Running Science

by Owen Anderson

  38. Akerström, T. and Pedersen, B. Strategies to enhance immune function for marathon runners: What can be done? Sports Medicine, Vol. 37 (4-5), pp. 416-419, 2007.

  39. Nieman, D. Exercise immunology: Practical applications. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 18, Suppl. 1, pp. S91-100, 1997.

  40. Morris, J. et al. Effect of a hot environment on performance during prolonged, intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 16, pp. 677-686, 1998.

  41. Sawka, M. Physiological consequences of hypohydration: Exercise performance and thermoregulation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 24, pp. 657-670, 1992.

  42. Pandolf, K. et al. Thermoregulatory responses of middle-aged men and young men during dry-heat acclimatization. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 65, pp. 65-70, 1988.

  43. Thomas, C. et al. Aerobic training and cutaneous vasodilation in young and older men. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 86, pp. 1676-1686, 1999.

  44. Horvath, S. Exercise in a cold environment. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, Vol. 9, pp. 221-263, 1981.

  45. Nunneley, S. Physiological responses of women to thermal stress: A review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 10, pp. 250-255, 1978.

  Chapter 40 Prevention of Running Injuries

  1. Expanding on Running Injuries. June 19, 2008. www.sportsscientists.com/search/label/injuries.

  2. Jones, B. and Knapik, J. Physical training and exercise-related injuries: Surveillance, research and injury prevention in military populations. Sports Medicine, Vol. 27 (2), pp. 111-125, 1999.

  3. Glein, G. and McHugh, M. Flexibility and its effects on sports injury and performance. Sports Medicine, Vol. 24 (5), pp. 289-299, 1997.

  4. Anderson, O. New study links stretching with higher injury rates. Running Research News, Vol. 10 (3), pp. 5-6, 1994.

  5. Hartig, D. and Henderson, J. Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 27, pp. 173-176, 1999.

  6. Andrish, J. et al. A prospective study on the management of shin splints. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 56, pp. 1697-1700, 1974.

  7. Pope, R. et al. Effects of ankle dorsiflexion range and pre-exercise calf muscle on injury risk in army recruits. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, Vol. 44, pp. 165-172, 1998.

  8. Pope, R. et al. A randomized trial of preexercise stretching for prevention of lower limb injury. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 32, pp. 271-277, 2000.

  9. van Mechelen, W. et al. Prevention of running injuries by warm-up, cool-down, and stretching exercises. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 21, pp. 711-719, 1993.

  10. Anderson, O. New study links stretching with higher injury rates. Running Research News, Vol. 10 (3), pp. 5-6, 1994.

  11. Holly, R. et al. Stretch-induced growth in chicken wing muscles: A new model of stretch hypertrophy. American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 7, pp. C62-C71, 1980.

  12. Witvrouw, E. et al. Muscle flexibility as a risk factor for developing muscle injuries in male professional soccer players: A prospective study. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 31, pp. 41-46, 2003.

  13. Arnason, A. et al. Prevention of hamstring strains in elite soccer: An intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 18 (1), pp. 40-48, 2008.

  14. Jönhagen, S. et al. Amplitude and timing of electromyographic activity during sprinting. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 6, pp. 15-21, 1996.

  15. Mjølsnes, R. et al. A 10-week randomized trial comparing eccentric vs. concentric hamstring strength training in well-trained soccer players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 14, pp. 311-3177, 2004.

  16. Kaminski, T. et al. Concentric versus enhanced eccentric hamstring strength training: Clinical implications. Journal of Athletic Training, Vol. 33, pp. 216-221, 1998.

  17. Yamamato, T. Relationship between hamstring strains and leg muscle strength: A follow-up study of collegiate track and field athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, Vol. 33, pp. 194-199, 1993.

  18. Jönhagen, S. et al. Hamstring injuries in sprinters. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 22, pp. 262-266, 1994.

  19. Orchard, J. et al. Preseason hamstring muscle weakness associated with hamstring muscle injury in Australian footballers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 25, pp. 81-85, 1997.

  20. Verrall, G. et al. The effect of sports specific training on reducing the incidence of hamstring injuries in professional Australian Rules football players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 39, pp. 363-368, 2005.

  21. Hubbard, T. and Denegar, C. Does cryotherapy improve outcomes with soft tissue injury? Journal of Athletic Training, Vol. 39 (3), pp. 278-279, Sept. 2004.

  22. Moeller, J. et al. Cryotherapy-induced common peroneal nerve palsy. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, Vol. 7 (3), pp. 212-6, July 1997.

  23. Crane, J. et al. Massage therapy attenuates inflammatory signaling after exercise-induced muscle damage. Science Translational Medicine. Vol. 4, p. 119ra13, 2012.

