13. Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion, 5th ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1982), 476–78.
14. Leonard Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-Day Saints (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966 [1958]); B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1930).
15. Frances S. Trollope, The Domestic Manners of the Americans, Donald Smalley, ed. (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith Publisher Inc., 1974).
16. Johnson, History of the American People, 304.
17. Ronald G. Walters, Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism After 1830 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 9.
18. Walters, Antislavery Appeal, 62.
19. Walters, American Reformers, 50–55.
20. Johnson, History of the American People, 301.
21. Tyler, Freedom’s Ferment, 110.
22. Walters, American Reformers, 50–55; Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Blithedale Romance (repr., New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
23. Walters, Antislavery Appeal, 94.
24. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 20.
25. Robert J. Loewenberg, “Emerson’s Platonism and ‘the terrific Jewish Idea,’” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature, XV, 1982, 93–108; Loewenberg, An American Idol: Emerson and the “Jewish Idea” (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1984), and his “Emerson and the Genius of American Liberalism,” Center Journal, Summer 1983, 107–28.
26. Arthur Bestor, Backwoods Utopias: The Sectarian Origins and the Owenite Phase of Communitarian Socialism in America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970 [1950]), 103.
27. Ibid., passim; Tyler, Freedom’s Ferment, 166–224.
28. Tyler, Freedom’s Ferment, 485–486.
29. Ibid., 485.
30. Walters, American Reformers, 81.
31. Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England, 1815–1865 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1937); F. O. Mathiesson, American Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941).
32. Michael Allen, “Who Was David Crockett?” in Calvin Dickinson and Larry Whiteaker, eds., Tennessee: State of the Nation (New York: American Heritage, 1995), 47–53.
33. William C. Davis, Three Roads to the Alamo: The Lives and Fortunes of David Crockett, James Bowie, and William Barret Travis (New York: HarperPerennial, 1999), 86.
34. Even objective biographers, such as Davis, admit that he probably killed more than 50 bears in the season he referred to—an astounding accomplishment if for no other reason than the sheer danger posed by the animals.
35. Davis, Three Roads to the Alamo, 313–37.
36. Allen, “Who Was David Crockett?,” passim.
37. David Waldstreicher, “The Nationalization and Radicalization of American Politics, 1790–1840,” in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger, eds., Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 37–64, quotation on 55.
38. Tindall and Shi, America, 1:477.
39. Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
40. Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, “Martin Van Buren: The Greatest American President,” Independent Review, 4, Fall 1999, 255–81, quotation on 261–62.
41. Freeman Cleaves, Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Times (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1939), 284.
42. Michael F. Holt, Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 95; William J. Cooper Jr., Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860 (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2000).
43. Holt, Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 95.
44. Paul S. Boyer, et al., The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People (Lexington, KY: D. C. Heath, 1993), 279.
45. Norma Lois Peterson, The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison & John Tyler (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 32.
46. Ibid., 45.
47. Edwin S. Corwin, The President: Office and Powers, 1787–1957 (New York: New York University Press, 1957).
48. Dan Monroe, The Republican Vision of John Tyler (College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 2002).
49. Bernard Bailyn, et al., The Great Republic: A History of the American People (New York: D. C. Heath, 1985), 398.
50. Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (New York: Vintage, 1963), 46.
51. James D. Richardson, A Compiliation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 3 (New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897), 2225.
52. Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present (New York: Oxford, 1999), 309; James Pohl, The Battle of San Jacinto (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1989).
53. Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 6th ed. (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2001), 143.
54. Carol Berkin, et al. Making America, 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1999), 383.
55. Tindall and Shi, America, 1:607.
56. John Quincy Adams, The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794–1845, Allan Nevins, ed. (New York: Longmans, Green, 1928), 573–74, February 27 and 28, 1845.
57. Billington and Ridge, Westward Expansion, 232; Richard R. Stenberg, “The Failure of Polk’s Mexican War Intrigue of 1845,” Pacific Historical Review, 1, 1935, 39–68; Ramon Ruiz, The Mexican War: Was it Manifest Destiny? (Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1963), 68–69; Justin H. Smith, The War With Mexico, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1919); Samuel Flagg Bemis, A Diplomatic History of the United States (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1955).
