82 White, R.R. (2011, October 3). “The Role Non-Monogamy Will Play in the Future of Marriage.” Retrieved November 18, 2014, from the Atlantic magazine: www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/10/the-role-non-monogamy-will-play-in-the-future-of-marriage/245960/.
83 Guttentag, M. and Secord, P.F. (1983). Too Many Women?: The Sex Ratio Question. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp. 20–21.
9 Failing Schools
1 Education at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators (Indicator B1.1) (2013). Retrieved June 30, 2014, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2013-en.
2 Corcoran S.P., Evans, W.N., and Schwab, R.M. (2004). “Women, the Labor Market, and the Declining Relative Quality of Teachers,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23(3), 449–470.
3 Ibid; and Vance, V.S. and Schlechty, P.C. (1982). “The Distribution of Academic Ability in the Teaching Force,” Phi Delta Kappan, 64(1), 22–27.
4 Chetty, R., Friedman, J., and Rockoff, J. (n.d.). “The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood.” Retrieved January 12, 2012, from Harvard University: http://obs.rc.fas/harvard.edu/chetty/value_added.html.
5 Day, N. (2012, August 29). “The Rebirth of Recess.” Retrieved August 28, 2015, from Slate: www.slate.com/articles/life/family/2012/08/recess_in_schools_research_shows_it_benefits_children_.single.html.
6 Petrie, T. (2012, August 3). “Students with Strong Hearts and Lungs May Make Better Grades, Study Finds.” Retrieved July 23, 2015 from the American Psychological Association: www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2012/08/better-grades.aspx; and Yates, D. “Children's Brain Development Is Linked to Physical Fitness.” Retrieved August 28, 2015 from Illinois News Bureau: http://news.illinois.edu/news/10/0915_brain_development_and_fitness_art_kramer.html.
7 What's the Problem with School? (n.d.). Retrieved December 26, 2011, from PBS: www.pbs.org/parents/raisingboys/school02.html.
8 Sax, L. (2009). Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of Unmotivated Boys and Underachieving Young Men. New York, NY: Basic Books. p. 18.
9 “What's the Problem with School?” (n.d.). Retrieved December 26, 2011, from PBS: www.pbs.org/parents/raisingboys/school02.html.
10 Freeman, C.E. (2004, November), Trends in Educational Equity of Girls and Women: 2004. Retrieved December 26, 2011, from National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education (NCES 2005-016): http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005016.pdf. p. 45.
11 “What's the Problem with School?” (n.d.). Retrieved December 26, 2011, from PBS: www.pbs.org/parents/raisingboys/school02.html.
12 “Nature Plus Nurture.” Economist.com. www.economist.com/news/leaders/21645734-girls-do-better-boys-school-and-university-both-can-still-improvesometimes (accessed July 16, 2015).
13 Note: Four out of five elementary schoolteachers and special education teachers, and six out of ten secondary schoolteachers, is a woman. Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity. (2015, February 12). Retrieved August 24, 2015, from Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor: www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.pdf. 3.
14 Dee, T. (2006). How a Teacher's Gender Affects Boys and Girls. Retrieved July 30, 2015 from the Center for Education Policy Analysis, Stanford University: https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/ednext20064_68.pdf (accessed). pp. 71, 73.
15 Note: 14 percent of boys and 9 percent of girls did not attain the PISA baseline of proficiency in reading, math, and science. “The ABC of Gender Equality in Education: Aptitude, Behavior, Confidence.” Retrieved July 21,2015 from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: www.oecd.org/publications/the-abc-of-gender-equality-in-education-9789264229945-en.htm. pp. 13–15.
16 C, K.N., K, P., and W, P.J. (2013, December 3). “Diligent Asia, Indolent West.” Retrieved June 26, 2014, from the Economist: www.economist.com/blogs/graphic-detail/2013/12/daily-chart-1.
17 Sax, L. (2009). Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of Unmotivated Boys and Underachieving Young Men. New York, NY: Basic Books. p. 21.
18 “The ABC of Gender Equality in Education: Aptitude, Behavior, Confidence.” Retrieved July 21, 2015 from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development: www.oecd.org/publications/the-abc-of-gender-equality-in-education-9789264229945-en.htm. pp. 51, 56.
