also Sichuan pepper
Zanzibar, 45, 58map, 89, 91, 102, 104fig., 130, 221
Zaouali, Lilia, 43, 44, 81, 158, 175
Zayton, 198–202, 201fig., 204–6, 209–11, 230; author’s visit, 198–201; Zheng He in, 230
Zeravshan River, 147, 149
Zhafar, 31, 40, 42
Zheng He, 103, 215, 216–22, 224–27, 231, 276; background and early years, 218; characteristics and methods of, 219, 222, 225; and Chen Zuyi’s pirate fleet, 222; death of, 221, 230; hajj, 222, 228–29; Treasure Fleet’s expeditions, 219–22, 224–27, 230; and Zhu Di’s edict, 230
Zhu Di (Yongle Emperor), 218–19, 222, 227–30
Zhu Zhangji, 230
Zingiber officinale, 156. See also ginger
Ziryab, 12, 171, 174–75, 276
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Cumin, Camels, and Caravans Page 40