13 “Millennials in Adulthood” (2014, March 7). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Pew Research Center: www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/03/07/millennials-in-adulthood/.
14 Putnam, R.D. (2001). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, NY: Touchstone Books. p. 138.
15 Gottman, J.M. and Silver, N. (2000). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work: A Practical Guide from the Country's Foremost Relationship Expert. New York, NY: Harmony, pp. 5–6.
16 “Divorce Rates.” (1999, October 8). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from University of Maryland: www.vanneman.umd.edu/socy441/trends/divorce.html.
17 Gottman, J.M. and Silver, N. (2000). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work: A Practical Guide from the Country's Foremost Relationship Expert. New York, NY: Harmony, p. 4.
18 Chapman, J. (2011, April 18). “The Collapse of Family Life: Half of Children See Parents Split by 16 as Births outside Marriage Hit Highest Level for Two Centuries.” Retrieved May 7, 2014, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1377940/Half-parents-split-16-hirths-outside-marriage-hit-highest-level-200-years.html#ixzz1wOdPJZTo.
19 FlorCruz, M. (2013, February 27). “China's Divorce Rate Rises for Seventh Consecutive Year.” Retrieved May 9, 2014, from International Business Times: www.ibtimes.com/chinas-divorce-rate-rises-seventh-consecutive-year-1105053.
20 “Poland: The Soaring Divorce Rate.” (2010, January 14). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from European Journal, DW: www.dw.de/european-journal-the-magazine-from-brussels-2010-01-14/e-5094566-9798.
21 Rosen, R. (2001). The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p. 43.
22 Note: Even after taking into account ethnicity, income and education, just 23 percent of unmarried mothers and 31 percent of working mothers say they “are very happy with their life these days,” versus 43 percent of married mothers and 45 percent of nonworking mothers who felt that way. See: Parker, K. and Wang, W. (2013, March 14). “Modern Parenthood.” Retrieved June 7, 2014, from Pew Research Center: www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/03/14/modern-parenthood-roles-of-moms-and-dads-converge-as-they-balance-work-and-family/.
23 Saad, G. (2013, November 14). “Do Men or Women File for Divorce More Often?” Retrieved December 4, 2014, from Psychology Today: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/homo-consumericus/201311/do-men-or-women-file-divorce-more-often.
24 Note: 43 percent of couples say the woman makes decisions in more relationships areas than the man, while 26 percent say the man does. See: “Women Call the Shots at Home; Public Mixed on Gender Roles in Jobs.” (2008, September 25). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from Pew Research Center: www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/09/25/women-call-the-shots-at-home-public-mixed-on-gender-roles-in-jobs/.
25 Note: In a long-term study in Wisconson, fathers won custody just 10 to 15 percent of the time on average. The greater a man's income, the greater the likelihood he would have shared or sole custody. See: Brown, P. & Cook, S.T. (2012, November). “Children's Placement Arrangements in Divorce and Paternity Cases in Wisconsin.” Retrieved August 27, 2015, from Institute for Research on Poverty. University of Wisconsin-Madison: www.irp.wisc.edu/research/childsup/cspolicy/pdfs/2009-11/Task4A_CS_09-11_Final_revi2012.pdf; also see “Why Do Women Win Most Custody Battles?” (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2014, from www.Attorneys.com: www.attorneys.com/child-custody/why-do-women-win-most-custody-battles/.
26 Turner, M.D. & Rogers, R.L. Brief of Elizabeth G. Patterson and South Carolina Appleseed Legal Justice Center as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner. (n.d) Retrieved August 27, 2015, from American Bar Association: www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/preview/publiced_preview_briefs_pdfs_2010_2011_10_10_Petition.
27 Farrell, W. (2001). The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex. New York: Berkeley Books. p. 21; also see Kposowa, A. (2003). “Divorce and Suicide Risk.” Journal of Epidemiol Community Health. 57, 993–995.
