Defying the Nazis
Page 26
Foote, Henry Wilder. “The Deadly Infection of Anti-Semitism.” Christian Register, December 1, 1938.
Fry, Varian. Surrender on Demand. New York: Random House, 1945.
Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Henry Holt, 1985.
Greenberg, Marian G. There Is Hope for Your Children: Youth Aliyah, Henrietta Szold and Hadassah. New York: Hadassah, 1986.
Henry, Richard. Norbert Fabian Capek: A Spiritual Journey. Boston: Skinner House, 1999.
Kennan, George F. From Prague After Munich: Diplomatic Papers 1938–1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968.
London, Louise. Whitehall and the Jews, 1933–1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees, and the Holocaust. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Lowrie, Donald. The Hunted Children. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.
Marino, Andy. The Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.
Masaryk, Alice Garrigue. Alice Garrigue Masaryk 1879–1966: Her Life as Recorded in Her Own Words and By Her Friends. Compiled by Ruth Crawford Mitchell. Pittsburgh: University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1980.
Mayer, Gerda. Prague Winter. London: Hearing Eye, 2005.
Meyerhof, Walter. In the Shadow of Love: Stories from My Life. Santa Barbara: Fithian Press, 2002.
Schofield, Victoria. Witness to History: The Life of John Wheeler-Bennett. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
Sharp, Martha. “Emigration Held Key to Ease French Prison Plight,” Christian Science Monitor, April 14, 1941.
——. “Refugee Army Languishes in French Camps,” Christian Science Monitor, April 12, 1941.
Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.
Subak, Susan Elisabeth. Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers Who Defied the Nazis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2010.
“Unitarian Service Committee in World War II.” Christian Register, January 1946.
“Unitarians Propose Further Refugee Relief Work.” Christian Register, November 30, 1939.
Warriner, Doreen. “Winter in Prague.” Slavonic and East European Review 62, no. 2 (April 1984): 209–40.
Wyman, David S. The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945. New York: Pantheon, 1984.
——. Paper Walls: Americans and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968.
Film and Microfilm
Erica Mann and Klaus Mann, Escape to Life, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1939 (microfilm).
The Magnetic Tide. Produced and directed by Dorothy Silverstone, 1950. Spielberg Jewish Film Archive. Available on YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VEW8KVB_14.
Interviews
Yehuda Bauer, interview by Deborah Shaffer, Israel, 2006.
Margaret Carroll, interview by Stephen G. Michaud, 2006.
Martha Sharp Cogan, interview by Ghanda DiFiglia, New York City, April 1979.
Martha Sharp Cogan, interview by Artemis Joukowsky, April 1977.
Deborah Dwork, interview by Deborah Shaffer, Israel, 2006.
Martha Sharp Joukowsky, interview by Stephen G. Michaud, Providence, Rhode Island, 2009.
Martha Sharp Joukowsky, interview by Ghanda DiFiglia, Providence, Rhode Island, 2015.
Gerda Stein Mayer, interview by Deborah Shaffer, New York City, 2006.
Marne Mette, interview by Deborah Shaffer, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts.
Mordecai Paldiel, interview by Deborah Shaffer, New York City, 2006.
Hastings Sharp, interview by Artemis Joukowsky and Matthew Justus, April 2012.
Hastings Sharp, interview by Stephen G. Michaud, Providence, Rhode Island.
Waitstill Hastings Sharp, interview by Ghanda DiFiglia, Greenfield, Massachusetts, October 1978.
Waitstill Hastings Sharp, interview by Artemis Joukowsky, August 1981.
Alexander and Joseph Strasser, interview by Artemis Joukowsky, April 2013.
Priscilla Sweet, interview by Deborah Shaffer, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts.
Manuscripts
Cogan, Martha Sharp. “Church Mouse in the White House.” Unpublished memoir written between the 1940s and 1980s.
DiFiglia, Ghanda. “To Try the Soul’s Strength: A Woman’s Participation in the History of Her Time.” Unpublished biography of Martha Sharp Cogan, 1998. Martha and Waitstill Sharp Collection, box 43, folder 104, John Hay Library, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
Feuchtwanger, Marta. An Emigre Life: Munich, Berlin, Sanary, Pacific Palisades, vol. 3. Interviewed by Lawrence M. Weschler. Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1976. https://archive.org/details/emigrelifeoralhi03feuc.
Fry, Varian. “Surrender on Demand,” manuscript 2, 53. Varian Fry Papers, Columbia University, New York.