58. Horace Greeley, New York Tribune, May 12, 1846.
59. Jim R. McClellan, Historical Moments (Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill, 2000), I:23.
60. James K. Polk, Polk: The Diary of a President, 1843–1849, Milo Milton Quaife, ed. (Chicago: A. C. Clung, 1910), 437–38.
61. Robert W. Leckie, Wars of America, 334.
62. Robert P. Ludlum, “The Antislavery ‘Gag-Rule’: History and Argument,” Journal of Negro History, 26, 1941, 203–43.
63. Ibid., 229.
64. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1976), 20.
65. Leckie, Wars of America, 341.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Henry W. Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science (New York: Appleton, 1862), 414.
69. Potter, Impending Crisis, 3.
70. Leckie, Wars of America, 358; Winfield Scott, Memoirs of Lieut. Gen. Scott, LLD, Written by Himself, 2 vols. (New York: Sheldon, 1864), II:425.
71. New York Sun, May 15, 1846.
72. Brooklyn Eagle, June 29, 1846.
73. Potter, Impending Crisis, 6.
74. Robert J. Loewenberg, Equality on the Oregon Frontier: Jason Lee and the Methodist Mission (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976).
Chapter 8. The House Dividing, 1848–60
1. Wire service report from Alexandria Gazette and Virginia Advertiser, October 18, 1859.
2. Chicago Press and Tribune, October 21, 1859, in Richard Warch and Jonathon Fanton, eds., John Brown (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Spectrum Books, 1973), 119–20.
3. New York Tribune, December 3, 1859.
4. C. Vann Woodward, The Burden of Southern History (New York: Mentor Books, 1968), 43–44.
5. Stephen B. Oates, To Purge This Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 331–33.
6. Garrison writing in The Liberator, December 16, 1859.
7. Wendell Phillips, speech of November 1, 1859, in Louis Filler, ed., Wendell Phillips on Civil Rights and Freedom (New York: Hill and Wang, 1963)
, 101–2.
8. Alexander B. Callow Jr., The Tweed Ring (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 52.
9. Ibid., 54.
10. Charles Loring Brace, The Dangerous Classes and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them (New York: Wynkoop and Hallenbeck, 1872).
11. Callow, Tweed Ring, 54.
12. Gustav Lening, The Dark Side of New York, Life and Its Criminal Classes: From Fifth Avenue Down to the Five Points; a Complete Narrative of the Mysteries of New York (New York: Frederick Gerhardt, 1873), 348; Edward Asbury, The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927), 177.
13. Rudyard Kipling, “Across a Continent,” quoted in Johnson, History of the American People, 511.
14. Carol Berkin, et al., Making America: A History of the United States, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 315, map 11.1.
15. Shirley Blumenthal and Jerome S. Ozer, Coming to America: Immigrants from the British Isles (New York: Dell, 1980), 89.
16. Thomas Sowell, Ethnic America: A History (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 22.
17. Carl Wittke, The Irish in America (New York: Russell and Russell, 1970), 23–24.
18. Callow, Tweed Ring, 65–66.
19. Blumenthal and Ozer, Coming to America, 90.
20. Stephan Thernstrom, Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 184–85.
21. Lawrence J. McCaffrey, The Irish Diaspora in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976), 93.
22. Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1963), 224.
23. Ibid.
24. M. A. Jones, American Immigration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 155; Wittke, Irish in America, 154.
25. Virginia Brainard Kunz, The Germans in America (Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1966); Theodore Heubner, The Germans in America (Radnor, PA: Chilton, 1962).
26. Katherine Neils Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976); “German Immigration,” in Stanley Feldstein and Lawrence Costello, eds. The Ordeal of Assimilation: A Documentary History of the White Working Class (New York: Anchor Books, 1974).
27. Avery Craven, The Coming of the Civil War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942), 113.
28. Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press), 87; Ted Worley, “Arkansas and the Money Crisis of 1836–1837,” Journal of Southern History, May 1949, 178–91 and “The Control of the Real Estate Bank of the State of Arkansas, 1836–1855,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December 1950, 403–26.
29. Sowell, Ethnic America, 76–77; Frances Butwin, The Jews in America (Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1969).
30. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 82.
