by Craig Nelson
Namba, May, 355
Nankingm, China, Japanese invasion of, 44–47, 418
Napoléon (ship), 6
Nashville (carrier), 374, 399
Nationalist government of China, 45, 65, 129, 149, 155, 371, 378, 381
National Security Act (1947), 431
National Security Agency, 80n, 431
NATO, 435
Nautilus (French submarine), 101
Nautilus (US submarine), 388
Naval District Administration Building, Oahu, 385
“Navy Hymn,” 418
Neches (oiler), 364
Nelson, “Tiny,” 208
Netherlands
German invasion (1940) of, 52
Japanese perception of being encircled by colonies of, 28
petroleum embargo against Japan and, 56
Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), 28
German’s lack of interest in, 53
Japanese control over, 351
Japanese dependence on resources from, 53, 56, 58, 89, 90, 130, 149, 154
Japanese perception of being encircled by, 28
Japanese planning for invasion of, 53, 130, 153, 155, 165
US analysis of possible Japanese invasion of, 10, 55, 92, 136, 161, 162
US freeze on Japanese assets in, 94
Nevada (battleship), 246, 247, 248, 298–303, 330, 334, 363, 390–91, 457, 459
New Guinea, 351, 363, 395, 397–98, 413
New Mexico (battleship), 86
New Orleans (cruiser), 256–57
Newsweek (magazine), 139
Newton, John H., 153, 441
New Yorker (magazine), 151
New York Herald Tribune, 139, 321
New York Times, 3, 9–10, 28, 83, 139, 140, 321, 344, 360–61, 404–5, 430
New Zealand, 94
Nichols, Ray, 408–9
Nicholson, Dorinda Stanger, 217
Nielsen, Chase, 383, 384, 409
Nightingale, Earl, 288–89, 290
Nihei, Haruyo, 402
Ni’ihau island, 148, 314–16
Nimitz, Chester, 11, 51, 238, 357, 360, 370, 385–86, 393, 395, 400, 403, 428
Nishihiro, Seiki, 421
Nishikaichi, Shigenori, 314–15
Nitto Maru (boat), 375–76
Nobuhiro, Sato, 39
Nomura, Kichisaburo
appointed as US ambassador, 63–64, 75
background of, 63
Hull Note negotiations and, 154–55, 156, 161, 174, 175, 178, 185–86, 201–2, 277, 279
Hull on sincerity of proposals from, 171–72
Hull’s Four Principles and, 111
Hull’s meetings with, on Japan’s military activities, 76–76, 86
Japan’s intelligence gathering and, 169
Japan’s invasion of Indochina and, 92, 93–94, 97, 143–44, 148–49, 164
Pearl Harbor attack and, 278, 320
probability of war against US and, 64
proposals for Japanese withdrawal from China and, 65–66, 85–86, 111, 142, 144
proposed Konoye-Roosevelt summit and, 97, 110
proposed peace treaty with United States and, 130, 131, 132–33, 135, 136–37, 141–42, 143, 148, 152
Roosevelt’s meetings with, 75, 76, 155
on sneak attack against United States, 64
Tojo’s appointment as prime minister and, 121
Tripartite Pact and, 111
US internment of, 319
US reading of code messages from, 79, 112, 164
US sanctions against Japan and, 174
Normandy, invasion of (1944), 390
Norris, Othniel, 310
North Africa, 154, 356, 372, 382
North American Aviation, 378, 419
Northampton (cruiser), 153, 245, 252, 306, 374
North Dakota (ship), 3
Northridge, A. R., 41
Norway, German invasion (1940) of, 52, 308
Noyes, Leigh, 446
Oahu (ship), 44
Oahu, Hawaii, 210 (map)
burial of Pearl Harbor dead in cemeteries in, 332
casualties on, 343
historical background of, 8–10
Japanese pilots’ memories of, 203–4
martial law and life in, 317–18
possibility of war seen as distant from life in, 16–17
servicemen’s easy life on, 16–17
as significant US military base, 32
US Navy’s establishment of base on, 9–10
Obama, Barack, 434
Oda, Susumu, 421
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 77, 194, 445
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 327, 408, 431
Oglala (minelayer), 248, 254–55, 363
Ohta, Janet Yumiko, 316
Oikawa, Koshiro, 67, 105, 112–13, 114, 116–17, 119
