The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World
Page 111
Chinese, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1
telegraph, 9.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Temple, William
Temüjin
Tenasserim/Mergui
Tennessee River, 1.1, 19.1
teredo worm, 3.1, 9.1
Ternate, 10.1, 15.1, 15.2
Terra Australis, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2
terra nullius
Terror
tetrereis
TEU
Teutonic Knights of Prussia
Texas, Republic of, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1
Thaikkal-Kadakkarappally boat
Thailand, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1n, 13.1, 16.1
state formation in, 7.1, 13.1, 17.1
Thailand, Gulf of, 7.1, 7.2
thalamians, 4.1, 5.1
Thames River, 15.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 19.1
as destination, 9.1, 9.2
Vikings on
Thasos, 4.1, 4.2
Thebes, Greece
Thebes (Luxor), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1
temple at, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2
Themistocles, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 19.1
Theodore Lascaris, 12.1, 12.2
Theodosia (Feodosiya), 4.1, 12.1
Theophilus
Thera, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Thermopylae, 4.1, 5.1
Thessaloniki, 8.1, 8.2
Thirty Years’ War
Thomas the Apostle, St.
Thompson, Nainoa
Thorfinn Karlsefni
Thorvaldsson, Eirik “the Red,”
Thrace, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 12.1
Three Gorges, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1
Thucydides, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
on piracy, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1
Thule tradition
Thursday’s Child
Thutmose II
Thutmose III, 2.1, 2.2
Tianjin, 7.1, 13.1, 19.1
Tiaozhi, 6.1, 7.1
Tiberius, 6.1, 7.1
Tiber River, 5.1, 5.2
Tibet, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Tidore, 10.1, 14.1, 15.1
Tierra del Fuego, 1.1, 14.1
Tierra Firme
Tigris River, 3.1, 14.1, nts.1n
cities on, 4.1, 8.1, 10.1
geography and navigation on, 3.1, 10.1
Tilakamanjari (Dhanapala), 10.1, 10.2
Tirpitz, Alfred von, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
Tisquantum (Squanto)
Titanic, 18.1, 20.1
Titicaca, Lake, 1.1, 2.1
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
Tjekerbaal
Togo, Heihachiro
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokyo, 13.1, 18.1
Toledo, Spain, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1
Tomb of the Ship
tomol
Tonga, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 17.1, 17.2
Tonkin, Gulf of, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1
tonnage, 15.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1
of British shipping, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4
definitions, 12.1, 19.1n, nts.1n
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
torpedoes, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5
Torres, Luis Baéz den
Torrey Canyon
Tortosa, 8.1, 12.1
Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo
Toulon, 17.1, 17.2
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Trabzon, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Trafalgar, battle of
Transoxiana
Transportation Act
Trans-Siberian Railway
trapyaka
Travels, The (Polo),
Trave River, 12.1, 12.2
Treatise Concerning the Leasing of Ships (Muhammad ibn Umar), 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 13.1
Treatise on the Astrolabe (Chaucer),
Trebizond, Empire of, 12.1, 15.1
triaconters, 4.1, 8.1
triemiolia
trieres
Trinidad
Tripoli, Lebanon, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2
Tripoli, Libya, 12.1, 15.1
triremes, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 15.1
Greeks and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, nts.1n
Romans and, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Tristão, Nuno
Triton, USS,
Trojan War, 3.1, 4.1
Troy, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, nts.1n
Troy, USS, 18.1
Tromp, Maarten Harpertszoon, 16.1, 16.2
Trung sisters
Truso, 9.1, 9.2
Tsushima, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 16.1
battle of
Tulla, Johann Gottfried
Tulunids
Tunis, 4.1, 8.1, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2
founding of, 8.1, 8.2
trade of, 12.1, 13.1
Tunis, Gulf of, 4.1, 5.1
Tunisia, 4.1, 8.1n, 13.1
Tupia
Turbinia
Turkey, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 16.1
archaeological sites in, 8.1, 9.1
battles in, 8.1, 12.1, 17.1, 19.1
Trojan war fought in, 3.1, 4.1
see also Asia Minor
Turks, 11.1, 12.1, 17.1
Eastern/Western, 11.1, 11.2
Ottoman, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Seljuq, 12.1, 15.1
traders, 12.1, 17.1
Turtle
turtle ship
Twelve Years’ Truce
Two-Ocean Navy Act
Tyre, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Tyrrhenian Sea, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1, 14.1
U-110
U-boats, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5
Ubulla, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Ugarit, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Ukraine, 4.1, 9.1, 12.1, 17.1
Ultima Thule, 9.1, 9.2
Uluburun wreck, 3.1, 9.1
Uluç Ali
Umayyad Caliphate, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 10.1
Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
fleet of, 8.1, 9.1
umiaks, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Unas, 2.1, 2.2
Undang-undang Laut Melaka
Uni
Union, Act of (1707)
United Nations
United States, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Caribbean and, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
fisheries, 20.1, 20.2
geography of, 1.1, 18.1
immigration to, 18.1, 18.2
inland navigation of, 18.1, 18.2
Japan and, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2
oil trade and, 18.1, 20.1
overseas trade, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1
ports of, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1, 20.2
privateering and
Russia and, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.1
