Born That Way
Page 34
We so urge because as scientists we believe that human problems may best be remedied by increased human knowledge, and that such increases in knowledge lead much more probably to the enhancement of human happiness than to the opposite.
Signed:
JACK A. ADAMS
Professor of Psychology
University of Illinois
DOROTHY C. ADKINS
Professor/Researcher in Education
University of Illinois
ANDREW R. BAGGALEY
Professor of Psychology
University of Pennsylvania
IRWIN A. BERG
Professor of Psychology and Dean of Arts Sciences
Louisiana State University
EDGAR F. BORGATTA
Professor of Sociology
Queens College, New York
ROBERT CANCRO, MD
Professor of Psychiatry
University of Connecticut
RAYMOND B. CATTELL
Distinguished Research Professor of Psychology
University of Illinois
FRANCIS H. C. CRICK
Nobel Laureate
Medical Research Council
Laboratory of Molecular
Biology Cambridge University
C. D. DARLINGTON, FRS
Sherardian Professor of Botany
Oxford University
ROBERT H. DAVID
Professor of Psychology and Assistant Provost
Michigan State University
M. RAY DENNY
Professor of Psychology
Michigan State University
OTIS DUDLEY DUNCAN
Professor of Sociology University of Michigan
BRUCE K. ECKLAND
Professor of Sociology
University of North Carolina
CHARLES W. ERIKSEN
Professor of Psychology
University of Illinois
HANS J. EYSENCK
Professor of Psychology
Institute of Psychiatry
University of London
ERIC F. GARDNER
Slocum Professor & Chairman
Education and Psychology
Syracuse University
BENSON E. GINSBURG
Professor & Head, Biobehavioral Sciences
University of Connecticut
GARRETT HARDIN
Professor of Human Ecology
University of California, Santa Barbara
HARRY S. HARLOW
Professor of Psychology
University of Wisconsin
RICHARD HERRNSTEIN
Professor & Chairman of Psychology
Harvard University
LLOYD G. HUMPHREYS1
Professor of Psychology
University of Illinois
DWIGHT J. INGLE
Professor and Chairman of Physiology
University of Chicago
ARTHUR R. JENSEN
Professor of Educational Psychology
University of California, Berkeley
RONALD C. JOHNSON
Professor & Chairman of Psychology
University of Hawaii
HENRY F. KAISER
Professor of Education
University of California, Berkeley
E. LOWELL KELLY
Professor of Psychology & Director, Institute of Human Adjustment
University of Michigan
JOHN C. KENDREW
Nobel Laureate
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Cambridge, England
FRED N. KERLINGER1
Professor of Educational Psychology
New York University
WILLIAM S. LAUGHLIN
Professor of Anthropology & Biobehavioral Sciences
University of Connecticut
DONALD B. LINDSLEY
Professor of Psychology
University of California, Los Angeles
QUINN MCNEMAR
Emeritus Professor of Psychology, Education, and Statistics
Stanford University
PAUL E. MEEHL
Regents Professor of Psychology and Adjunct Professor of Law
University of Minnesota
JACQUES MONOD
Nobel Laureate
Professor, Institute Pasteur
College de France
JOHN H. NORTHRUP
Nobel Laureate
Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry
University of California and Rockefeller University
LAWRENCE I. O’KELLY
Professor and Chairman of Psychology
Michigan State University
ELLIS BATTEN PAGE
Professor of Educational Psychology
University of Connecticut
B. A. RASMUSEN
Professor of Animal Genetics
University of Illinois
ANNE ROE
Professor Emerita, Harvard University & Lecturer in Psychology
University of Arizona
DAVID ROSENTHAL
Research Psychologist and Chief of Laboratories
National Institute of Mental Health
DAVID G. RYANS
Professor & Director
Educational R & D Center
University of Hawaii
ELIOT SLATER, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Editor
British Journal of Psychiatry
University of London
H. FAIRFIELD SMITH
Professor of Statistics
University of Connecticut
S. S. STEVENS
Professor of Psychophysics
Harvard University
WILLIAM R. THOMPSON
Professor of Psychology
Queens University, Canada
ROBERT L. THORNDIKE
Professor of Psychology and Education
Teachers College
Columbia University
FREDERICK C. THORNE, MD
Editor, Journal of Clinical Psychology
Brandon, Vermont
PHILIP E. VERNON
Professor of Educational Psychology
University of Calgary, Alberta
DAVID WECHSLER
Professor of Psychology
N.Y.U. College of Medicine
MORTON W. WEIR
Professor of Psychology and Vice-Chancellor
University of Illinois
DAVID ZEAMAN
Professor of Psychology and NIMH Career Research Fellow
University of Connecticut
REFERENCE
BURT, C. Inheritance of general intelligence. American Psychologist, 1972, 27, 175–190.