Oishi, Tamotsu, 312
Okamura, Motoharu, 400
Okinawa, Battle of (1941), 390, 391, 397, 400, 403, 413, 422
Oklahoma (ship), 7, 246, 247, 260, 265–71, 273, 274–76, 287, 294, 296, 300, 360, 367, 413, 415, 420, 456, 460
Olsen, Vernon, 281, 413
Onishi, Takijiro, 69–71, 111
Opana radar station, Oahu, 202–3, 204–6, 305, 438
Operation Downfall, 402–3
Operation K, 364
Operation Number One, 178, 311
concerns about US reaction to, 111
debate over Operation Z for Pearl Harbor attack rather than, 68, 111, 116
detailed planning for timing of attacks in, 164–65
insistence on completing, 384, 390
limited availability of ships for, 72, 96, 122
Pearl Harbor attack as part of, 165, 311, 384
quick ending to war assumed in, 42
Roosevelt’s peace proposal and delay of, 178
supplies ordered for, 116
Tojo’s support for, 128
war college analysis of, 116
weather concerns over timing of, 132
Operation Olympic, 403
Operation Torch, 372
Operation Z (Operation Hawaii), for Pearl Harbor attack, 398
debate over Southeast Asia invasion rather than using, 68, 111, 116
compromise reached on, 122
conference for final planning of, 116
Genda’s plan to use carriers in, 70–71, 100–101, 115
Kuroshima’s negotiations about, 72, 96
opposition to, 111
pilots taking last flights as part of, 188–89
reporting back to Japan on success of, 208
returning airmen on success of, 312–13
route chosen for, 116
secrecy maintained in, 446
Tojo against surprise attack as part of, 174–75
torpedo attacks studied as part of, 69–70, 71
US battleships and planes destroyed in, 313
Yamamoto’s proposal on possibility of, 26, 53, 67–68, 70, 116, 443–44
Orwick, Dean¸260
Oryol (hospital ship), 24
Osaka, Japan, 425
US bombing of, 374, 402
Osborne, Ozzie, 376, 377
Oslyabya (battleship), 25
Ostfriesland (battleship), 30
Otawa, Tatsuya, 163, 192, 252, 283
Outerbridge, William, 195–96, 198, 200, 305
Ozaki, Hotsumi, 117–18
Ozawa, Jisaburo, 165
Pacific Aviation Museum, Ford Island, Oahu, 420
Pacific theater. See also specific battles
brutality of, 398
Japan’s losses in, 399
Japan’s surrender (1945) and, 406–8
Pacific War Memorial Commission, 416
Pal, Radhabinod, 411
Palau, 363
Palawan Island, Philippines, 408
Panama, 164, 194
Panama Canal Zone, 32, 194, 320, 334, 407, 445
Pan American Airways, 51, 342, 348
Panay (gunboat), 44–45, 75
“Paranoid Style in American Politics, The” (Hofstadter), 453
Patten, Allen, 298–99, 300, 303
Patten, Bruce, 298, 299, 303
Patten, Gilbert, Marvin, Bick, and Ray, 298, 303
Patton, George, 82
Paul, Joseph, 262–63
peace memorials
Arizona Memorial as, 417
Japanese, 417–18
Pearl City, Oahu, 210 (map), 227, 242, 246, 339
Pearl Harbor (movie), 420, 423, 428
Pearl Harbor, Oahu, 210 (map)
annual battleship maneuver at, 10
drawbacks of basing fleet at, 13
fleet seen as restraint on Japan, 10–11
Japan’s awareness of fleet at, 12
Japan’s strategy on possible attack, 32
lack of surveillance aircraft at, 13–14
as link between Asia and Australia, 51
Martin-Bellinger Report on possible attack on, 14–15
novel (1928) describing attack on, 28
number of resident soldiers and sailors, 246
possibility of war seen as distant from, 16–17
Richardson’s complaint about facilities at, 10, 11–12
servicemen’s easy life in Hawaii and, 16–17
as significant US military base, 32
as tourism attraction, 16, 417–18, 424
US Navy’s establishment of, 9–10
US treaty on rights to, 9
Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Wohlstetter), 452
Pearl Harbor attack (December 7, 1941)
Japanese initial attack, 211 (map), 246–353
antiaircraft defenses. See antiaircraft guns
air attack routes for Pearl Harbor, 211 (map)