shipbuilding in, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1
shipping subsidies
slave trade and, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
westward expansion of, itr.1, 18.1, 18.2
United States Lines
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Congress, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1
U.S. Navy, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1
and Civil War, 19.1, 19.2
in interwar period, 19.1, 3.1
pre-World War I
since World War II
and world wars, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
Ur, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Urban II
Urdaneta, Andrés de, 14.1, 14.2
Uruthirankannanar
Ushant (Ile d’Ouessant)
Uthman, Caliph, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
Utica
Utnapishtim
Utrecht, Treaty of, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1
Uzbekistan, 7.1, 10.1
Vajrabodhi, 10.1, 11.1
Valdemar I, “the Great,”
Valparaíso, 15.1, 15.2
Vancouver, George
Vancouver Island, 1.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Vandals, 8.1, 8.2
Van Don
Van Heemskerck, Jacob, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
Van Linschoten, Jan Huygen, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
van Neck, Jacob
Vanuatu, 1.1, 17.1
Varangian Guard, 9.1,
9.2
Varangian Rus, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Varuna
Vaterland
Vedas
Venables, Robert
Veneti, 9.1, 9.2
Venezuela, 1.1, 1.2, 14.1, 16.1
Venice, 12.1, 14.1, 15.1
Adriatic Sea and, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1
Alexandria and, 8.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Black Sea and, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
Byzantines and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1, 12.2
Crusades and, 12.1, 12.2
embrace of seafaring in, 8.1, 12.1, 14.1
northern Europe and, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 14.1
Ottomans and, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
ships of, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1
trade of, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Venier, Sebastiano
Veracruz, 15.1, 15.2
Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, see VOC
Verga, Cape, 14.1, nts.1n
Vernon, Edward
Verrazano, Giovanni da
Versailles, Treaty of
Vespucci, Amerigo
Vespucci, Juan
Vesta
Vicksburg
Victoria
Victory, HMS, 16.1, 17.1
Vietnam, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 16.1
Annam, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5
China and, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1
Dai Viet, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
ships in, 7.1, nts.1n
trade of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 10.1, 11.1
Vietnam War
Vigla
Vijayabahu I
Vijayanagar, 15.1, 15.2
Vikings, itr.1, itr.2, 9.1, 9.2, 16.1
in Iberia, 8.1, 9.1
in Iceland, 9.1, 9.2
in North America
in Russia, 9.1, 9.2
ships of, 9.1, 9.2
in western Europe, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
Villani, Giovanni
Villeneuve, Pierre, 17.1, 19.1
Villiers, Alan, 6.1, 13.1, nts.1n
Vincent of Beauvais
Vinland
Vinson, Carl
Virgil, 5.1, 5.2
Virginia, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 19.1
English in, 15.1, 16.1
Virginia, CSS,
Virginia Company
Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse, 8.1, 9.1
Visigoths
Vistula River, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 12.1, 17.1
Vitalienbrüder
Vivaldi brothers, 12.1, 14.1
Vladimir
Vladivostok, 11.1, 19.1, 19.2, nts.1n
VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie), 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, nts.1n
in Asia, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1
exploration and, 16.1, 17.1
origin of, 15.1, 16.1
and Portuguese, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
Volga River, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2, 15.1, 15.2, 18.1
Volkhov River
Voltairen
Voyage in the “Sunbeam” (Brassey),
Waal River, 9.1, 9.2
Wadi Hammamat, 2.1, 2.2
wadis, 2.1, 6.1
Waghenaer, Lucas Janszoon
Wake Island, 19.1, 19.2
wako, nts.1n
Waldseemüller, Martin
Wallis, Samuel, 17.1, 17.2
Wando Island
Wang Dayuan
Wang Geon, 11.1, 11.2
Wang Yenpin
Warner of Rouen
War of 1812
War Plan Orange
Warrior (freighter),
Warrior, HMS, 19.1, nts.1n
Washington
Washington, George
Washington, D.C., 18.1, 19.1
Washington State, 1.1, 1.2
Washington, Treaty of (1871)
Washington Naval Treaty (1922), 19.1, 19.2
Watson, Jessica
Watt, James
Weihai
Wei River, 7.1, 11.1
Welser family
Wenamun
Wends, 12.1, 12.2
Wenzhou, 13.1, 13.2
Weser River, 9.1, 12.1
Wessex, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
West Africa, 4.1, 12.1, 14.1, 16.1, 17.1, 20.1
Portuguese in, 14.1, 15.1, 16.1
slave trade, 14.1, 15.1
Western Dvina River, 9.1, 12.1, 15.1
Western Jin
West Indies, 16.1, 17.1
English in, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
whaling, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, nts.1n
in 19th–20th centuries, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Pacific Northwest and Alaska, 1.1, 1.2
Whitehall, Treaty of
Whitehead, Robert
White Sea, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1
White Star Line
Whitman, Walt, 18.1, nts.1n
wic
Wilhelm II, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
William I, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1
William III
Willibrord
Wilson, Woodrow
Wiman
Wind and Current Charts (Maury), 18.1, 18.2
Windward Islandsn
wine trade, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 12.1, 17.1, 20.1
in antiquity, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
European, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2
French, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 12.1, 16.1
Roman, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1
Winter, John, 15.1, 15.2
Witte Leeuw
wokou
Wolf
Wolin, 9.1, 12.1