  24.Hou, Y. et al. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. [Promoting effect of massage on quadriceps femoris repair of rabbit in vivo.][Article in Chinese.] Vol. 26 (3), pp. 346-51, Mar. 2012.

  Chapter 41 Health Benefits of Running

  1. Anderson, O. Exercise helps you live longer, but does intensity matter? Running Research News, Vol. 12 (2), pp. 1, 3-5, 1996.

  2. Tanasescu, M. et al. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA, Vol. 288 (16), pp. 1994-2000, 2002.

  3. Sesso, H. et al. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation, Vol. 102 (9), pp. 975-980, 2000.

  4. Lee, I. et al. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: Is “no pain, no gain” passé? JAMA, Vol. 285 (11), pp. 1447-1454, 2001.

  5. Lee, I. et al. Physical activity and coronary heart disease risk in men: Does the duration of exercise episodes predict risk? Circulation, Vol. 102 (9), pp. 981-986, 2000.

  6. Mbalilaki, J. et al. Daily energy expenditure and cardiovascular risk in Masai, rural, and urban Bantu Tanzanians. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010, 44 (2): 121-126.

  7. Anderson, O. Heart disease in marathon runners. Running Research News, Vol. 3 (6), pp. 3-4, 1987.

  8. Noakes, T. Heart disease in marathon runners: A review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 19 (3), pp. 187-194, 1987.

  9. Moholdt, T. et al. Physical activity and mortality in men and women with coronary heart disease: A prospective population-based cohort study in Norway (the HUNT Study). European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, Vol. 15 (6), pp. 639-45, Dec. 2008.

  10. Sady, S. et al. Training, diet, and physical characteristics of distance runners with low or high concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Atherosclerosis, Vol. 53, pp. 273-281, 1984.

  11. Paul Thompson, MD, personal communication.

  12. Thompson, P. Exercise and HDL cholesterol in middle-aged men. Physician and Sportsmedicine, Vol. 8, pp. 74-79, 1980.

  13. Anderson, O. Is there a best amount of running to maximize HDL-cholesterol? Running Research News, Vol. 5 (2), pp. 1, 5-6, 1989.

  14. Paffenbarger, R. et al. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 314, pp. 605-613, 1986.

  15. Maruti, S. et al. A Prospective study of age-specific physical activity and pre-menopausal breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 100 (10), pp. 728-737, 2008.

  16. Friedenreich, C. and Cust, A. Physical activity and breast cancer risk: Impact of timing, type and dose of activity and population subgroup effects. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 42 (8), pp. 636-647, 2008.

  17. Peplonska, B. et al. Adult lifetime physical activity and breast cancer. Epidemiology, Vol. 19 (2), pp. 226-236, 200
8.

  18. Anderson, O. Can Running reduce the risk of cancer? Recent research sounds optimistic note, but puzzles remain. Running Research News, Vol. 6 (4), pp. 8-10, 1990.

  19. Frisch, R. et al. Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes. British Journal of Cancer, Vol. 32, pp. 885-891, 1985.

  20. Frisch, R. et al. Lower prevalence of non-reproductive system cancers among female former college athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 21 (3), pp. 250-253, 1989.

  21. Vena, J. et al. Occupation exercise and risk of cancer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 45, pp. 318-327, 1987.

  22. Paffenbarger, R. et al. Physical activity and incidence of cancer in diverse populations: A preliminary report. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 45, pp. 312-317, 1987.

  23. Nilsen, T. et al. Recreational physical activity and risk of prostate cancer: A prospective population-based study in Norway (the HUNT Study). International Journal of Cancer, Vol. 119 (12), pp. 2943-2947, 2006.

  24. Howard, R. et al. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the risk of colon and rectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Cancer Causes Control, Vol. 19 (9), pp. 939-953, 2008.

  25. Buehlmeyer, K. et al. Alteration of gene expression in rat colon mucosa after exercise. Annals of Anatomy, Vol. 190 (1), pp. 71-80, 2008.

  26. Buehlmeyer, K. et al. Exercise associated genes in rat colon mucosa: Upregulation of ornithin decarboxylase-1. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 28 (5), pp. 361-377, 2007.

  27. Fuku, N. et al. Effect of running training on DMH-induced aberrant crypt foci in rat colon. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 39 (1), pp. 70-74, 2007.

  28. Sutherland, W. et al. Fecal bile acid concentration in distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 12 (6), pp. 533-536, 1991.

  29. Pan, L. et al. Incidences of obesity and extreme obesity among US adults: Findings from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Population Health Metrics, Vol. 9, p. 56, 2011.

  30. Kruk, J. Physical activity in the prevention of the most frequent chronic diseases: An analysis of the recent evidence. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol. 8 (3), pp. 325-338, 2007.