19 “The ABC of Gender Equality in Education: Aptitude, Behavior, Confidence.” Retrieved July 21, 2015 from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development: www.oecd.org/publications/the-abc-of-gender-equality-in-education-9789264229945-en.htm. p. 51. Also see: Salisbury, Jane, Gareth Rees, and Stephen Godard. “Accounting for the Differential Attainment of Boys and Girls at School.” School Leadership & Management 19(4) (1999): 403–426.
20 Dretzin, R. (Director) (2010). Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier [documentary]. United States: PBS Films [Frontline].
21 Notes: 82 percent of US libraries reduced operating hours in the 2011–12 year and 65 percent cut hours in the 2012–13 year. See: Rosa, K., Research and Statistics on Libraries and Librarianship in 2012 (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2014, from Office for Research and Statistics, American Library Association: www.ala.org/research/sites/ala.org.research/files/content/librarystats/LBTA-research2013.pdf. p. 352.
22 C, K.N., K, P., and W, P.J. (2013, December 3). “Diligent Asia, Indolent West.” Retrieved June 26, 2014, from the Economist: www.economist.com/blogs/graphic-detail/2013/12/daily-chart-1.
23 “Finn-ished.” (2013, December 7). Retrieved June 26, 2014, from the Economist: www.economist.com/news/international/21591195-fall-former-nordic-education-star-latest-pisa-tests-focusing-interest.
24 “Suicide and Attempted Suicide—China, 1990–2002” (2004, June 11). Retrieved June 26, 2014, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5322a6.htm.
25 “China's Young People at Increasing Risk of Suicide.” (2013, September 11). Retrieved June 26, 2014, from Radio Free Asia: www.rfa.org/english/news/china/suicide-09112013114030.html.
26 Shlam, S. and Medalia, H. (2014, January 19). “China's Web Junkies.” Retrieved June 26, 2014, from the New York Times: www.nytimes.com/2014/01/20/opinion/chinas-web-junkies.html?ref=opinion&_r=1.
27 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010–11 Edition: Overview of the 2008–18 Projections.www.bls.gov/oco/oco2003.htm.
28 Steinberg, K. (2011, September 14). “43% of 2011 College-Bound Seniors Met SAT College and Career Readiness Benchmark.” Retrieved December 8, 2011, from the College Board: http://media.collegeboard.com/pdf/cbs_2011_nat_release_091411.pdf. p. 9.
29 Hornig, D. and Daley, A. (2011, December 1). “Not Enough New Scientists: How America's Obsession with Liberal Arts Is Making Us Less Competitive.” Retrieved January 4, 2012, from Casey Daily Dispatch: http://www.caseyresearch.com/cdd/friends-dont-let-friends-major-liberal-arts.
30 Dwoskin, E. (2015, August 25). “Before a Robot Takes Your Job, You'll Be Working Side by Side.” Retrieved August 25, 2015, from the Wall Street Journal: http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/08/25/before-a-robot-takes-your-job-youll-be-working-side-by-side/.
31 Desilver, D. (2015, June 18). “Growth from Asia Drives Surge in U.S. Foreign Students.” Retrieved October 21, 2015, from Pew Research Center: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/18/growth-from-asia-drives-surge-in-u-s-foreign-students/.
32 “Student and Exchange Visitor Program. Student and Exchange Visitor Information System.” (2015, August). Retrieved October 21,2015, from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: http://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report/2015/sevis_bythenumbers_aug15.pdf.
33 Hirschman, C., personal communication, January 19, 2012.
34 Ogas, O. and Gaddam, S. (2011). A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World's Largest Experiment Reveals about Human Desire. New York, NY: Penguin Group (USA), Inc. p. 50.
35 “Italian
Men Suffer ‘Sexual Anorexia’ after Internet Porn Use.” (2011, March 4). Retrieved January 9, 2012, from ANSA English: www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/english/2011/02/24/visualizza_new.html_1583160579.html.
36 Foresta, C. (2014, February). Progetto: ANDROLIFE: Salute e Sesso. Retrieved August 29, 2015, from Associazione di Promozione Sociale: http://www.associazionevenetoesalute.it/www.associazionevenetoesalute.it/uploads/foresta.pdf
37 “Vital Signs: Teen Pregnancy—United States, 1991–2009” (2011, April 8). Retrieved November 17, 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6013a5.htm?s_cid=mm6013a5_w.