Wolof kingdom
World War I, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5
coal-fired ships in, 18.1, 18.2
World War II, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1
Wright, Edward
Wright brothers
Wu, kingdom of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Wulfstan, 9.1, 9.2
Xavier, Saint Francis
Xenophon
Xerxes, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1
Xiamen
see also Amoy
Xin Los Angeles
Xiongnu, 7.1, 7.2
Xi River, n
Xi Xia, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2
Xuanzang, 10.1, nts.1n
yachting, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Yalta Conference, 19.1, 19.2
Yalu, battle of the
Yalu River, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 19.1
Yamamoto, Isoroku
Yamato
Yamato Japan, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2
Yangzhou, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Yangzi River, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1
as boundary, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 11.1, 11.2
canals and, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1
fighting on, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 13.1, 16.1
geography of, 7.1, 13.1
vessels of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 11.1, 13.1
Yaqubi, al—
Yarmouth
Yarmuk River, battle of the
Yaroslav the Wise, 9.1, 9.2
Yarubid Imamate
Yassi Ada wrecks, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Yavanas, 6.1, 10.1
Yayoi
Yellow River, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
canals and, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2
cities and, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
geography of, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1
Yellow Sea, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1
naval campaigns on, 11.1, 11.2, 15.1, 19.1
Yemen, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1
Byzantines and, 6.1, 10.1
exports from, 4.1, 6.1
traders in, 2.1, 4.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 13.2
Yepodi
Yermak
Yijing, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
Yi Sun-sin, 15.1, 15.2
York, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
York, Duke of, 16.1, 16.2
Yourkevitch, Vladimir
Yuan Dynasty, 13.1, 13.2
Yucatán, 1.1, 1.2, 19.1
Yue, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 11.1
Yukon River
Yuktikalpataru (Bhoja), 10.1, 11.1
yulohs, 7.1, 11.1
Yunnan Plateau, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 11.1
<
br /> Yuwen Kai
Zabaj, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, nts.1n
Zagros Mountains, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1
Zaire (Congo) River
Zaiton, 13.1, 13.2, nts.1n
Zama, battle of
Zanj, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1
Zanzibar, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 16.1, nts.1
Zaragoza, Treaty of
Zarathustra
zaws
Zea, 4.1, nts.1n
Zeelandia Castle
zeugite
Zhang Xuan
Zhao Rugua, 10.1n, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
Zhejiang, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 15.1
unrest in, 11.1, 13.1, 16.1
Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), 16.1, 16.2
Zheng He, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 15.1
Zheng Zhilong
Zhu Jing
Zhu Wan
Zhu Ying
Zhu Yu, 13.1, 14.1
Zhu Yuanzhang
Zimba
Zirids
Zoroaster
Zoroaster
Zoroastrians, 10.1, 11.1
Zurayid emirs
Zwin River
zygians
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Lincoln Paine is the author of four books and more than fifty articles, reviews, and lectures on various aspects of maritime history. He lives in Portland, Maine, with his wife, Allison.
For more information, please visit www.aaknopf.com
ALSO BY LINCOLN PAINE
Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia
Ships of Discovery and Exploration
Warships of the World to 1900
Down East: A Maritime History of Maine
1. An Egyptian faience plate decorated with a papyrus raft being poled on the Nile. The longitudinal papyrus bundles are held together by lashings. Dating from 1400–1200 bce, this plate was found in a tomb at Enkomi, on Famagusta Bay in eastern Cyprus, which testifies to the interconnectedness of the eastern Mediterranean more than three thousand years ago. Courtesy of the British Museum, London.
2. A detail from a Late Minoan (thirteenth-century bce) mural in the West House at Akrotiri on the island of Thera (Santorini) in the Cyclades. The ships, their crews, and the dolphins cavorting around them are rendered in an animated style quite unlike anything in art of the same period from Egypt or the Near East. Photograph by Erich Lessing; courtesy of the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece/Art Resource, New York.
3. A black-figure kylix (wine cup) illustrated with a pirate’s bireme bearing down on a sailing merchantman under shortened sail. This was made at Athens in the last quarter of the sixth century bce, just before the Persian Wars that would catapult Athens to the forefront of the Greek city-states. Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
4. An artist’s conception of the port of Carthage showing the outer commercial harbor and the inner naval harbor, within which there was “an island, and great quays were set at intervals round both the harbour and the island. These embankments were full of shipyards which had capacity for 220 vessels.” Courtesy of DeA Picture Library/Art Resource, New York.
5. The three-masted merchant ship depicted in the landlocked temple complex of Ajanta, India. In addition to its three tall sails, the ship sets a square spritsail from a yard over the bow, which is adorned with an oculus, or eye, to help the ship see danger. A steering oar is clearly visible on the port quarter, while a number of jars, possibly for drinking water, can be seen beneath a shelter on deck. Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa.