A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror

by Larry Schweikart

  20. Charles Calomiris, “Alexander Hamilton,” in Larry Schweikart, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance to 1913 (New York: Facts on File, 1990), 239–48.

  21. Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 212; W. G. Anderson, The Price of Liberty: The Public Debt of the Revolution (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983).

  22. Schweikart, The Entrepreneurial Adventure, 60–64.

  23. Kenyon, “Alexander Hamilton,” reprinted in Sidney Fine and Gerald S. Brown, The American Past: Conflicting Interpretations of the Great Issues (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 251–65 (quotation on 257).

  24. John Steele Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing: The Extraordinary Life and Times of Our National Debt (New York: Penguin, 1998).

  25. Herbert Sloan, “The Earth Belongs in Usufruct to the Living,” in Peter S. Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), 281–315.

  26. Naomi Lamoreaux, Insider Lending: Banks, Personal Connections, and Economic Development in Industrial New England (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Larry Schwiekart, Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987); Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West from the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).

  27. See Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970).

  28. Curtis P. Nettles, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962).

  29. Johnson, History of the American People, 212.

  30. Alexander Hamilton, “Report on Manufactures,” in George Billias, ed.,The Federalists: Realists or Ideologues? (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1970), 25.

  31. Ellis, Founding Brothers, 74.

  32. Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (New York: Oxford, 1986).

  33. John Dos Passos, The Men Who Made the Nation (New York: Doubleday, 1957), 186.

  34. Leland D. Baldwin, Whiskey Rebels: The Story of a Frontier Uprising (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1939).

  35. Annals of Congress, May 1796, 92. Also see 1308–22.

  36. Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America (New York: Free Press, 1975).

  37. William Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984).

  38. Lewis Condict, “Journal of a Trip to Kentucky in 1795,” New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings, new series, 4, 1919, 114.

  39. Richard C. Knopf, ed., Anthony Wayne, A Name in Arms: Soldier, Diplomat, Defender of Expansion Westward of a Nation (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1959).

  40. Reginald Horsman, The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783–1815 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970).

  41. Alexander De Conde, Entangling Alliance: Politics and Diplomacy Under George Washington (Durham: Duke University Press, 1958).

  42. Page Smith, John Adams, vol. II, 1784–1826 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962), 831.

  43. Louis M. Sears, George Washington and the French Revolution (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1960).

  44. Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801 (New York: Scribner, 1966).

  45. Melvin I. Urofsky, March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States, 2 vols. (New York: Knopf, 1988), I:125.

  46. Smith, John Adams, 833.

  47. Ibid., 909.

  48. Ibid., 909.

  49. Ibid., 833.

  50. Ibid., 841.

  51. Greville Bathe, Citizen Genet, Diplomat and Inventor (Philadelphia: Press of Allen, Lane and Scott, 1946); Gilbert Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940).

  52. Jerald A. Combs, The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground for the Founding Fathers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).

  53. Jordan, et al., United States, 7, 162.

  54. Miller, Federalist Era, 168.

  55. Ibid., 168.

  56. John F. Hoadley, Origins of American Political Parties, 1789–1803 (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1986).

  57. John Lauritz Larson, “Jefferson’s Union and the Problem of Internal Improvements,” in Onuf, Jeffersonian Legacies, 340–69, quotation on 342.

  58. Smith, John Adams, 842.

  59. Paul Goodman, “The First American Party System,” in William N. Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., The American Party System: Stages of Political Development (Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1967), 56–89.

  60. Miller, Federalist Era, 198 note.

  61. Smith, John Adams, 846.

  62. Ellis, Founding Brothers, 135.

  63. Ibid.

  64. Victor Hugo Paltsits, Washington’s Farewell Address (New York: New York Public Library, 1935); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (New York: Norton, 1981).

  65. Morton Borden, Parties and Politics in the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (Arlington Heights, IL: AHM Publishing Corporation, 1967), 8.

  66. Ibid., 9.

  67. Ellis, Founding Brothers, 190.

  68. Ibid.

  69. William C. Stinchcombe, The XYZ Affair (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980).

  70. Theodore Roscoe and Fred Freeman, Picture History of the U. S. Navy (New York: Bonanza Books, 1956), 125 (fig. 257); Russell Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1973), 42–45.

  71. Tindall and Shi, America: A Narrative History, 5th ed., 2 vols. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 1:362.

  72. Bailyn, et al., The Great Republic, 48.

  73. Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795–1800 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957); Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993).

  74. Johnson, History of the American People, 234; James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800–1828 (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1966).

  75. Smith, John Adams, 846.

  76. Manning Dauer, The Adams Federalists (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968).

  77. Urofsky, March of Liberty, 177.

  78. William A. Gouge, A Short History of Paper Money and Banking in the United States (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968 [1833]); John Taylor, An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the United States (Fredericksburg: Green & Cady, 1814).

  79. Shane White, Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York, 1770–1810 (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 26.

  80. James E. Davis, Frontier America, 1800–1840: A Comparative Demographic Analysis of the Settlement Process (Glendale, California: A. H. Clark, 1977).

  81. Constance McLaughlin Green, Eli Whitney and the Birth of American Technology (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956).

  82. Alfred Conrad and John Meyer, “The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South,” Journal of Political Economy, April 1958, 95–130.

  83. Grady McWhiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988); Terry G. Jordan and Matti Kaups, The American Backwoods Frontier: An Ethnic and Ecological Interpretation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).

  84. George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952), 120.

  85. In addition to the sources listed in note 16, see Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: Norton, 1974); Peter S. Onum and Jan E. Lewis, eds., Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civil Culture (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999); Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Knopf,
1997); Dumas Malone and Steven Hochman, “A Note on Evidence: The Personal History of Madison Hemings,” Journal of Southern History, 61, November 1975, 523–28; Joseph J. Ellis, “Jefferson Post-DNA,” William & Mary Quarterly, 126, January 2000, 125–38; material from the Monticello commission, available online at http://www.mindspring.com/~tjshcommission.

  86. Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Land, 1789–1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968).

  87. Joseph H. Harrison Jr., “Sic et non: Thomas Jefferson and Internal Improvement,” Journal of the Early Republic, 7, 1987, 335–49.

  88. Larson, “Jefferson’s Union,” passim.

  89. Ibid., 361.

  90. Ibid.

  91. Calhoun quoted in the Annals of Congress, 14th Congress, 2nd session, February 4, 1817; John Lauritz Larson, “Bind the Republic Together: The National Union and the Struggle for a System of Internal Improvements,” Journal of American History, 74, 1987, 363–87.

  92. Albert Gallatin, “Reports on Roads and Canals,” document No. 250, 10th Congress, 1st session, reprinted in New American State Papers—Transportation, vol. 1 (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1972).

  93. Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1974 [1960]).

  94. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (White Plains: Kraus International Publications [U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census], 1989), 1114–15.

  95. Larson, “Jefferson’s Union,” 362.

  96. John R. Nelson Jr., Liberty and Property: Political Economy and Policymaking in the New Nation, 1789–1812 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 115–33; Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (New York: Cambridge, 1989).

  97. Burton W. Folsom Jr., The Myth of the Robber Barons (Herndon, VA: Young America’s Foundation, 1991), chap. 1.

  98. James Willard Hurst, Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century United States (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964).

  99. Morton Horowitz, The Transformation of American Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979).

  100. Eric Monkkonen, “Bank of Augusta v. Earle: Corporate Growth vs. States’ Rights,” Alabama Historical Quarterly, Summer 1972, 113–30.

  101. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 114.

  102. Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775–1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).

  103. “Louisiana Purchase,” in Howard R. Lamar, ed., The New Encyclopedia of the American West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 657–58; Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1976).

  104. James Eugene Smith, One Hundred Years of Hartford’s Courant (New York: Anchor Books, 1949), 82.

  105. Seth Ames, ed., Life and Works of Fisher Ames, 2 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1854), I:323–24.

  106. Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and the Opening of the American West (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).