Sharp, Waitstill Hastings. “Freedom of the Human Spirit.” Unpublished memoir.
White, Arthur Henry. “Campaign: Martha Sharp for Congress 1946: A Case Study.” Senior honors thesis, Harvard University, 1947. Harvard University Archives.
Online Sources
Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team, http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org.
Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/learn/holocaust-encyclopedia.
Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
Warnes, Kathy. “Wilbur Carr, the Imperial State Department and Immigration: 1920–1945.” Discover Fun History in Clio’s Cave. http://discoverfunhistory.webs.com/.
Reports and Documents
Commission Mixte de Secours de la Croix Rouge Internationale, record of condensed and powdered milk sent to France 1941–44, Red Cross Archives, Geneva.
Dexter, Elisabeth, and Robert Dexter, report on trip to Europe (January 27–April 29, 1940), Elisabeth Dexter Papers, John Hay Library, Brown University.
Dexter, Robert. Preliminary and Confidential Report from Robert C. Dexter to the American Unitarian Association, November 16, 1938, Unitarian Universalist Service Committee Records, ca. 1935–2006, Andover-Harvard Theological Library, Harvard University.
FBI file on Martha Sharp, received through the Freedom of Information Act.
Hadassah National Board, meeting minutes, March–April 1948, Hadassah archives, New York City.
Hadassah National Board, meeting minutes, December 1958, Hadassah archives, New York City.
In Memoriam, Samuel Atkins Eliot, Hadassah Executive Committee, Children to Palestine, 1950.
Sharp, Waitstill, and Martha Sharp. Journey to Freedom. Unitarian Service Committee, 1941.
Sharp, Waitstill Hastings, Martha Sharp, and Robert C. Dexter. How Americans Helped a Nation in Crisis. Report of the Commission for Service in Czechoslovakia, 1939.
INDEX
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Adamson, Ernest (Ernie), 202, 214
Adler, Ella, 129, 225
AFSC (American Friends Service Committee), 101
Agde, France, Czech refugee camp in, 129, 132, 136–42, 152, 153, 178, 225
Allen, Mel, 210
Allen, Richard, 125–28, 139
Amé-Leroy, Ambassador, 111–12, 113, 117, 120, 130, 152
Amé-Leroy, Manoëlle, 111–12, 113, 117, 130, 137, 152, 160
America First movement, 3
American Church in Paris, 113
American Committee for Relief in Czechoslovakia (AmRelCzech, “American Relief”): and arrival in Czechoslovakia, 18, 22, 24; commission from, 12; and Czech camp at Adge, 129; German surveillance and shut-down of, 77, 93, 94; and help for Kulturträgers, 62, 64; and invasion of Czechoslovakia, 42; and Unitarian Service Committee refugee office, 137; Waitstill as field director of, 191–92
American Friends of Czechoslovakia, 128
American Friends Service Committee (AFS
C), 101
American-Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 47, 207, 225
American Unitarian Association (AUA): in early years of marriage, 11; and help to Doctors Anet, 160; and milk delivery, 127; request to go to Czechoslovakia by, 1–7, 9; request to go to France by, 99–101, 102, 104; work back in United States for, 178–79, 181, 189
Anschluss (1938), 3, 20, 53, 118
Ansley, Helen, 181–82
anti-Semitism, 3–4, 29, 59–61
Aquitania (ship), 9, 13–14
Arab-Israeli War, 207
Arendt, Hannah, 141
Assa, Albert, 191
Athenia (ship), 97–98
Atkinson, Elsie, 176
Atkinson, Kerr, 176
Auden, W. H., 138, 152
Auschwitz concentration camp, 204–5
Avenida Palace (Lisbon), 111
Azeitao, Portugal, 116–17
Bacon, Yehuda, 204–5
Baer, Gertrude, 15, 48, 93
Baghdad, Iraq, 210–11
Baker, Everett, 1, 2, 7–8, 10, 106
Balch, Emily, 88–89