ELLIS B. PAGE
University of Connecticut
1 In item 1, preferred “substantial” or “important” to the wording “very strong.”
Notes
PREFACE
1 “The reviews … were mostly negative”: Interview with Michael Bessie, June 24, 1997.
2 “when I read an article”: Smithsonian, October 1980.
ONE: THE CHEMISTRY OF SELF
1 “one child in thirty”: The Language of Genes by Steve Jones, Anchor Books, 1994.
2 “the front page of”: New York Times, January 1, 1996.
3 “a third study in Finland”: New York Times, November 1, 1996.
4 “a typical example of the misunderstanding …”: Time, January 12, 1994.
5 “a gene in female rodents was found”: New York Times, November 2, 1993.
6 “tells a story of identical brothers”: Nature’s Thumbprint by Peter B. Neubauer and Alexander Neubauer, Addison-Wesley, 1990.
7 “The liberal movements that flourished”: In Search of Human Nature by Carl Degler, Oxford University Press, 1990.
8 “Darwin had barely enunciated his theory”: Ibid.
9 “genes-behavior theories make sporadic appearances”: Interview with Leon Kamin, September 21, 1993.
10 “critics pin this belief”: Not in Our Ge
nes by Richard Lewontin, Leon Kamin, and Steven Rose, Pantheon, 1985.
11 “when humans use contraception”: The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins, Oxford University Press, 1976.
12 “this is like the man who lost his wallet”: Interview with Robert Plomin, November 17, 1993.
13 “their many differences are eloquent testimony”: Why Children Are So Different by Judy Dunn and Robert Plomin, Basic Books, 1992.
14 “while the environment can have a major effect”: “Personality Similarity in Twins Reared Apart and Together” by Thomas Bouchard et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 54, no. 6, 1988.
15 “required a four-letter word”: New York Times Magazine crossword puzzle, October 30, 1994.
16 “he launched into a slash-and-burn”: Interview with Leon Kamin, September 21, 1993.
TWO: BIRTH OF A STUDY
1 “the only American separated-twin experiment”: A Study of Heredity and Environment by H. H. Newman, F. N. Freeman, and K. J. Holzinger, University of Chicago Press, 1937.
2 “culminated in a 1981 book”: Identical Twins Reared Apart by Susan Farber, Basic Books, 1981.
3 The information about the Cyril Burt case comes from two books: The Burt Affair by Robert B. Joynson, Routledge, 1989; and Science, Ideology and the Media by Ronald Fletcher, Transaction Publishers, 1991.
4 “Bouchard knew well”: Interviews with Thomas Bouchard, November 6–12, 1993.
5 Some of the information about the Jim twins comes from interviews at the University of Minnesota; from Smithsonian, October 1980, and from Twins by Peter Watson, Hutchinson and Co., 1981.
6 “one of the day’s most widely used psychology textbooks”: Introduction to Personality by W. Mischel, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981.
THREE: DESPERATELY SEEKING TWINS
1 Bouchard adopted a policy: “The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart: Project Description” Twin Research 3: Intelligence, Personality and Development, Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1981.
2 “ ‘Only Tom Bouchard’ ”: Interview with Auke Tellegen, November 7, 1993.