28 Vaillant, G.E. (2012). Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. p. 4.
29 Ibid. p. 143.
30 Ibid. p. 113.
31 Ibid. pp. 118–19.
32 Glenn, N. and Whitehead, B.D. (2009). “MAMA SAYS: A National Survey of Mothers' Attitudes on Fathering.” Retrieved June 26, 2014, from National Fatherhood Institute: www.fatherhood.org/mama-says-survey. p. 9.
33 Zak, P. (2011). Paul Zak: “Trust, Morality—and Oxytocin?” Retrieved November 22, 2011, from TED Conferences: www.ted.com/talks/paul_zak_trust_morality_and_oxytocin.html; and Zak, P.J. and Knack, S. (2001). “Trust and growth.” The Economic Journal, 111, 295–321.
34 Larsen, C.A. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden, and Denmark. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 12.
35 Fukuyama, F. (1996). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. Free Press. p. 4.
36 Murray, C. (2013). Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010. New York, NY: Crown Forum. p. 169.
37 Note: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth reported married men spent the most time—82 percent of weeks—between eighteen and twenty-six years old in the labor force while single men spent only 70 percent of weeks and cohabiting men spent 75 percent of weeks working. For women, there were no significant differences found in the number of weeks worked and partner status, but when a child was present, women worked only 65 percent of weeks compared with 76 percent of weeks for women with no child in the home. By twenty-seven years old, 41 percent of single women have a child living in their household, compared with 5 percent of single men. Overall, single black women were the most likely group to have a child in their home while single Hispanic men were the least likely; single white men were nearly tied for least likely. For cohabiting couples, Hispanics and blacks were more than twice as likely as whites to have a child in the home. For married couples, black couples were the most likely to have a child while whites were the least likely. Only 15 percent of blacks were married while 39 percent of whites were. For those aged thirty-five and over, 25 percent of black women, 26 percent of black men, 8 percent of white women and 12 percent of white men were never married. More educated people were less likely to be cohabiting and more likely to be married. Regardless of ethnicity and partner status, having a bachelor's degree or higher also led to a significant drop in the likelihood of having a child in the home at twenty-seven years old. By that age, just over one in four blacks and Hispanics who enrolled in university had received a bachelor's degree, compared to nearly half of whites. See: “America's Young Adults at 27: Labor Market Activity, Education, and Household Composition: Results from a Longitudinal Survey Summary” (2014, March 26). Retrieved May 7, 2014, from Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (USDL-14-0491): www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm.
Note: See table 7 for ethnicity and the likelihood of having a child; and for never-married rates by ethnicity: Elliott, D.B., Krivickas, K., Brault, M.W., and Kreider, R.M. (2012, May). “Historical Marriage Trends from 1890–2010: A Focus on Race Differences.” Retrieved May 9, 2014, from US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/marriage/data/acs/ElliottetalPAA2012presentation.pdf; and for increase in never-married rates: Lofquist, D., Lugaila, T., O'Connell, M., and Feliz, S. (2012, April), “Households and Families: 2010” (C2010BR-14). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from US Census Bureau: https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-14.pdf. p. 3.
38 Wilcox, W.B. (2011, August 30). “A Shaky Foundation for Families.” Retrieved May 8, 2014, from the New York Times: www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/08/30/shotgun-weddings-vs-cohabitating-parents/cohabitation-is-a-shaky-foundation.
39 Szalavitz, M. and Perry, B.D. (2010). Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential—and Endangered. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. 163, 167.
40 Sandnes, H.E. (2014, February 9). “Dad Is Important for His Children's Development.” Retrieved November 30, 2014, from Ki
lden Information Centre for Gender Research in Norway: http://eng.kilden.forskningsradet.no/c52778/nyhet/vis.html?tid=88722.
41 Vaillant, G.E. (2012). Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. p. 357.
42 Ibid. p. 115.
43 Paglia, C. (1992). Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays. New York, NY: Vintage. p. 82.
44 Bolick, K. (2011, November). “All the Single Ladies,” Atlantic magazine, 120.
45 Stern, P. (Director) (2006). Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States: PBS Films.
46 Borden, C. and Obsatz, K. (Directors) (2007). Journeyman [documentary]. United States: MirrorMan Films.
47 Perera, J. (2013, October 5). “What I Like and Don't Like about Being a Boy: Thoughts from a Group of Grade 4 Boys.” Retrieved May 15, 2014, from Higher Unlearning: http://higherunlearning.com/2013/10/05/what-i-like-and-dont-like-about-being-a-boy-thoughts-from-a-group-of-grade-4-boys/.