38 “State Policies in Brief, Sex and HIV Education.” (2014, June 1). Retrieved June 17, 2014, from Guttmacher Institute: https://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_SE.pdf.
39 “Estimated Median Age at First Marriage, by Sex: 1890 to the Present” (2011, November). Retrieved February 20, 2012, from US Census Bureau: www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/ms2.xls.
40 Brükner H. (2005). “After the Promise: The STD Consequences of Adolescent Virginity Pledges,” Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 271–278.
41 Klein, M. (Kindle edition, 2008). America's War on Sex: The Attack on Law, Lust, and Liberty. Amazon.com: Praeger Paperback.
42 Comprehensive Sex Education: Research and Results (2009, September). Retrieved May 31, 2014, from Advocates for Youth: www.advocatesforyouth.org/storage/advfy/documents/fscse.pdf; and Darroch, J.E., Singh, S., and Frost, J.J. (2001, December). “Differences in Teenage Pregnancy Rates among Five Developed Countries: The Roles of Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use.” Retrieved May 31, 2014, from Guttmacher Institute: www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3324401.html.
43 “2009 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance, STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults” (2010). Retrieved November 17, 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/std/stats09/adol.htm.
44 Notes: Compare the average US birth rate of 29.4 per 1,000 fifteen- to nineteen-year-old women to the rate in Rwanda (34), India (33), Turkey (31), Kazakhstan (30) and Vietnam (29). According to the CDC, these states have the highest teen birth rates:
• New Mexico (47.5)—most comparable to Peru (51), Yemen (47), Puerto Rico (47), Barbados (48) and Indonesia (48)
• Oklahoma (47.3)
• Mississippi (46.1)
• Arkansas (45.7)
• Texas (44.4)
States with the lowest teen birth rates per 1,000 teens aged fifteen-nineteen:
• New Hampshire (13.8)—most comparable to Australia (12), Hungary (12), Poland (12), Portugal (13) and Canada (14)
• Massachusetts (14.1)
• Connecticut (15.1)
• Vermont (16.3)
• New Jersey (16.7)
If we go by ethnicity, there were 27.4 teen births per 1,000 white women, 44 for black women, 46.3 for Hispanic women, 34.9 for American Indian or Alaska Natives, and 9.7 for Asian or Pacific Islanders. The percent changes for each ethnicity since 2000 are: white—37 percent reduction (from 43.2); black—43 percent reduction (from 77.4); Hispanic—47 percent reduction (from 87.3); American Indian or Alaska Native—40 percent reduction (from 58.3); and Asian or Pacific Islander—53 percent reduction (from 20.5).
See: Martin, J.A., Hamilton, B.E., Osterman, M.J., Curtin, S.C., and Mathews, T.J. (2013, December 30). Births: Final Data for 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from National Vital Statistics Reports, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_09.pdf#table02; and world statistics: “Adolescent Fertility Rate (Births per 1,000 Women Ages 15–19)” (n.d.). Retrieved May 19, 2014, from United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects. The World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.ADO.TFRT?order=wbapi_data_value_2012+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc.
45 Notes: Abortion rates have been decreasing every year since 1990. Abortion rates for US teens in 2008 were: 22 percent of white pregnancies, 65 percent of black pregnancies and 19 percent of Hispanic pregnancies.
See: Ventura, S.J., Curtin, S.C., Abma, J.C., and Henshaw, S.K. (2012, June 20). Estimated Pregnancy Rates and Rates of Pregnancy Outcomes for the United States, 1990–2008. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from National Vital Statistics System, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_07.pdf.
46 Ventura, S.J., Curtin, S.C., and Mathews, T.J. (1998). Teenage Births in the United States: National and State Trends, 1990–96. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from National Vital Statistics System, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/teenbrth.pdf.
47 Vital Signs: Teen Pregnancy—United States, 1991–2009 (2011, April 8). Retrieved November 17, 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6013a5.htm?s_cid=mm6013a5_w.
48 Martinez, G., Copen, C.E., and Abma, J.C. (2011, October). Teenagers in the United States: Sexual Activity, Contraceptives, and Child Bearing, 2006–2010 National Study of Family Growth. Retrieved October 8, 2014, from National Center for Health Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_031.pdf. p. 10.