3 “ ‘She’s sitting in my living room,’ ” Los Angeles Times, April 18, 1992.
4 “Bouchard estimates”: Interview with Thomas Bouchard, November 11, 1993.
5 “Bouchard’s findings were later replicated”: “I.Q. Similarity in Twins Reared Apart” by Thomas Bouchard, Intelligence: Heredity and Environment, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
6 “very trait they measured showed at least” “Source of Human Psychological Differences” by Thomas Bouchard et al., Science, October 1990.
7 “ ‘It’s not like working with’ ”: Interview with Thomas Bouchard, November 15, 1993.
8 “he would get periodic updates”: Interview with Arlen Price, October 6, 1993.
9 “developed the concept of nonshared environment”: Why Children Are So Different by Judy Dunn and Robert Plomin, Basic Books, 1992.
10 “organisms go a long way toward creating their own environment”: The Extended Phenotype by Richard Dawkins, W. H. Freeman, 1982.
FOUR: COSMIC SECRETS OF TWINS
1 “The head of the Pioneer Foundation”: Telephone interview with Harry Weyher, June 6, 1993.
2 “Bouchard contributed a chapter”: Individuality and Determinism, edited by Sidney W. Fox, Plenum Publishing, 1984.
3 “ ‘there is no compelling evidence’ ”: The Science and Politics of I.Q., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1974.
4 “published a paper on homosexuality”: “Homosexuality in Twins Reared Apart” by Thomas Bouchard et al., British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 148, 1986.
5 “far more comprehensive study of homosexuality”: “A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation” by J. M. Bailey and R. C. Pillard, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 48, December 1991.
FIVE: MINNESOTA’S TRIUMPHS
1 “the Minnesota group had completed assembling its data”: New York Times, December 2, 1986.
2 “Good news for the environmentalists”: “Personality Similarity in Twins Reared Apart and Together” by Thomas Bouchard et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 54, no. 6, 1998.
3 “The paper, published in 1990”: “Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart” by Thomas Bouchard et al., Science, October 12, 1990.
4 “the magazine publishing only two critical letters”: Science, April 2, 1991.
5 “In a later paper”: “Twins: Nature’s Twice-Told Tale” by Thomas Bouchard, 1983 Yearbook of Science and the Future, Encyclopedia Britannica.
6 “more fully developed by Harvard’s Richard J. Herrnstein”: I.Q. in the Meritocracy by Richard Herrnstein, Atlantic–Little Brown, 1973.
SIX: TWO DOGS NAMED TOY
1 “were expressed in figures of heritability”: Most clearly defined on page 232 of Behavioral Genetics: A Primer by R. Plomin, J. C. Defries, and G. E. McClearn, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980.
2 “One of the most interesting pairs of twins”: Interviews with Minnesota staff and from Twins by Peter Watson, Hutchinson and Co., 1981.
3 “The twins were born in Trinidad”: Most information about Jack and Oskar comes from telephone interviews with Jack Yufe, October 22 and November 2, 1993, and with Mona Yufe, October 13, 1993.
4 “Jack and Oskar remained stiff with each other”: Interviews with the Minnesota staff, November 1979.
5 “46 percent of people polled”: New York Times, April 22, 1994.
6 “twin differences might turn out to be more interesting”: Interview with Thomas Bouchard, November 12, 1993.
SEVEN: MORE WEIRDNESS
1 “(twins who were both bachelor firemen)”: Smithsonian, November 1979.
2 “The paper was based on fifteen pairs”: “Preliminary Findings of Psychiatric Disturbances and Traits” by E. Ekert, L. L. Heston, and T. L. Bouchard, Intelligence, Personality and Development, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1981.
3 “In his book”: Nature’s Mind by Michael Gazzaniga, Basic Books, 1992.
4 “David Lykken worked out a theory”: “The Concept of Emergenisis,” presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research in Washington, October 31, 1981.
