Eleanor Marx
Page 56
15 Socialist League Manifesto, 13 January 1885, IISH.
16 EM to LL, 12 April 1885, IISH.
17 EM to Peter Lavrov, 2 February 1885, IISH.
18 Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling, ‘The Factory Hell’, Socialist Platform, No. 3, London, 1885.
19 Ibid.
20 EM to LL, 12 April 1885, IISH.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Olive Schreiner to Henry Havelock Ellis, 8 April 1885, in Cronwright-Schreiner (ed.), Letters, 1924, p. 69.
24 EM to LL, 12 April 1885, IISH.
25 Cited in Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx, p. 117.
26 Ibid.
27 EM to LL, 9 May 1884, IISH.
28 EM to Sergei Stepniak, 15 April 1885, IISH.
29 Thompson, William Morris, p. 387.
30 Commonweal, April 1885.
31 Socialist League, 2 March 1885, Socialist League (UK) Archives, http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/s/ARCH01344full.php
32 EM to Mahon, 25 June 1885, Socialist League (UK) Archives, IISH.
33 EM to unknown, 17 December 1885, Socialist League (UK) Archives, IISH.
34 Records of the Socialist League, 1884, 1885, 1886, IISH.
35 EM to secretary of the Socialist League, 1 March 1886, Socialist League (UK) Archives, IISH, http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/s/ARCH01344full.php
36 FE to LL, 23 November 1884, IISH.
37 Thompson, William Morris, p. 393.
38 East End Gazette, 20 September 1885.
39 EM to council of the Socialist League, 5 October 1885.
40 Ibid.
41 Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House, Act I, scene i.
42 Ibid.
43 EM cited in Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. 2 p. 73.
Chapter 15 – Nora Helmer, Emma Bovary and ‘The Woman Question’
1 Her first written use of the phrase is in a letter to her elder sister Jenny on 7 November 1872, aged seventeen. After that she uses it consistently until the end of her life.
2 ‘You know he [George Moore] got me the order for translating Mme. Bovary’; EM to LL, 27 April 1886, IISH.
3 Eleanor Marx, Introduction to Madame Bovary, Vizetelly, London, 1886,p. xxii.
4 Ibid.
5 EM to LL, 23 April 1886, IISH.
6 EM, Introduction to Madame Bovary, and EM to LL, 27 April 1886, IISH.
7 Ibid.
8 British novelist Julian Barnes brilliantly identifies Eleanor Marx and Emma Bovary in the playful opening to Flaubert’s Parrot (Jonathan Cape, London, 1984). Poking fun at Nabokov, Barnes devises an examination paper:
E1 was born in 1855.
E2 was partly born in 1855.
E1 had an unclouded childhood but emerged into adulthood inclined to nervous crisis.
E2 had an unclouded childhood but emerged into adulthood inclined to nervous crisis.
E1 led a life of sexual irregularity in the eyes of right-thinking people.
E2 led a life of sexual irregularity in the eyes of right-thinking people.
E1 imagined herself to be in financial difficulties.
E2 knew herself to be in financial difficulties.
E1 committed suicide by swallowing prussic acid.
E2 committed suicide by swallowing arsenic.
E1 was Eleanor Marx.
E2 was Emma Bovary.
The first English translation of Madame Bovary to be published was by Eleanor Marx. Discuss.
9 Saturday Review, 25 September 1886.
10 Athaeneum, No. 3075, 2 October 1886.
11 William Sharp, in Academy, 25 September 1886.
12 Ibid.
13 EM to LL, 23 April 1886, IISH.
14 EM introduction to History of the Paris Commune, June 1886.
15 EM preface to History of the Paris Commune, June 1886.
16 EM to Peter Lavrov, 7 June 1886, IISH.
17 Barnes, Flaubert’s Parrot, p. 176.
18 GBS cited in Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, p. 179.
19 EM to LL, 18 June 1884, IISH.
20 Edward Aveling, Today, June 1884.
21 EM to GBS, 2 June 1885, IISH.
22 And this decades later when there was no longer any political advantage to him doing so. Hyndman, Record of an Adventurous Life, pp. 346–7.
23 Ibid.
24 Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling, ‘The Woman Question: From A Socialist Point of View’, Westminster Review, No. 125, January–April 1886, pp. 207–12 and pp. 219–22.
25 See for example, the introduction to their co-published essay on Shelley’s Socialism: ‘although I am the reader, it must be understood that I am reading the work of my wife as well as, nay more than, myself.’ Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling, Shelley’s Socialism and Popular Songs, The Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1975, p. 13.