airborne American pilots attacked by Japanese pilots, 219–21
attacks on American air forces, 213–24
Battleship Row, 191, 207, 246, 260
Bellows Field attack, 238–40
care of wounded, 328–32, 414
civilian casualties, 215, 216, 218, 225, 316, 317
civilian involvement during attacks, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 248
civilian planes downed or shot at, 214–16
civilian responses to reports of attack, 292–93
civilian strikes on way to primary targets, 213–17
concerns about fifth columnists involved in, 15, 80n, 82, 308, 316, 337, 355
description of layout of, 246
difficulty of planning defense against possible attack due to chaotic military governance of Japan, 50
disbelief or ridicule over initial reports of attack, 215, 216, 218–19, 226, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 238, 248, 251, 254, 260, 277, 292, 293, 331
dive-bomber formation strafing, 227–29
dress rehearsal for attack, 134
Ewa Field attack, 240–41
failure of American response, 307–8
fiftieth anniversary observations, 420–21, 423
fire department attack, 225
first Americans killed in World War II, 216
“forgotten victims of Pearl Harbor,” 316–17
Fuchida on success of attack, 311–12
ground fires from planes exploding, 221, 228
Hickam Field attack, 217–20, 221–25
inexperience and youth of Pearl Harbor servicemen, 232, 233n
Japanese assumption of quick victory, 42
Japanese decision to withdraw after success of attack, 313, 314
Japanese planning for attack. See Operation Z
Japanese practice on Kyushu, 101, 103
Japanese reactions to Pearl Harbor success, 352–53
Japan’s victory in destroying eight battleships and 180 planes, 313
Kaneohe Naval Air Station attack, 234–38
later Japanese views on, 417–18, 421, 423
low opinion of Japan and element of surprise in attack, 41, 229
Naval District Administration Building missed in bombing, 385
number of wounded and dead, 328–29, 333, 343
nursing care during attacks, 224–25, 248
Operation K (third strike against Pearl Harbor), 364
petroleum tank farm untouched in attack, 313
planes launched from ships as new battle strategy, 352
possibility of surprise attack in Japanese planning, 41, 64
President George H. W. Bush on meaning of, 420
reconnaissance before attack, 73, 148, 204, 206
Schofield Barracks and Hospital attacks, 229–32
second wave attack start, 197
servicemen’s families and housing hit during attacks, 225, 248–51, 255, 303–4
submarines’ following Pearl Harbor fleet, 16
survival of two Japanese pilots on Ni’ihau, 314–16
three-tier aerial attack, 190–91
torpedo net recommendations, 60–61
US analysis of security of fleet, 61
US awareness of possibility of surprise attack, 61, 64, 183, 261, 447–48
US international role before, 430
US need for surveillance against possible attack, 10–11, 64
Wheeler Field attack, 225–29
Yamamoto on possible attack, 53
postattack period, 354–64
advance-knowledge or back-door-to-war theory about attack, 451–52
apprehension and revenge thoughts among survivors, 335
arrests of Japanese on Hawaii, 355–56
burial of dead, 243, 332–33
congressional investigation, 64, 232, 317, 431, 443–51
conspiracism in need to place blame for Pearl Harbor, 453–54
death and injuries from explosions of malfunctioning antiaircraft shells, 316–17
desire for revenge, 51, 334, 335, 367, 371, 390–91
Eleanor Roosevelt’s radio broadcast about attack, 322–24
enemy operators captured and held, 318–20
Executive Order 9066 on internment of Japanese Americans, 358–60
expanse of Great Empire of Japan after attack, 363
first American response, 367–70
grief over loss of friends and family, 335–36