  107. David Lavender, The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).

  108. William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West, 1803–1863 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), and his New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (New York: Viking, 1986).

  109. Marshall Smelser, The Democratic Republic, 1801–1815 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 111.

  110. Ellis, Founding Brothers, 42.

  111. Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice-President, 1756–1805 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), and his Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and the Years of Exile, 1805–1836 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).

  112. William Ray, Horrors of Slavery, or, The American Tars in Tripoli (Troy, New York: Oliver Lyon, 1808); Cyrus Brady, Stephen Decatur (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1900).

  113. Bailyn, The Great Republic, 276.

  114. Richard B. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, Bicentennial Edition (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 168.

  115. Churchill, Great Republic, 112.

  116. Harry L. Coles, The War of 1812 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 86.

  117. Ibid., 81.

  118. Ibid., 71–106.

  119. Ibid., 129.

  120. Reginald Horsman, The War of 1812 (New York: Knopf, 1969).

  121. Bailyn, The Great Republic, 279.

  122. Larson, “Jefferson’s Union,” passim.

  Chapter 6. The First Era of Big Central Government, 1815–36

  1. Stuart Flexner and Doris Flexner, The Pessimist’s Guide to History, updated ed. (New York: Quill, 2000), 110.

  2. Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, “Second Bank of the United States and Independent Treasury,” in Larry Schweikart, ed., Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance to 1913, 415–20.

  3. Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 288.

  4. William N. Gouge, A Short History of Paper-Money and Banking in the United States…, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: T. W. Ustik, 1833), II:109.

  5. Ralph C. H. Catterall, The Second Bank of the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1903); Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957); Richard H. Timberlake Jr., The Origins of Central Banking in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978); Larry Schweikart, “Jacksonian Ideology, Currency Control, and Central Banking: A Reappraisal,” Historian, 51, November 1988, 78–102; Peter Temin, The Jacksonian Economy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969); Murray N. Rothbard, The Panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962).

  6. Jordan and Litwack, The United States, 196.

  7. Larry Schweikart, The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000), 101–2, 112–15.

  8. D. E. Engdahl, “John Marshall’s ‘Jeffersonian Concept’ of Judicial Review,” Duke Law Journal, 42 (1992), 279–339; E. S. Crowin, John Marshall and the Constitution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1919); H. J. Pious and G. Baker, “McCulloch v. Maryland: Right Principle, Wrong Case,” Stanford Law Review, 9 (1957), 710–30; G. Edward White, The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815–1835 (New York: Oxford, 1991); Lawrence Friedman, A History of American Law (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973). Taylor quoted in Johnson, History of the American People, 239.

  9. “Rush-Bagot Agreement,” in Richard B. Morris, ed. The Encyclopedia of American History: Bicentennial Edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 186.

  10. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, II:144.

  11. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 128; Joseph J. Fucini and and Suzy Fucini, Entrepreneurs: The Men and Women Behind Famous Brand Names and How They Made It (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985), 13–16.

  12. Cincinnati Enquirer quoted in William Strauss and Neil Howe, Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069 (New York: Morrow), 212.

  13. William C. Davis, Three Roads to the Alamo: The Lives and Fortunes of David Crockett, James Bowie, and William Barret Travis (New York: Harper Perennial, 1999), 99.

  14. Johnson, History of the American People, 361.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, chap. 3, passim.

  17. Merrit Roe Smith, Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977); David Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984); David F. Noble, “Command Performance: A Perspective on the Social and Economic Consequences of Military Enterprise,” in Merrit Roe Smith, ed., Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience (Ca
mbridge: MIT Press, 1985); Donald Hoke, Ingenious Yankees: The Rise of the American System of Manufactures in the Private Sector (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989) and his “Product Design and Cost Considerations: Clock, Watch, and Typewriter Manufacturing in the 19th Century,” Business and Economic History, 2nd series, 18 (1989), 119–28.

  18. Barbara M. Tucker, “Forms of Ownership and Management,” in Henry C. Dethloff and