26 I’m using this surname form just for this section because it seems appropriate to the context of a major philosophical work co-written in the Marx–Engels tradition.
27 EM and EA, The Woman Question, p. 28.
28 Ibid., p. 16.
29 Vladimir Lenin, ‘The State’, lecture delivered at Sverdlov University, 11 July 1919, in Vladimir I Lenin: Collected Works, Vol. 29, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1974, p. 473.
30 Eleanor Marx, ‘The Gotha Congress’, in Justice, 7 November 1896, p. 8.
31 Ibid.
32 EM & EA, The Woman Question, p. 16.
33 Ibid., p. 11.
34 Ibid., p. 14.
35 Ibid., pp. 15–16.
36 Ibid., p. 14.
37 Ibid., pp. 13–14.
38 Ibid., p. 14.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., p. 15.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid., p. 17.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid., p. 21.
45 Ibid., p. 13.
46 Ibid., p. 21.
47 Ibid., p. 20.
48 Ibid., p. 27.
49 Ibid., p. 28.
50 Ibid., p. 22.
51 Ibid., p. 17.
52 EM letter to Socialist League, 10 May 1886, IISH.
Chapter 16 – Lady Liberty
1 EM to Liebknecht, November 1880, cited in Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx, p. 133.
2 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 17 July 1886, IISH.
3 EM to LL, 14 September 1886, IISH.
4 Ibid.
5 Eleanor Marx quoted in New Yorker Volkszeitung, 11 September 1886.
6 Edward Aveling, An American Journey, Lovell, Gestefeld & Co., New York, 1892, p. 14.
7 EM to LL, 14 September 1886, IISH.
8 Ibid.
9 New Yorker Volkszeitung, 11 September 1886.
10 EM to LL, 14 September 1886, IISH.
11 New Haven Workman’s Advocate, 19 September 1886.
12 Eleanor Marx, speech published in Knights of Labor, 4 December 1886.
13 New Yorker Volkszeitung, 15 September 1886, and Eleanor Marx-Aveling and Edward Aveling, The Working Class Movement in America, Swan Sonnenschein, London, 1888, pp. 139–40.
14 John Swinton’s Paper, 26 September 1886.
15 New York Herald, 21 and 23 September 1886.
16 EM and EA, The Working Class Movement in America, p. 172.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid., p. 154.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid., p. 155.
21 Ibid., p. 156.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid., p. 157.
25 Ibid., p. 158.
26 Bridget Bennet, ‘Eleanor Marx and Victoria Woodhull’, in Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx, p. 161.
27 EM and EA, The Working Class Movement in America, p. 177.
28 EM and EA, The Woman Question, p. 22.
29 Ibid., p. 177.
30 Ibid., p. 178.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Eleanor Marx, speech published in Knights of Labor, 4 December 1886.
34 EM and EA, The Working Class Movement in America, p. 116.
35 Ibid.
36
Ibid., p. 117.
37 Ibid., p. 121.
38 Ibid., p. 125.
39 Ibid., p. 132.
40 EA, An American Journey, p. 109.
41 EM and EA, The Working Class Movement in America, p. 138.
42 Ibid., p. 181.
43 New York Times, 25 April 1886.
44 Justice Ingham, The Accused – The Accusers: The Famous Speeches of the Eight Chicago Anarchists in Court, Socialist Publishing Society, 1886, http://www.chicagohs.org/hadc/books/b01/B01.htm
45 EM and EA, The Working Class Movement in America, p. 161.
46 Ibid.
47 Eleanor Marx, in John Swinton’s Paper, 19 September 1886.
48 EM and EA, The Working Class Movement in America, pp. 159–60.
49 EM and EA, The Working Class Movement in America, p. 160.
50 These were: that the original trial of 21 June took place too near the events of 4 May in point of time and in point of place. A change of venue was necessary for justice to be done. The arrests were made without legal warrant, four months of detention without trial for some of those arrested. The offices and homes of the suspects had been broken into without proper search warrants. The post-facto discovery of bomb-making equipment and incendiary devices in Chicago were uncorroborated by evidence. Finally, the jury was made up of men proven to be prejudiced against the accused.