Ball, Leon (“Dick”), 153–55, 157, 161, 238n 19.4
Banyuls-sur-Mer, France, 157
Barazetti, Werner T. (“Bill”), 47
Barton, Bruce, 196
Basra, Iraq, 210–11
Bauer, Yehuda, 173
“Beautiful Israel,” 220
Belgium, money laundering in, 67
Benes, Edvard, 27
Ben-Gurion, David, 204
Benjamin, Mrs. C. M. D., 84
Ben Shemen, Israel, 209
Berlin Airlift, 213
bilharzia, 210
Bingham, Hiram, IV (“Harry”), 147, 151, 158, 159, 172
Blake, Martin, 30
Boegner, Marc, 144
Bostrom, Otto, 137
Bowen, Ambrose, 202
Braun, Lotte, 137
Breton, André, 141
Britain: asylum offered by, 47–50; train and boat rescue operation to, 72–73
British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia (BCRC), 14, 22, 30, 47, 63, 67, 73, 93–94
British Unitarian Women, 73
Brooks, Howard, 4
Brown, Clément, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177
Brown, Mercedes, 170, 173, 174, 176, 177, 221
Brundage, Percival (“E. P.”), 104, 106, 143, 164
Bruner, Jerome S., 200
Buber, Martin, 209
Busch, Lydia, 26–27, 43, 68, 69, 73, 82, 236–37n8.2
Busch, Peter, 26–27, 43, 44
Bush, George H. W., 187
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 12, 62, 64
Cahill, John, 195
Cantor, Eddie, 206–7, 213
Capek, Norbert F., 4–5, 17–18, 54, 86, 87, 93
Capek, Zora, 18
Carcassonne, France, 152
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 15–16, 74
Carroll, Margaret, 44, 95
Carr, Wilbur, 44–45, 47, 55, 70, 79
Casablanca, Morocco, 207
Central Institute for Refugees (Czechoslovakia), 22, 30
Cerbère, France, 114; arrival in, 125; transporting refugees through, 156; travel to, 116–24
Ceske Budejovice, 23
Chadwick, Trevor, 28, 30, 31–32, 33, 34
Chagall, Marc, 141
Chamberlain, Neville, 3, 14, 40, 57, 97, 196
Cherbourg, France, 13–14
Chicago, move to, 208–15
Chicago Council Against Racial and Religious Discrimination, 208
Children to Palestine, 206, 209, 210
Christian Register (newspaper), 3–4, 188
Christian Science Monitor (newspaper), 179
Churchill, Winston, 190
Church of the Czech Brethren, 23
Clark, Monica, 219, 220
clothing for refugee children, 85
Cogan, David H., 220, 221
Commission for Service in Czechoslovakia, 21
Committee for the Placement of Intellectual Refugees (Comité International pour le Placement des Intellectuels Réfugiés), 16, 63, 88, 225
Congressional run by Martha Sharp, 195–202
Cook, Thomas, 173
Coughlin, Charles E., 3
curfew, 58
currency conversion, 64–67, 80–87
Czech National Women’s Council, 90
Czechoslovak Hussite Church, 24
Czechoslovakia: currency conversion and financial assistance in, 64–67, 80–87; departure from, 88–98; dying republic of, 28–35; Einmarsch (invasion) of, 36–52; first days under Nazi rule of, 53–56; first weeks in, 20–27; fund-raising for trip to, 12; helping Kulturträgers in, 62–79; immigration quotas for, 63–64; Jewish refugees in, 29; journey to, 11–19; Kindertransport from, 29–35; near-secession of Slovakia from, 28; request to go to, 1–10; shutting down of all refugee programs in, 94
Czechoslovak National Church, 85, 86
Czech Red Cross, 23
Czech refugees in Marseille, 128–30
Davenport, Marcia, 198
Davis, Elmer, 138
Davis, Malcolm W.: and help for Kulturträgers, 65, 67, 74, 117; and invasion of Czechoslovakia, 38; and last days in Czechoslovakia, 89, 96; meeting in Paris prior to Czechoslovakia mission with, 15–16; and milk delivery, 110–11, 113–14, 145–46
deficiency diseases, 85
Deutsch, Julius, 13
Deutsch, Karl, 13, 82, 95
Deutsch, Maria, 13, 44
Deutsch, Martin, 95
The Devil in France (Feuchtwanger), 150
Dexter, Elisabeth, 101
Dexter, Robert Cloutman (“Bob”): and Martha’s speech at AUA annual board meeting, 189; and milk mission to France, 100, 101, 102, 119, 126–28, 141–42, 180; and mission to Czechoslovakia, 5–6, 28, 82