EIGHT: OTHER BEHAVIORAL GENETICS STUDIES
1 “the two scientists, along with Robert Plomin”: Behavioral Genetics: A Primer by R. Plomin, J. C. Defries, and G. E. McClearn, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980.
2 “Among the intriguing findings”: “Temperament, Emotion and Cognition at Fourteen Months” by Robert N. Ende et al., Child Development, vol. 63, 1992.
3 “In a preliminary 1992 paper”: Ibid.
4 “but was colored by strong altruistic ambitions”: Interview with Jerome Kagan, September 21, 1993.
5 “For Kagan this faith began to weaken”: “Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Early Development” by Jerome Kagan and Robert E. Klein, American Psychologist, November 1973.
6 “His epiphany came fifteen years later”: “Biological Basis of Childhood Shyness” by J. Kagan, J. Reznick, and N. Snidman, Science, April 8, 1988.
7 “His major conclusion was stated in a 1988 paper”: Ibid.
8 “In his 1994 book”: The Nature of the Child by Jerome Kagan, Basic Books, 1994.
9 “Kendler became one of a growing number of American psychiatrists”: Interview with Kenneth Kendler, March 12, 1993.
10 “In Ming Tsuang’s 1997 book”: Schizophrenia: The Facts by Ming Tsuang, Oxford, 1997.
11 “a study of bulimia”: “The Genetic Epidemiology of Bulimia Nervosa” by K. Kendler et al., American loumal of Psychiatry, December 1991. “and a study of sleep disorders”: “Evidence for Genetic Influences on Sleep Disturbances and Sleep Pattern in Twins” by K. Kendler, L. J. Eaves, N. G. Martin, Sleep, vols. 13 and 14, 1990.
12 “The studies were based on female reared-together twins”: “Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Women” by K. Kendler, Archives of General Psychiatry, April 1992.
13 “Similar results were reported”: Ibid.
14 “The Virginia group also published a paper”: “The Genetic Epidemiology of Phobias in Women” by K. Kendler et al., Archives of General Psychiatry, April 1992.
15 “Kendler’s Virginia group came out with a paper”: “A Population-Based Twin Study of Alcoholism in Women” by K. Kendler et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, October 14, 1992.
16 “The far larger number of reared-together twins needed”: Behavioral Genetics: A Primer by R. Plomin, J. C. Defries, and G. E. McClearn, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980.
NINE: STARS OF THE NEW FIELD
1 “is the concept of children molding their own environments”: “Distinctive Environments Depend on Genotypes” by Sandra Scarr, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, March 1987.
2 “Her ‘normal-range’ concept”: “Developmental Theories for the Nineties,” presidential address delivered at the Seattle meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 20, 1991.
3 “the environment can alter development”: Ibid.
4 “ ‘Fortunately, evolution has not left development’ ”: Ibid.
5 “ ‘intellectual perversity’ ”: Interview with Sandra Scarr, July 7, 1993.
6 “ ‘It is no accident’ ”: Race, Social Class and Individual Differences in I.Q., edited by Sandra Scarr, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1981. “Politically she describes herself”: Interview with Sandra Scarr, July 7, 1993.
7 “ ‘There is no more dangerous idea’ ”: Race, Social Class and Individual Differences in I.Q.
8 “ ‘It is the suffering that should be addressed’ ”: Ibid.
9 “She found that the black children”: “I.Q. Test Performance of Black Children Adopted by White Families” by Sandra Scarr and Richard A. Weinberg, American Psychologist, vol. 31, 1976.
10 “Scarr edited a book of essays”: Race, Social Class and Individual Differences in I.Q.
11 “ ‘The conclusion that we feel is justified’ ”: Ibid.
12 “she wrote a major statement on her overall views”: “Developmental Theories for the Nineties,” presidential address delivered at the Seattle meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 20, 1991.
13 “first advanced by R. Q. Bell”: “A Reinterpretation of the Effects in Studies of Socialization” by R. Q. Bell, Psychological Review, vol. 75, 1968.
14 “(one by herself and Richard Weinberg)”: “I.Q. Test Performance of Black Children Adopted by White Families.”