31. Ervin L. Jordan Jr., Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 8.
32. Jeremy Atack, and Peter Passell, A New Economic View of American History, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 305; Michael Tadaman, Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders and Slaves in the Old South (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).
33. James L. Huston, “Property Rights in Slavery and the Coming of the Civil War,” Journal of Southern History, 65, May 1999, 248–86.
34. Ibid., 262.
35. Ibid., 279.
36. Robert C. Puth, American Economic History (Chicago: Dryden Press, 1982), 192.
37. Atack and Passell, A New Economic View of American History, 315. For the economics of slavery, see Alfred Conrad and John Meyer, “The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South,” Journal of Political Economy, 66, 1958, 95–130; Robert Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery, 4 vols. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989–1992); Eugene Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon, 1974); David Weiman, “Farmers and the Market in Antebellum America: A View from the Georgia Upcountry,” Journal of Economic History, 47, 1987, 627–48; Paul David, “Explaining the Relative Efficiency of Slave Agriculture in the Antebellum South: Comment,” American Economic Review, 69, 1979, 213–16; Robert W. Fogel and Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974).
38. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford, 1995), 63.
39. Ibid., 62.
40. Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War (New York: Basic Books, 1986), table 2.4 on 27.
41. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, American Negro Slavery (New York: D. Appleton Company, 1918), and his “The Economic Cost of Slave Holding in the Cotton Belt,” Political Science Quarterly, 20, 1905, 257–75; Charles Sydnor, Slavery in Mississippi (New York: Appleton-Century, 1933).
42. Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss, A Deplorable Scarcity: The Failure of Industrialization in the Slave Economy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981).
43. Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War (Chicago: Open Court, 1996), 42.
44. John H. Moore, “Simon Gray, Riverman: A Slave Who Was Almost Free,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 49, December 1962, 472–84.
45. Atack and Passell, A New Economic View, 337–39.
46. Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Vintage, 1979), 8.
47. Atack and Passell, A New Economic View, 341–45; Robert A. Margo and Richard H. Steckel, “The Heights of American Slaves: New Evidence on Slave Nutrition and Health,” Social Science History, 6, 1982, 516–38.
48. Herbert Guttman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976).
49. Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution (New York: Knopf, 1956); Gavin Wright, The Political Economy of the Cotton South (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978); Robert Evans Jr., “The Economics of American Negro Slavery,” in National Bureau for Economic Research, Aspects of Labor Economics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962); Yasukichi Yasuba, “The Profitability and Viability of Plantation Slavery in the United States,” in Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman, The Reinterpretation of American Economic History (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 362–68.
50. Fred Bateman, James Foust, and Thomas Weiss, “Profitability in Southern Manufacturing: Estimates for 1860,” Explorations in Economic History, 12, 1975, 211–31.
51. Mark Thornton, “Slavery, Profitability, and the Market Process,” Review of Austrian Economics, 7 (1994), 21–27, quotation on 23.
52. Thomas D. Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Andrew Fede, People Without Rights: An Interpretation of the Law of Slavery in the U.S. South (New York: Garland, 1992).
53. Schweikart, Entrepreneurial Adventure, 170–72.
54. James G. Ramsdell, “The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 16, 1929, 151–71.
55. Claudia Goldin, Urban Slavery in the Antebellum South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Richard C. Wade, Slavery in the Cities: The South, 1820–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964); Robert S. Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
56. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 23.
57. George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters (Cambridge, MA: Harvard/ Belknap, 1960).
58. Harrison Berry, Slavery and Abolitionism, as Viewed by a Georgia Slave (Atlanta: M. Lynch, 1861), 7, 24–25, 28, 32–35, 37–46.
59. George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South: Or the Failure of Free Society (Richmond: A Morris, 1854), 245.
60. Ibid., 30, 170, 179.
61. Robert J. Loewenberg, Freedom’s Despots: The Critique of Abolition (Durham:
Carolina Academic Press, 1986).
62. Larry Schweikart, “Brothers in Chains: Emerson and Fitzhugh on Economic and Political Liberty,” Reason Papers, 13, Spring 1988, 19–34.
63. Forrest G. Wood, The Arrogance of Faith: Christianity and Race in America from the Colonial Era to the Twentieth Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 125.
64. Ibid.
65. Craven, Coming of the Civil War, 120.
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