51 EM and EA, The Working Class Movement in America, p. 160.
52 New Yorker Volkszeitung, 24 December 1886.
53 Ibid.
54 Edward Aveling, circular to sections of the SLP, 26 February 1887, MML.
55 Ibid.
Chapter 17 – Essentially English
1 Commonweal, 4 December 1886.
2 Justice, 30 April 1887.
3 New York Herald, 30 December 1886.
4 Evening Standard, 13 January 1887.
5 FE to LL, 24 February 1887, MECW, Vol. 48, 2001, p. 12.
6 FE to Florence Kelly Wischnewetzky, 9 February 1887, IML.
7 FE to Friedrich Adolph Sorge, 8 August 1887, IML.
8 Daily Telegraph, 12 April 1887.
9 FE to Friedrich Adolph Sorge, 4 May 1887, IML.
10 For a summary of this letter, see Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx, p. 149.
11 Zinaida Vengerova, cited in Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. 2, p. 205.
12 Eleanor and Edward both refer to this brief, but never specify which newspaper commissioned them. Their upfront expenses were paid, but the article series never published, so it’s not possible to identify the publication.
13 EM to LL, 30 August 1887, IISH, and see Evans and Meier, The Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 197.
14 EM to LL, 24 June 1888, IISH.
15 Today Dodwell Park is a popular holiday camp and family leisure resort.
16 EM to LL, 30 August 1887, IISH.
17 Cited in E. P. Thompson, William Morris, p. 568.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 EM to Havelock Ellis, December 1885, quoted by Ellis in Adelphi, October 1935.
22 EM to LL, 30 August 1887, IISH.
23 Havelock Ellis, in Adelphi, October 1935.
24 EM to LL, 25 September 1887, IISH.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 16 November 1887, http://www.marx-memorial-library.org
28 Pall Mall Gazette, 8 November 1887.
29 Today, November 1887, in David Roediger and Franklin Rosemont (eds), Haymarket Scrapbook, C. H. Kerr, Chicago, 1986, p. 152.
30 Illustrated London News, 29 October 1887.
31 EM to LL, 16 November 1887, IISH.
32 FE to Paul Lafargue, 16 November 1887, IML.
33 Dan Laurence (ed.), Bernard Shaw Collected Letters, Max Reinhardt, London, 1965, p. 177.
34 EM to LL, 16 November 1887, IISH.
35 Pall Mall Gazette, 14 November 1887.
36 Ibid.
37 EM to LL, 31 December 1887, IISH.
38 EM to LL, 16 November 1887, IISH.
39 Ibid.
40 Annual report of the Bloomsbury branch of the Socialist League, May 1888, and ‘Parliamentarianism in the Socialist League’, unpublished letter to the editor of Commonweal, 16 May 1888.
41 EM to LL, 16 November 1887, IISH. ‘Tomorrow I am going to some people in Lisson Grove (the west end). A father, most ‘‘respectable’’ man, with ‘‘excellent character’’, willing to do any work, and who is overjoyed at the prospect of earning 2/6 a week cleaning the streets for the vestry; eight children, who for days have tasted nothing but bread, and who have not even that now; the mother lying on some straw, naked, covered with a few rags, her clothes pawned days ago to buy bread. The children are little skeletons. They are all in a tiny cellar. It is pitiable but all round them people are in the same state, and in the East it is just the same.’
42 Dramatic Review, 3 December 1887.
43 EM to Dollie Radford, 28 December 1887, Radford Archive, British Library.
44 EM to George Bernard Shaw, 16 December 1887, IISH.
45 EM to LL, 31 December 1887, IISH.
46 Ibid.
47 Havelock Ellis, in Adelphi, October 1935.
48 EM to Dollie Radford, 23 February 1888.
49 ‘For the title of this play, En Folkfiende literally “a folk enemy” or “an enemy of the people” no exact idiomatic equivalent can be found in English. “An Enemy of Society” has served the most satisfactory rendering available.’ EM in Henrik Ibsen, The Pillars of Society and Other Plays, ed. Havelock Ellis, Camelot Series: Walter Scott, London, 1888, p. 199.
50 EM to LL, 24 June 1888, IISH.
51 Havelock Ellis, in Adelphi, October 1935.
52 EM, cited in Adelphi, December 1888.
53 EM to Havelock Ellis, in Adelphi (2), December 1888.
54 EM to LL, 24 June 1888, IISH.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 Friedrich Engels, Paul Lafargue, Laura Lafargue, Correspondence, Vol. 2: 1886–1890, translated by Yvonne Kapp, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1960, p. 121.
