40. McWhiney and Jamieson, Attack and Die, 6.
41. Bernard DeVoto, The Year of Decision, 1846 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1943), 203, 284.
42. McWhiney and Jamieson, Attack and Die, 7.
43. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles, 318.
44. T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Vintage Books, 1952), 7.
45. Ibid.
46. Nevins, War for the Union, 179.
47. Stanley Lebergott, “Why the South Lost: Commercial Purpose in the Confederacy, 1861–1865,” Journal of American History, 70, June 1983, 58–74, and his “Through the Blockade: The Profitability and Extent of Cotton Smuggling, 1861–1865,” Journal of Economic History, 41, December 1981, 867–88.
48. James MacPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), 272–76.
49. Shelby Foote, The Civil War (Public Broadcasting System) VHS, 9 vols. (Alexandria, VA: Florentine Films, 1989), vol. 1.
50. MacPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 228.
51. Ibid.
52. Randall, Civil War and Reconstruction, 275–76.
53. William H. Russell, My Diary, North and South (Boston: T.O.H.P. Burnham, 1863), 451.
54. Randall, Civil War and Reconstruction, 276.
55. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1946), 1:81–82.
56. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 vols. (New York: Century Company, 1884–1887), 1:252.
57. Captain J. R. Hawley to his wife, September 25, 1861, Hawley Papers, Library of Congress.
58. Nevins, War for the Union, 238; Allen C. Guelzo, The Crisis of the American Republic: A History of the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: St. Martin’s, 1995).
59. William L. Barney, Battleground for the Union: The Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction, 1848–1977 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990), 158.
60. Williams, Lincoln and His Generals, 25.
61. Johnson, History of the American People, 475.
62. Stephen W. Sears, “Lincoln and McClellan,” in Gabor S. Borrit, ed., Lincoln’s Generals (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 1–50, quotation on 13–14.
63. Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War (Chicago: Open Court, 1996), 163.
64. Gordon Warren, Fountain of Discontent: The Trent Affair and Freedom of the Seas (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981).
65. Randall, Civil War and Reconstruction, 577.
66. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1886), 1:311.
67. John H. Brinton, The Personal Memoirs of John H. Brinton, Major and Surgeon, U.S.V., 1861–1865 (New York: Neale, 1914), 239.
68. Gillon and Matson, American Experiment, 574; New York Times, February 17, 1862.
69. Gillon and Matson, American Experiment, 575.
70. Randall, Civil War and Reconstruction, 529.
71. Gillon and Matson, American Experiment, 593.
72. Williams, Lincoln and His Generals, 272.
73. Frederick Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1987).
74. Roberta Sue Alexander, “Salmon P. Chase,” in Larry Schweikart, ed., Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Banking and Finance to 1913 (New York: Facts on File, 1990), 88–105); David H. Donald, ed., Inside Lincoln’s Cabinet: The War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase (New York: Longmans, Green, 1954).
75. Joseph Rishel, “Jay Cooke,” in Schweikart, ed., Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography, 135–43; Henrietta M. Larson, Jay Cooke: Private Banker (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936); Ellis Paxon Oberholtzer, Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Jacobs, 1907).
76. Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, “Confederate Finance,” in Schweikart, ed., Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography, 132–35; Richard Cecil Todd, Confederate Finance (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1954); John Christopher Schwab, The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865: A Financial and Industrial History of the South During the Civil War (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1901); James F. Morgan, Graybacks and Gold: Confederate Monetary Policy (Pensacola, Florida: Perdido Bay Press, 1985).
77. Douglas B. Ball, Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
78. Although Judith Fenner Gentry labeled this a success, the Erlanger loan merely exposed the stark inadequacies of the Southern economy compared to the North’s. See Gentry, “A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan,” Journal of Southern History, 36, 1970, 157–88.
79. Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), chap. 7, passim.
80. Hummell, Emancipating Slaves, 236–37.
81. James T. Leach, “Proceedings of the Second Confederate Congress, Second Session in Part,” 27 January 1865, Southern Historical Society Papers, 52, 1959, 242.
82. John H. Hagan to his wife, July 23, 1863, in Bell Irvin Wiley, ed., “The Confederate Letters of John W. Hagan,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, 38, June 1954, 196.
83. Contrast this with David Donald’s view that the South “Died of Democracy.” See Donald, “Died of Democracy,” in Why the North Won the Civil War, 77–90.
84. Bensel, Yankee Leviathan, passim.
85. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles, 318.
86. John Cannan, The Antietam Campaign (New York: Wieser & Wieser, 1990); Jay Luvaas and Harold W. Nelson, eds., The U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Antietam (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); James Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets (New York: T. Yoseloff, 1965); Stephen Sears, Landscape Turned Red (New Haven: Tiknor & Fields, 1983).
87. Oates, With Malice Toward None, 334.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., 334–35.
90. Quoted in Oates, With Malice Toward None, 337.
91. Ibid., 339.
92. Ibid., 340.
93. Again, much of this material comes from Oates, With Malice Toward None, 346–47.
94. Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Vintage, 1980), 27.
95. Contra Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present (New York: HarperPerennial, 1995), 187–88.
96. Ira Berlin, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, Freedom’s Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 10.
97. Jay David and Elaine Crane, The Black Soldier: From the American Revolution to Vietnam (New York: William Morrow, 1971).
98. Williams, Lincoln and His Generals, 180.
99. Ibid., 242.
100. Duane Schultz, The Most Glorious Fourth (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 5.
101. Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels (New York: Ballantine, 1974); Mark Nesbitt, Saber and Scapegoat: J.E.B. Stuart and the Gettysburg Controversy (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994); Emory M. Thomas, “Eggs, Aldie, Shepherdstown, and J.E.B. Stuart,” in Gabor S. Boritt, ed., The Gettysburg Nobody Knows (New York: Oxford, 1997), 101–21; Edwin B. Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1968); Emory M. Thomas, Bold Dragoon: The Life of J.E.B. Stuart (New York: Harper and Row, 1986).
102. Glenn LaFantasie, “Joshua Chamberlain and the American Dream,” in Boritt, Lincoln’s Generals, 31–55.
103. LaFantasie, “Joshua Chamberlain and the American Dream,” 34.
104. Earl J. Hess, Pickett’s Charge: The Last Attack at Gettysburg (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), passim.
105. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 661.
106. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 3: The Organized War, 1863–1864 (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1971),
110–11.
107. Gabor S. Boritt, “Unfinished Work: Lincoln, Meade, and Gettysburg,” in Borit, Lincoln’s Generals, 81–120, quotation on 83.
108. Michael Fellman, “Lincoln and Sherman,” in Boritt, Lincoln’s Generals, 121–59.
109. Ibid., 127.
110. http://ngeorgia.com/people/shermanwt.html.
111. John Y. Simon, “Grant, Lincoln, and Unconditional Surrender,” in Boritt, ed., Lincoln’s Generals, 163–98, quotation on 195.
112. Randall, Civil War and Reconstruction, 541, 543; George Cary Eggleston, “Notes on Cold Harbor,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, 4:230–31.
113. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 274.
114. Berkin, Making America, 455.
115. Ibid., 456.
116. Randall, Civil War and Reconstruction, 550.
117. James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield, 2 vols. (Norwich, CT: Henry Bill Publishing, 1884–1886), 1:444.
118. Orville H. Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, ed., T. C. Pease and J. G. Randall, 2 vols. (Springfield, IL: Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, 1933), 1:600–601.
119. John Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun (New York: Pantheon, 1975); Paul Wahl and Donald R. Toppel, The Gatling Gun (New York: Arco, 1965).
120. Berkin, Making America, 458.
121. Ibid.
122. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2 vols. (New York: Da Capo, 1984), 2:249.
123. Philip Shaw Paludan, “Religion and the American Civil War,” in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (New York: Oxford, 1998), 21–42, quotation on 25.
124. Victor Davis Hanson, The Soul of Battle (New York: Free Press, 1999), 173.
125. Ibid., 231.
126. Fellman, “Lincoln and Sherman,” 142.
127. Ibid., 147.
128. Simon, “Grant, Lincoln, and Unconditional Surrender,” 168.
129. Ervin L. Jordan, Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in the Civil War Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 51.
130. Ibid., 62.
131. Confederate States of America Congress, Minority Report [on the recruitment of black troops] (Richmond: Confederate States of America, 1865). See also Charles Wesley, “The Employment of Negroes as Soldiers in the Confederate Army,” Journal of Negro History, July 1919, 239–53.
132. Jackson News, March 10, 1865, reprinted in John Bettersworth, Mississippi in the Confederacy, 2 vols. (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1961), 1:246.
133. Jordan, Black Confederates, 72.
134. Thomas J. Wertenbaker, Norfolk: Historic Southern Port, 2nd ed. (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1962), 220–21.
135. Berkin, Making America, 459.
136. http://www.ibiscom.com/appomatx.htm.
137. Jay Winik, April 1865: The Month That Saved the Union (New York: HarperCollins, 2001); Daniel Sutherland, “Guerrilla Warfare, Democracy, and the Fate of the Confederacy,” Journal of Southern History, 68, May 2002, 259–92, quotation on 292.
138. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 291.
139. Second Inaugural Speech of Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1865, in Williams, ed., Selected Writings and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln, 259–60.
140. Johnson, History of the American People, 495.
141. Washington Evening Star, April 15, 1865, and National Intelligencer, April 15, 1865.
142. http://members.aol.com/RVSNorton/Lincoln.html.
143. Louis Untermeyer, ed., A Treasury of Great Poems English and American (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955), 904–5.
144. Gary Gallagher and Alan T. Nolan, eds., The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000).
145. James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 476.
146. Schweikart, Banking in the American South, 267–313.
147. Alan T. Nolan, “The Anatomy of the Myth,” in Gallagher and Nolan, eds., Myth of the Lost Cause, 11–34, quotation on 20.
148. Frank Moore, Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events with Documents, Narratives, Illustrative Incidents, Poetry, Etc., 11 vols. (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1861–1888), 1:844–46.
149. Allen Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1950), 2:468.
150. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 514.
151. See, in addition to Hummel (who is the most articulate), Allen Buchanan, Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991); Harry Beran, “A Liberal Theory of Secession,” Political Studies, 32, December 1984, 21–31; Anthony H. Birch, “Another Liberal Theory of Secession,” Political Studies, 32, December 1984, 596–602; Robert W. McGee, “Secession Reconsidered,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, 11, Fall 1984, 11–33; Murray Rothbard, “War, Peace and the State, in Murray Rothbard, ed., Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature: and Other Essays (Washington: Libertarian Review Press, 1974); Bruce D. Porter, “Parkinson’s Law Revisited: War and the Growth of Government,” The Public Interest, 60, Summer 1980, 50–68, and his War and the Rise of the State: The Military Foundations of Modern Politics (New York: Free Press, 1994); Robert Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
152. Zinn, People’s History, 193.
Chapter 10. Ideals and Realities of Reconstruction, 1865–76
1. S. R. Mallory, Diary, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, cited in Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865 (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1971), 295.
2. Otto Eisenschiml, ed., Vermont General: The Unusual War Experiences of Edward Hasting Ripley, 1862–1865 (New York: Devin-Adair, 1960), 296–306.
3. New York Tribune, April 10, 1865.
4. Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time (New York: Century Company, 1895), 219.
5. Marquis de Chambrun, “Personal Recollections of Mr. Lincoln,” (New York: Charles Scribner’s, January 1893), 13, 36.
6. Rembert Wallace Patrick, The Reconstruction of the Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 53.
7. David Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 582–83.
8. Julian W. George, Political Recollections (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1884), 260–61.
9. Claudia Goldin and Frank Lewis, “The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications,” Journal of Economic History, 35, 1975, 294–396.
10. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 294.
11. Nevins, War for the Union, 374–75.
12. Robert Gallman, “Commodity Output 1839–99,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Trends in the American Economy in the 19th Century, vol. 24, Series on Income and Wealth (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960); Charles and Mary Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1927); Stanley Engerman, “The Economic Impact of the Civil War,” Explorations in Economic History, 3, 1966, 176–99; Jeffrey Williamson, “Watersheds and Turning Points: Conjectures on the Long Term Impact of Civil War Financing,” Journal of Economic History, 34, 1974, 631–61.
13. Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3 vols. (New York: The McClure Company, 1907–8), 3:167.
14. Ibid.
15. James G. Randall, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 693.
16. Ibid., 694.
17. Tindall and Shi, America, 1:792.
18. Ibid., 1:793.
19. Ibid., 1:792.
20. Richard Easterlin, “Regional Income Trends, 1840–1950,” in Robert W. Fogel and Stanley I. Engerman, eds., The Reinterpretation of American Economic History (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), Table 1.
21. Atack and Passel, A New Economic View of American History, 379.
22. Berkin, et al., Making America,
476.
23. Hummel, Emancipating Slaves, 296.
24. Joseph Reid, “Sharecropping as an Understandable Market Response: The Postbellum South,” Journal of Economic History, 33, 1973, 106–30; Robert Higgs, Competition and Coercion: Blacks in the American Economy, 1865–1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977); and Stephen J. Decanio, “Productivity and Income Distribution in the Postbellum South,” Journal of Economic History, 34, 1974, 422–46.
A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror Page 143