Hawaii on front lines of Pacific war, 364
identification of dead, 332
international cooperation as legacy, 434–35
investigations into causes and conduct of, 437–54
Knox’s investigation, 354–55
lack of preparation impeding US response, 305
legacy of Pearl Harbor, to prevent future wars, 431–33
long-term impact on United States, 431
martial law for Hawaii, 317–18
military intelligence lessons from, 452
military investigation, 239, 317–18, 354–55
military personnel changes, 356–57
panic on West Coast after news of Pearl Harbor, 356, 358
radio warning to civilians about war preparations after attack, 293
rage among volunteers, 367
repair of sunken ships, 360–63
Roberts Commission report, 357–58
Roosevelt’s declaration of war speech, 343–46
rumors about impending attacks and local saboteurs, 334–35, 336–37, 358
salvage of ships, 360–63
state of emergency in Hawaii, 317
US navy built in response to, 393
US reactions to Pearl Harbor, 431–32
“unknowns,” number of, 243, 276, 332, 333
World War II alliances for victory and Pearl Harbor lessons, 431
Pearl Harbor Survivors Association (PHSA), 415, 424, 426, 427
Peiping, China, American POWs in, 403–4, 408–9
Peleliu, Battle of (1944), 397
Penguin (ship), 342
Pennsylvania (battleship), 3, 6, 13, 123, 180–81, 207, 246, 258–59, 279, 300, 330, 335, 337, 340, 363, 399
Perkins, Frances, 5, 43, 172, 325, 326
Perry (ship), 27
6
Perry, Matthew, 22, 23, 35, 407, 410
Pescadores Islands, 28, 107
Pétain, Philippe, 97
Pharris, Jackson Charles, 296, 458
Phelps (destroyer), 305, 307
Philadelphia Inquirer, 321
Philippine Clipper (plane), 342
Philippines, 75
as American colony, 28, 86
casualties in, 343
destruction of American air forces in, 343
as Dutch colony, 28
Hull on importance of keeping troops in, 161
Japanese proposals for invasion of, 69, 75, 80, 111, 136
Japan’s surrender and, 407
as link to Asia and Australia, 51
MacArthur and Japanese attacks on, 343, 348–49, 350–51, 357, 400, 443
Marshall on, 139–40
novel (1928) describing invasion of, 28
Operation Number One’s inclusion of, 111, 164–65
as part of Japanese Empire, 363
Pearl Harbor attack planning and, 132, 133, 146, 323
POWs in, 408
proposal for bombing of Formosa from, 342
radar spotting of planes flying near, on way to Pearl Harbor attack, 342–43
Stimson’s as governor-general of, 41
US analysis of vulnerability and ability to defend, 75, 123–24, 139–40, 172
US freeze on Japanese assets in, 94
US intelligence on possible Japanese attack on, 149, 153, 155, 161, 173, 194
Philippine Sea, Battle of (1944), 391, 398, 426
Phillips, Ernest, 239, 245, 252
Phillips, Walter, 75, 254
Pierce, Sidney, 243
Piper Cub civilian planes, 214–15
Pius XII. Pope, 58
Plan D (Plan Dog), for fighting on multiple fronts in case of war, 62
Plan Orange, 173
plantations, 8, 82, 182, 213, 217, 314, 316
Plybon, Paul, 340
Pocket Testament League (PTL), 425
Poindexter, Joseph, 317–18
Poland, of Hitler’s invasion (1939) of, 52, 433
Popov, Dusan, 98
Port Arthur, Manchuria, Japan’s attack (1904) on, 24, 25
Portland (cruiser), 153
Potomac River, Japanese cherry trees along, 142, 346
“Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition” (song),257, 393
Preis, Alfred, 416
Pressler, “Red,” 247
Price, Arthur, 238
Prince of Wales (battleship), 350
prisoner exchanges, 319
prisoners of war (POWs)
Doolittle Raiders as, 383–84, 385, 392, 403–4
Japanese soldiers as, in United States, 341
Japan’s surrender and, 406, 408
return of, after surrender of Japan, 409–10, 412
US soldiers held as, in Asia and Japan, 349–50, 351, 375, 383, 392, 394, 426
war crime tribunals on mistreatment of, 412
Pullen, Harold, 232