61 EM to LL, 9 July 1888, IISH.
62 See Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist, p. 316.
63 Engels, cited in Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist, p. 317.
64 FE to LL, 6 July 1888, MECW, Vol. 48, 2001, p. 194.
65 Ibid.
66 EM to LL, 9 August 1888, IISH.
67 Cited in Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist, p. 318.
68 EM to LL, 30 October 1888, IISH.
69 EM to LL, 21 August 1888, IISH.
70 FE cited in Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist, p. 319.
71 EM to LL, 11 September 1888, IISH.
72 Ibid.
73 Ibid.
74 Ibid.
75 FE to LL, 6 July 1888, MECW, Vol. 48, 2001, p. 194.
76 Dramatic Review, 15 January 1888.
77 EM to LL, 11 April 1889, IISH, and see Evans and Meier, The Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 210.
78 EM to LL, 19 December 1890, IISH.
79 Stephen Winster, Salt and His Circle, Hutchinson, London, 1951, pp. 84–5.
80 Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling, Shelley’s Socialism, p. 14.
81 Ibid., pp. 33–8.
82 Ibid., pp. 23–4.
83 Ibid., p. 24.
84 Ibid., p. 13.
85 Ibid.
86 Ibid.
Chapter 18 – Our Old Stoker!
1 EM, introduction, History of the Paris Commune, http://www.marxists.org/history/france/archive/lissagaray/introduction.htm
2 Will Thorne, My Life’s Battles, George Newnes, London, 1925, p. 77.
3 EM to LL, 30 May 1892, IISH.
4 EM to LL, 11 April 1889, IISH, and see Evans and Meier, The Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 209.
5 Ibid.
6 FE to LL, 28 June 1889, MECW, Vol. 48, 2001, p. 343.
7 Ibid.
8 EM to LL, 11 April 1889, IISH, and see Evans
and Meier, The Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 210.
9 EM to LL, 1 June 1889, IISH, and see Evans and Meier, The Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 217.
10 EM to LL, 1 June 1889, IISH.
11 EM to LL, 11 April 1889, IISH, and see Evans and Meier, The Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 210.
12 Eduard Bernstein, in Die Neue Zeit, No. 30, 1897–8, pp. 120–1.
13 Edgar Longuet, unpublished private letter cited in Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. 2, p. 317.
14 EM to LL, 10 April 1889, IISH.
15 Eleanor Marx, ‘Sweating in Type-Writing Offices’, People’s Press, 5 June 1890.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 S.B. Boulton, ‘Labour Disputes’, The Nineteenth Century, Vol. 27, June 1890,p. 988.
19 Cunninghame Graham, in Labour Elector, 7 September 1889.
20 Thompson, William Morris, p. 527.
21 Ben Tillett, Memoirs and Reflections, John Long, London, 1931, p. 119.
22 Ibid., p. 135.
23 Tom Mann, Memoirs, Spokesman Books, Nottingham, 2008, pp. 68–9 and p. 86.
24 Thorne, My Life’s Battles, p. 117.
25 EM to LL, 25 December 1889, IISH.
26 Ibid.
27 FE to Friedrich Adolph Sorge, 19 April 1890, MECW, Vol. 48, 2001, p. 485.
28 EM to LL, 12 December 1889, IISH.
29 Strike committee manifesto, 10 December 1890.
30 EM to LL, 12 December 1889, IISH.
31 Ibid.
32 Eleanor Marx, ‘Northampton’, in People’s Press, 19 April 1890.
33 Eleanor Marx, People’s Press, 13 December 1890.
34 Eleanor’s nimble use of language in the political sphere was part of her great genius – and one that the suffragettes both admired and envied. Suffragette rhetoric, by defining its starting position as the rights of women, immediately sounded like it was something different to the rights and needs of men, who consequently stopped listening, or heard the assertion of singularity as complaint – another reason not to listen.
35 FE to August Bebel, 9 May 1890, MECW, Vol. 48, 2001, p. 492.
36 Report of Eleanor Marx’s speech on the first May Day, Hyde Park, 4 May 1890, MML.
37 Ibid.
Chapter 19 – Ibsenist Interlude
1 FE to Friedrich Adolph Sorge, 9 August 1890, MECW, Vol. 49, 2001, p. 439.
2 Henrik Ibsen, The Lady from the Sea, trans. Eleanor Marx Aveling, Digireads.com Publishing, 2008, p. 74.
3 Ibid., p. 93.
4 Edith Lees Ellis, Stories and Essays, Free Spirit Press, New Jersey, 1924, quoted in Sally Ledger, ‘Eleanor Marx and Henrik Ibsen’, in Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx, p. 54.
5 Cited in Ledger, ‘Eleanor Marx and Henrik Ibsen’, in Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx, pp. 54–5.