Diamant, Amélie, 170, 177
Diamant, Charlotte, 176, 177
Diamant, Eveline, 170, 177
Diamant, Marianne, 170, 177
Diamant, Rudolph, 176, 177
du Bouchet, Andre, 170, 174
du Bouchet, Helene, 170
Dwork, Debora, 148
Earl Baldwin Fund, 14
Eban, Abba, 211
Eden, Anthony, 57
Edwards, India, 213, 216
Eichmann, Adolf, 205
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 214, 216
Eisner, Pavel, 96
Eliot, Frederick May, 1, 2, 89, 102–4, 127, 138, 189
Emergency Committee for Refugees (Czechoslovakia), 21
Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC), 136–42
Emerson, William, 147–48, 181–82
Ernst, Max, 141
Excalibur (ship), 161, 175
Excambion (ship), 175–76
exit visas, 63, 67–68, 78–79, 96, 236n8.1
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 214
Feigl, Eva, 171–72, 180
Feigl, Franz, 171–72, 180
Feigl, Rosemarie, 171–72, 180, 223
Fellowship in Israel for Arab-Jewish Youth, 206
Ferdinand, Franz, 23
Feuchtwanger, Lion, 148–51, 152, 153, 154, 156–61, 165, 175, 178, 214
Feuchtwanger, Marta, 149–51, 152, 153, 154, 156–62, 165, 178
financial assistance, 64–67, 80–87
“fire cupping,” 169
Fish, Hamilton, 196
Fleischmann, Wolfgang, 171, 176, 177
food: for refugees, 84; shortages, 58
Foote, Henry Wilder, 3–4
France: arranging immigration of Kulturträgers to, 74, 77–78; arrival in, 125–31; rescue of children from, 106, 144, 163–77
Frank, Hans, 171, 175, 176
Frank, Karl Hermann, 54, 55
Freier, Recha, 181
French children: milk for, 111–12, 113–14, 119–24; rescue from Vichy of, 106, 144, 163–77
French Red Cross, 120
Fry, Varian, 139–41, 153–55, 157, 223, 238n19.4
Fuchs, Gerard, 171
Fullerton, Hugh, 127–28, 139
Gano, Seth, 12
Garai, Pierre, 171, 176, 177
Garrigue, Charlotte, 4
Gaza, Palestinian refugee camps in, 210
Geneva, Switzerland: departure from Prague to, 88–96; money laundering in, 66–67; in travel to Czechoslovakia, 16
Gentleman’s Agreement (film), 207
Georgievsky, Ivan, 86
Ginzburg, Marie, 16, 88, 89
Gissing, Vera, 34
Goldschmeid, Dr. and Mrs. Albin, 29, 70, 100
Good Soldier Svejk (fictional), 58–59
Gropius, Walter, 118
Gruening, Ernest, 100
Gurs prison camp, 149, 151
Hacha, Emil, 27, 28, 34, 38
Hadassah, 181, 193, 194, 203–7, 212
Hannigan, Robert E., 195
Hasek, Jaroslav, 58–59
Hasenclever, Walter, 150
Haspl, Bohdana Capek, 5
Haspl, Karel, 5, 17, 87, 192
Hawthorne, Stephen, 171
Henlein, Konrad, 5, 54, 55
Herriot, Édouard, 137–38
Herzog, Aura, 220
Herzog, Chaim, 220
Heydrich, Reinhard, 18, 54, 94
HICEM, 47, 139, 140
Himmler, Heinrich, 54
Hitler, Adolf: cession of Sudeten region by, 26–27; and Neville Chamberlain, 3, 14; expansionism of, 3; invasion of Czechoslovakia by, 27, 28; invasion of Poland by, 34, 35, 36–52, 101; and Kristallnacht, 6; and Kulturträgers, 147, 149; and Nirosta, 107–8; speech in Prague by, 53–54; Waitstill’s denunciation of, 11, 210
Hobson, Laura Z., 207
Hoover, J. Edgar, 201
Hotel Alcron (Prague), 192
Hotel Atlantic (Prague), 18, 22, 25, 39, 75
Hotel Belvedere (Cerbère, France), 114
Hotel Commodore (Marseille), 148–49
Hotel d’Italia (Estoril, Portugal), 109–10, 112
Hotel Metropole (Lisbon), 112, 118
Hotel Normandie (Marseille), 147
Hotel Pariz (Prague), 75–76, 82
Hotel Splendide (Marseille), 140
Hotel Terminus (Marseille), 125, 156
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 201–2, 207, 214
Howe, Mrs. Louis McHenry, 195
Hradschin Castle, 53
Hruby, Blahoslav, 154
Huebsch, Ben, 151
Huger, Tes, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177
Hull, Cordell, 12, 66, 110, 159
Ickes, Harold L., 100, 138
ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), 145–46