48 Co, P., Maggiore, N., and Unay, J. (Cinematographers) (2014). Free to Play [documentary]. United States: Valve.
49 Molina, B. (2015, August 8). “Evil Geniuses Win the International ‘Dota 2’ Title.” Retrieved August 27, 2015, from USA Today: www.usatoday.com/story/tech/gaming/2015/08/08/dota-2-evil-geniuses/31363309/; and “Dota 2 Division.” (n.d) Retrieved August 27, 2015, from Evil Geniuses: http://evilgeniuses.gg/The-team/Dota-2/.
50 Hjern, A., Weitoft, G.R., and Lindblad, F. (2010, June). “Social Adversity Predicts ADHD-Medication in School Children—A National Cohort Study.” Retrieved November 22, 2011, from Acta Paediatrica: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01638.x/pdf.
51 Dawson, D.A. (1991, June). “Family Structure and Children's Health: United States, 1988” (Table 13). Retrieved November 22, 2011, from US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_178.pdf.
52 Borden, C. and Obsatz, K. (Directors) (2007). Journeyman [documentary]. United States: MirrorMan Films.
53 Ibid.
54 Guidubaldi, J. (1987). “Growing Up in a Divorced Family: Initial and Long-Term Perspectives on Children's Adjustment,” Applied Social Psychology, 7, 230.
55 Christoffersen, M.N. (1995), “An Investigation of Fathers with 3- to 5-Year-Old Children” (Chart 3). Social Research Institute Ministerratskonferenz, Stockholm, Sweden.
56 Guidubaldi, J. (1987). “Growing Up in a Divorced Family: Initial and Long-Term Perspectives on Children's Adjustment,” Applied Social Psychology, 7, 212.
57 Borden, C. and Obsatz, K. (Directors) (2007). Journeyman [documentary]. United States: MirrorMan Films.
58 Farrell, W., personal communication, January 5, 2012.
59 Robinson J. and Martin, S. (2008). “What Do Happy People Do?” Social Indicators Research. 89(3), 565–571
60 Tolstoy, L., Pevear, R., and Volokhonsky, L. (2002). Anna Karenina. New York, NY: Penguin Group (USA), Inc. p. 1.
61 Stern, P. (Director) (2006). Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States: PBS Films.
62 Farrell, W., personal communication, January 10, 2012. Also see “The Politics of Sex” chapter in his book, The Myth of Male Power.
63 Note: The main federal assistance program for American families in need, or “welfare,” in the US today is the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). President Clinton initiated it in 1997 after the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) was passed in 1996, succeeding Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), which had been in effect since 1935. TANF transitioned the cost-sharing model, where the federal government's stipend for state welfare programs went up as the need for assistance grew, to block grants where states were given a set amount and had greater control over their programs and how assistance is distributed. In 2015 an average of 4.2 million people received TANF or State Supplemental Program (SSP) benefits each month during the fiscal year. See: “TANF Caseload Data 2015.” (2015, August 14). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from Office of Family Assistance, US Department of Health and Human Services: www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/resource/tanf-caseload-data-2015.
64 Note: Regardless of ethnicity, women were about twice as likely as men (23 percent versus 12 percent), and minorities were twice as likely as whites, to have received food stamps:
• 39 percent of black women
• 31 percent of Hispanic women
• 21 percent of black men
• 19 percent of white women
• 14 percent of Hispanic men
• 11 percent of white men
See: Morin, R. (2013, July 12). “The Politics and Demographics of Food Stamp Recipients.” Retrieved May 17, 2014, from Pew Research Center: www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/12/the-politics-and-demographics-of-food-stamp-recipients/.
