A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror

by Larry Schweikart

  66. Michael P. Johnson, “Denmark Vesey and His Co-Conspirators,” William and Mary Quarterly, 58, October 2001, 915–76, and responses, ibid., January 2002; Eugene D. Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the New World (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1979); George M. Frederickson and Christopher Lasch, “Resistance to Slavery,” in Allen Weinstein and Frank Otto Gatell, eds., American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).

  67. Nat Turner, The Confessions of Nat Turner, Leader of the Negro Insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia, Made to Thomas L. Gray (Baltimore: Thomas R. Gray, 1831), 3–8.

  68. Ibid.

  69. City Ordinance of Washington, D.C., October 19, 1831, published in the Alexandria Gazette, October 26, 1831.

  70. Ordinance published in the Maryland Gazette, October 20, 1831.

  71. David Grimsted, American Mobbing, 1828–1861 (New York: Oxford, 1998); Christopher Waldrep, Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South, 1817–1880 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1998).

  72. David Waldstreicher, “The Nationalization and Racialization of American Politics, 1790–1840,” in Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger, Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 37–64, quotation on 54.

  73. Daniel Dorchester, Christianity in the United States (New York: Hunt & Eaton, 1895), 454.

  74. Craven, Coming of the Civil War, 137.

  75. Ibid., 137–138.

  76. Michael F. Holt, Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 269.

  77. Ibid., 272.

  78. Ibid.

  79. Glyndon G. Van Deusen, William Henry Seward (New York: Oxford, 1967), 122–28.

  80. Elbert B. Smith, The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988).

  81. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 93.

  82. Samuel J. May, The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims, rev. ed. (New York: American AntiSlavery Society, 1861), 15; Stanley W. Campbell, The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970).

  83. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861. Completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Harper Torch Books, 1976), 132.

  84. Craven, Coming of the Civil War, 323; Potter, Impending Crisis, 132–33.

  85. Craven, Coming of the Civil War, 323.

  86. C. Vann Woodward, “The Antislavery Myth,” American Scholar, 31, 1962, 312–18; Charles L. Blockson, The Underground Railroad (New York: Berkeley, 1987).

  87. Frank Luther Mott, Golden Multitudes, The Story of Best Sellers in the United States (New York: MacMillan, 1947); Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford, 1962); Charles Edward Stowe, Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1889).

  88. Potter, Impending Crisis, 140.

  89. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 95.

  90. Herbert Mitgang, ed., Abraham Lincoln; a Press Portrait: His Life and Times from the Original Newspaper Documents of the Union, the Confederacy and Europe (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), 373.

  91. Holt, Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 572.

  92. Roy F. Nichols, The Democratic Machine, 1850–1854 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932).

  93. Johnson, History of the American People, 425–26.

  94. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 96; William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 251.

  95. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 96.

  96. See Stanley C. Urban, see the articles “The Ideology of Southern Imperialism: New Orleans and the Caribbean, 1845–1860,” Louisiana Historical Quarterly, 39, 1956, 48–73; “The Africanization of Cuba Scare, 1853–1855,” Hispanic American Historical Review, 37, 1957, 29–45.

  97. Basil Rauch, American Interest in Cuba, 1848–1855 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1848); Charles H. Brown, Agents of Manifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of the Filibuster (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Joseph Allen Stout Jr., The Liberators: Filibustering Expeditions into Mexico, 1848–1862 (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1973).

  98. Nelson H. Loomis, “Asa Whitney, Father of Pacific Railroads,” Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceedings, 6, 1912, 166–75, and Margaret L. Brown, “Asa Whitney and His Pacific Railroad Publicity Campaign,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 22, 1933–1934, 209–24.

  99. James C. Malin, “The Proslavery Background of the Kansas Struggle,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 10, 1923, 285–305 and his “The Motives of Stephen A. Douglas in the Organization of Nebraska Territory: A Letter Dated December 17, 1853,” Kansas Historical Quarterly, 19, 1951, 31–52; Frank H. Hodder, “The Railroad Background of the Kansas-Nebraska Act,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 12, 1925, 3–22; Robert S. Cotterill, “Early Agitation for a Pacific Railroad, 1845–1850,” Mississippi Valley Historical Revie, 5, 1919, 396–414; and Roy F. Nichols, “The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 43, 1956, 187–212, provides a good overview of historians’ assessments of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

  100. Malin, “Motive of Stephen A. Douglas,” passim.

  101. Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford, 1973).

  102. William E. Parrish, David Rice Atchison of Missouri: Border Politician (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1961), 161.

  103. Potter, Impending Crisis, 203.

  104. Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950), 1:164–65.

  105. Potter, Impending Crisis, 222.

  106. Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1947), 2:329–31.

  107. Potter, Impending Crisis, 252.

  108. Ibid., 262.

  109. John Bassett Moore, ed., The Works of James Buchanan: Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1908–1911), 10:88.

  110. William M. Wiecek, “‘Old Times There Are Not Forgotten’: The Distinctiveness of the Southern Constitutional Experience,” in Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely Jr., eds., An Uncertain Tradition: Constitutionalism and the History of the South (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 159–97, quotation on 170.

  111. James L. Huston, The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).

  112. Charles Calomiris and Larry Schweikart, “The Panic of 1857: Origins, Transmission, and Containment,” Journal of Economic History, 51, December 1991, 807–34.

  113. Johnson, History of the American People, 434.

  114. From Abraham Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech, June 16, 1858, in Roy P. Basler, ed., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953), 2:465–66.

  115. Nevins, Emergence of Lincoln, 174.

  116. Potter, Impending Crisis, 299.

  117. Stephen Douglas, speech at Milwaukee, October 14, 1860, in the Chicago Times and Herald, October 17, 1860.

  118. Nevins, Emergence of Lincoln, 239.

  119. New Orleans Picayune of April 29, 1860.

  120. Robert A. Johannsen, “Stephen A. Douglas, Popular Sovereignty, and the Territories,” Historian, 22, 1960, 378–95.

  121. Johnson, History of the American People, 436.

  122. Reinard H. Luthin, “Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff,” American Historical Review, 49, July 1944, 609–29, quotation on 610.

  123. Johnson, History of the American People, 438.

  124. David Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered (New York: Vintage, 1961), 37–56.

&nbs
p; 125. Stephen B. Oates, With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Mentor, 1977), 72.

  126. Ibid.

  127. Ibid., 71.

  128. Richard N. Current, The Lincoln Nobody Knows (New York: Hill and Wang, 1958), 59.

  129. Current, Lincoln Nobody Knows, 59.

  130. Ibid., 59–60.

  131. Ibid., 63.

  132. Quoted in Current, Lincoln Nobody Knows, 65.

  133. Ibid.

  134. Louis A. Warren, Lincoln’s Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1959), 68–69, 233.

  135. Henry B. Rankin, Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916), 323.

  136. Noah Brooks, Scribner’s Monthly, letter to the Reverend J. A. Reed, July 1893.

  137. William J. Johnson, Abraham Lincoln the Christian (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1913), 172. Johnson quotes a “Lincoln Memorial Album” kept by O. H. Oldroyd, 1883, 336. Also see G. Frederick Owen, Abraham Lincoln: The Man and His Faith (Wheaton, L: Tyndale House Publishers, 1981), 86–91. Elton Trueblood Abraham Lincoln: A Spiritual Biography, Theologian of American Anguish (New York: Walker and Company, 1986), 130.

  138. Current, Lincoln Nobody Knows, 73.

  139. Ronald C. White Jr., “Lincoln’s Sermon on the Mount,” in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (New York: Oxford, 1998), 208–28; Philip Shaw Paludan, A People’s Contest: The Union and Civil War, 1861–1865 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988); David Hein, “Lincoln’s Theology and Political Ethics,” in Kenneth Thompson, ed., Essays on Lincoln’s Faith and Politics (Lathan, MD: University Press of America), 105–56; Reinhold Niebuhr, “The Religion of Abraham Lincoln,” in Allan Nevins, ed., Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1964).

  140. Potter, Impending Crisis, 333.

  141. Abraham Lincoln, “Speech Delivered at Springfield, Illinois, at the Close of the Republican State Convention by which Mr. Lincoln had been Named as their Candidate for United States Senator, June 16, 1858,” in T. Harry Williams, ed., Selected Writings and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Hendricks House, 1943), 53.

  142. New York Times, June 23, 1857.

  143. Potter, Impending Crisis, 337.

  144. Roy F. Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy (New York: Free Press, 1948), 221.

  145. Harry V. Jaffa, Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).

  146. Potter, Impending Crisis, 342.

  147. Basler, Works of Lincoln, vol. 3, 312–15.

  148. Abraham Lincoln, “Mr. Lincoln’s Opening Speech in the Sixth Joint Debate, at Quincy, October 13, 1858,” in Williams, Selected Writings and Speeches, 74.

  149. Basler, Works of Lincoln, 3:16 and 2:520.

  150. Abraham Lincoln, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois, January 27, 1838,” in Williams, Selected Writings and Speeches, 8.

  151. Ibid.

  152. Philip Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1994).

  153. Potter, Impending Crisis, 389.

  154. John G. Van Deusen, The Ante-Bellum Southern Commercial Conventions (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1926), 56–69, 75–79; Herbert Wender, Southern Commercial Conventions, 1837–1859 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1930), 177–81, 211–35, and De Bow’s Review, vols. 22–27, 1857–1859.

  155. William L. Yancey’s speech in De Bow’s Review, 24, 1858, 473–91, 597–605.

  156. North American Review, November 1886, “A Slave Trader’s Notebook”; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union, 435–437.

  Chapter 9. The Crisis of the Union, 1860–65

  1. John Witherspoon Du Bose, The Life and Times of William Lowndes Yancey, 2 vols. (Birmingham, Alabama: Roberts and Son, 1892), 2: 457–60.

  2. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis: 1848–1861. Completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Harper Torch Books, 1976), 422.

  3. Reinard H. Luthin, “Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff,” American Historical Review, 49, July 1944, 609–29.

  4. Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1950), 2:316.

  5. Jeffrey Rogers Hummell, Emancipating Slaves: Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War (Chicago: Open Court, 1996), 131.

  6. Horace Greeley, The American Conflict, 2 vols. (Hartford: O. D. Case, 1864), 1:380.

  7. Nevins, Emergence of Lincoln, 328.

  8. Potter, Impending Crisis, 496.

  9. Nevins, Emergence of Lincoln, 2:321.

  10. Johnson, History of the American People, 458.

  11. William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 258.

  12. Richard Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central Authority in America, 1859–1877 (New York: Cambridge, 1990), 133.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Nevins, Emergence of Lincoln, 330.

  15. E. L. Harvin, “Arkansas and the Crisis of 1860–61,” manuscript at the University of Texas.

  16. Weicek, “‘Old Times There Are Not Forgotten,’” 173.

  17. Roger W. Shugg, Origins of Class Struggle in Louisiana: A Social History of White Farmers and Laborers During Slavery and After, 1840–1875 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1939), 167.

  18. Broadside, Jefferson Davis Papers, University Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.

  19. Ibid. See also Charles H. Wesley, “The Employment of Negroes as Soldiers in the Confederate Army,” Journal of Negro Histor, 4, July 1919, 239–53.

  20. William J. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 495.

  21. Marie Hochmuth Nichols, “Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address,” in J. Jeffery Auer, ed., Antislavery and Disunion, 1858–1861: Studies in the Rhetoric of Compromise and Conflict (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 392–414.

  22. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 325; Richard N. Current, Lincoln and the First Shot (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1963). For interpretations of the Civil War, see Thomas J. Pressly, Americans Interpret Their Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1962 [1954]); Kenneth M. Stampp, “Lincoln and the Strategy of Defense in the Crisis of 1861,” Journal of Southern History 11, 1945, 297–323; James G. Randall, Lincoln the President, 4 vols. (New York: Dodd Mead, 1945–1955); Eba Anderson Lawton, Major Robert Anderson and Fort Sumter (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1911).

  23. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1959), 87.

  24. Richard N. Current, Lincoln’s Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).

  25. Virgil A. Lewis, How West Virginia Was Made (Charleston, West Virginia: News-Mail Company, 1909).

  26. Nevins, War for the Union, 146–47; Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1989).

  27. Current, Lincoln’s Loyalists, 4.

  28. Mark Twain, “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed,” in Justin Kaplan, ed., Great Short Works of Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 145.

  29. Johnson, History of the American People, 458–59.

  30. Boyer, et al, The Enduring Vision, 408.

  31. Twain, “Private History,” 147–51.

  32. James G. Randall, The Civil War and Reconstruction (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1937), 265.

  33. Ibid.

  34. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion (henceforth called OR), 70 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880–1891), 3:i and 303.

  35. Nevins, War for the Union, 108–9.

  36. Harper’s Magazine, September 1855, 552–55.

  37. Richard G. Beringer, et al, eds., Why the South Lost the Civi
l War (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1986); Richard N. Current, Why the North Won the Civil War (New York: Colier, 1962); David Donald, ed., Why the North Won the Civil War (Westport, CT: PaperBook Press, 1993).

  38. Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson, Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage (University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1982).

  39. Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, “The Antebellum Southern Herdsman: A Reinterpretation,” Journal of Southern History, 41, 1975, 147–66.