49 HHS Funding for Abstinence Education, Education for Teen Pregnancy and HIV/STD Prevention, and Other Programs that Address Adolescent Sexual Activity (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2011, from National Abstinence Education Association: http://gallery.mailchimp.com/e71e76ba0a0760415775e4352/files/funding_comparison_Sheet2.pdf?utm_source=General+Email+list+for+Weekly+Updates&utm_campaign=04e533396b-Day_on_the_hill&utm_medium=email.
50 Negash, S. (2015). “Trading Later Rewards for Current Pleasure: Pornography Consumption and Delay Discounting” Journal of Sex Research. 0(0), 1–12.
10 Environmental Changes
1 Cabler S., Agarwal, A., Flint, M., and Du Plessis, S.S. (2010). “Obesity: Modern Man's Fertility Nemesis.” Asian Journal of Andrology. 12, 480–489.
2 Wang, S.S. (2013, July 15). “The Decline in Male Fertility.” Retrieved May 28, 2014, from the Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323394504578607641775723354; also see www.rainestudy.org.au.
3 “Low Sperm Count Causes” (2012, September 22). Retrieved May 30, 2014, from Mayo Clinic: www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sperm-count/basics/causes/con-20033441.
4 “What Are Endocrine Disruptors?” (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2014, from Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/endo/pubs/edspoverview/whatare.htm.
5 “Endocrine Disruptors” (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2014, from National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health: www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/.
6 Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D., and Myers, J.P. (1997), Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story. New York City: Plume. p. xv.
7 Wakefield, J. (2002). “Boys Won't Be Boys,” New Scientist, 2349. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423495.300;jsessionid=JGIKANPNOJPP.
8 Interlandi, J. (2013, December). “The Toxins that Affected Your Great-Grandparents Could Be in Your Genes.” Retrieved May 29, 2014, from Smithsonian: www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-toxins-that-affected-your-great-grandparents-could-be-in-your-genes-180947644/?device=iphone?no-ist&no-ist. Also see: http://skinner.wsu.edu.
9 “Testicular Cancer Incidence Statistics” (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2014, from Cancer Research UK: www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/testis/incidence/uk-testicular-cancer-incidence-statistics; and “Testicular Cancer Screening” (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2014, from National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/testicular/HealthProfessional/page2; and Walschaerts, M. et al. (2008). “Doubling of Testicular Cancer
Incidence Rate over the Last 20 Years in Southern France,” Cancer Causes Control, 19(2). Retrieved May 28, 2014, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18236173.
10 Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D., and Myers, J.P. (1997). Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story. New York City: Plume. p. 9.
11 Wakefield, J. (2002). “Boys Won't Be Boys” New Scientist, 2349. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423495.300;jsessionid=JGIKANPNOJPP.
12 Crawford, T. (2014, May 28). “SFU Study Finds Lower IQ in Kids Linked to Mom's Exposure to Flame Retardants in Pregnancy.” Retrieved May 29, 2014, from the Vancouver Sun: www.vancouversun.com/health/study+finds+flame+retardant+exposure+utero+lower+chil-dren+boost+hyperactivity/9884560/story.html.
13 Betts, K.S. (2002). “Rapidly Rising PBDE Levels in North America,” Environmental Science and Technology, Science News, 36(3), 50A—52A.
14 Crawford, T. (2014, May 28). “SFU Study Finds Lower IQ in Kids Linked to Mom's Exposure to Flame Retardants in Pregnancy.” Retrieved May 29, 2014, from the Vancouver Sun: www.vancouversun.com/health/study+finds+flame+retardant+exposure+utero+lower+chil-dren+boost+hyperactivity/9884560/story.html.
15 Wakefield, J. (2002), “Boys Won't Be Boys,” New Scientist, 2349. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423495.300;jsessionid=JGIKANPNOJPP.
11 Technology Enchantment and Arousal Addiction
1 Dretzin, R. (Director) (2010). Digital Nation: Life on the Virtual Frontier [documentary]. United States: PBS Films [Frontline].
2 J.R.R. Tolkien, On Fairy Stories (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2014, from California Lutheran University: http://public.callutheran.edu/~brint/Arts/Tolkien.pdf, 8.
3 Laier, C., Schulte, F.P., Brand, M., and Hahn, E.L. (2013). “Pornographic Picture Processing Interferes with Working Memory Performance,” The Journal of Sex Research, 50(7). Retrieved June 27, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.716873.
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