65 Note: Despite the significant rising costs of living, basic assistance is now only a relatively small share and TANF and maintenance of effort (MOE) spending has decreased from 70 percent at the beginning of the program to 29 percent in 2011—with nine states spending less than 15 percent. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) says some states shifted resources “from cash assistance to activities designed to promote or support work, but those investments leveled off nearly a decade ago . . . States are using a significant and growing share of TANF and MOE funds to support other state services, including child welfare; states also have diverted substantial funds formerly used to assist poor families to other purposes,” such as “filling state budget holes.” See: Schott, L., Pavetti, L., and Finch, I. (2012, August 7). “How States Have Spent Federal and State Funds under the TANF Block Grant.” Retrieved May 19, 2014, from Center on Budget and Policy Priorities: www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3808.
66 Moffitt, R.A., Reville, R.T., Winkler, A.E., and Burstain, J.M. (2008, August revised 2009, February). “Cohabitation and Marriage Rules in State TANF Programs.” Retrieved May 19, 2014, from Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Health and Human Services: www.aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/09/CohabitationMarriageRules/index.shtml.
67 Ibid.
68 Martin, D. (2014, January 16). “A Quarter of British Children Are Being Raised by a Single Parent, New Figures Reveal.” Retrieved October 10, 2014, from Mail Online: www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2540974/Britain-fourth-highest-number-single-parents-EU.html.
69 Fractured Families: Why Stability Matters (2013, June). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from the Centre for Social Justice: www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Fractured_Families_Report_WEB_13.06.13.pdf. p. 14.
70 Ibid. pp. 13, 22.
71 Blackwell, D.L. (2007). “Family Structure and Children's Health in the United States: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 2001–2007.” National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(246). p. 7.
72 Note: 40 percent of parents in state prison said they received public assistance growing up. See: Glaze, L., and Maruschak, L. (2010, March 30). Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Retrieved August 25, 2015, from Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice: http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf. p. 7.
73 Huang, W. (2015, January 21). “Parents' Reliance on Welfare Leads to More Welfare Use by Their Children, Study Finds.” Retrieved October 16, 2015, from University of Chicago: http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2015/01/21/parents-reliance-welfare-leads-more-welfare-use-their-children-study-finds.
74 Gottlieb, L. (2011, July/August). “How to Land Your Kids in Therapy.” Retrieved November 11, 2011, from Atlantic magazine: www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/07/how-to-land-your-kid-in-therapy/8555.
75 National Visitor Use Monitoring Results USDA Forest Service National Summary Report (2013, May 20). Retrieved May 15, 2014, from National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM), US Forest Service: http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programmes/nvum/2012%20National_Summary_Report_061413.pdf. p.
8.
76 Mooney, C. (2015, May 26). “Just Looking at Nature Can Help Your Brain Work Better, Study Finds.” Retrieved August 27, 2015, from the Washington Post: www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/05/26/viewing-nature-can-help-your-brain-work-better-study-finds/.
77 Regnerus, M. (2012). “How Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study,” Social Science Research, 41 (2012). Retrieved June 18, 2014, from www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12000610.
78 Mcpherson, G. (2013, March 6). “Children as Happy with Gay Parents — Research.” Retrieved June 18, 2014, from Cambridge News: http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Health/Family/Children-as-happy-with-gay-parents-research-06032013.htm; and van Gelderen, L., et al. (2012). “Quality of Life of Adolescents Raised from Birth by Lesbian Mothers: The US National Longitudinal Family Study,” Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(1), 5.
79 Chadwick, V. (2013, June 5). “Tick for Same-Sex Families.” Retrieved June 18, 2014, from the Age Victoria: www.theage.com.au/victoria/tick-for-samesex-families-20130605-2npxf.html.
80 Mcpherson, G. (2013, March 6). “Children as Happy with Gay Parents — Research.” Retrieved June 18, 2014, from Cambridge News: http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Health/Family/Children-as-happy-with-gay-parents-research-06032013.htm; and van Gelderen, L., et al. (2012). “Quality of Life of Adolescents Raised from Birth by Lesbian Mothers: The US National Longitudinal Family Study,” Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(1), 5.
81 “Lesbian & Gay Parenting” (2005). Retrieved June 18, 2014, from American Psychological Association: www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf.
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