  31. Banks, E. et al. Relationship of obesity to physical activity, domestic activities, and sedentary behaviours: Cross-sectional findings from a national cohort of over 70,000 Thai adults. BMC Public Health, Vol. 11, p. 762, 2011.

  32. Bauman, A. Updating the evidence that physical activity is good for health: An epidemiological review 2000-2003. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, Vol. 7 (1 Suppl.), pp. 6-19, 2004.

  33. Hu, F. et al. Physical activity and television watching in relation to risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 161, pp. 1542-1548, 2001.

  34. Hu, F. et al. Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. JAMA, Vol. 282, pp. 1433-1439, 1999.

  35. Williams, P. Reduced diabetic, hypertensive, and cholesterol medication use with walking. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 40 (3), pp. 433-443, 2008.

  36. Williams, P. Relationship of running intensity to hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 40 (10), pp. 1740-1748, 2008.

  37. Leitzmann, M. et al. Physical activity recommendations and decreased risk of mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 167 (22), pp. 2453-2460, 2007.

  38. Cymet, T. and Sinkov, V. Does long-distance running cause osteoarthritis? Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, Vol. 106 (6), pp. 342-345, 2006.

  39. Chakravarty, E. et al. Long distance running and knee osteoarthritis: A prospective study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, Vol. 35 (2), pp. 133-138, 2008.

  40. Lane, N. et al. The relationship of running to osteoarthritis of the knee and hip and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine: A 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Rheumatology, Vol. 25 (2), pp. 334-341, 1998.

  41. Chakravarty, E. et al. Reduced disability and mortality among aging runners: A 21-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 168 (15), pp. 1638-1646, 2008.

  42. Neeper, S. et al. Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain. Brain Research, Vol. 726, pp. 49–56, 1996.

  43. Farmer, J. et al. Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the dentate gyrus of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Neuroscience, Vol. 124, pp. 71–79, 2004.

  44. van Praag, H. et al. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 96, pp.13427-13431, 1999.

  45. van Praag, H. et al. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 2, pp. 266–270, 1999.

  46. Stranahan, A. et al. Running induces widespread structural alterations in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus, Vol. 17, pp. 1017–1022, 2007.

  47. Duman, C. et al. Voluntary exercise produces antidepressant and anxiolytic behavioral effects in mice. Brain Research, Vol. 1199, pp. 148–158, 2008.

  48. Churchill, J. et al. Exercise, experience and the aging brain. Neurobiology of Aging, Vol. 23, pp. 941–955, 2002.

  49. Griesbach, G. et al. Voluntary exercise following traumatic brain injury: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation and recovery of function. Neuroscience, Vol. 125 (1), pp. 129–139, 2004.

  Chapter 42 Health Considerations for Special Running Populations

  1. Author, personal observation.

  2. Kern, L. et al. The influence of vigorous versus mild exercise on autistic stereotyped behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 14 (1), pp. 57-67, 1984.

  3. Jones, A. et al. Autistic spectrum disorders 2: Diagnosis and management. Community Practice, Vol. 79 (4), pp. 128-130, 2006.

  4. Elliott, R. et al. Vigorous, aerobic exercise versus general motor training activities: Effects on maladaptive and stereotypic behaviors of adults with both autism and mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 24 (5), pp. 565-576, 1994.

  5. Anderson, O. Should children run marathons? Running Research News, Vol. 17 (1), pp. 1- 5, Jan.-Feb. 2001.

  6. Sullivan, J. and Anderson, S. eds. Care of the young athlete. Rosemont: American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2000, p. 69.

  7. Physical growth and maturation. In Motor development issues and applications, M.V. Ridenour, ed. East Windsor: Princeton Book, pp. 3-27, 1978.

  8. The child runner. JOPERD, Vol. 53 (4), pp. 78-81, 1982.

  9. Orava, S. and Saarela, J. Exertion injuries to young athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 6 (2), pp. 68-74, 1978.

  10. Caine, D. and Lindner, K. Growth plate injury: A threat to young distance runners? Physician and Sportsmedicine, Vol.12 (4), pp. 118-124, 1984.

  11. American Academy of Pediatrics. Risks in distance running for children. Pediatrics, Vol. 86 (5), pp. 799-800, 1990.

  12. Reinking, M. and Alexander, L. Prevalence of disordered-eating behaviors in undergraduate female collegiate athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Athletic Training, Vol. 40 (1), pp. 47-51, 2005.

  13. Pantano, K. Current knowledge, perceptions, and interventions used by collegiate coaches in the U.S. regarding the prevention and treatment of the female athlete triad. North American Journal of Sports & Physical Therapy, Vol. 1 (4), 195-207, 2006.

  14. Nikander, R. et al. Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimising bone strength throughout life, BMC Medicine, Vol. 8, p. 47, 2010.

  15. Sorensen, T. et al. Recreational physical activity during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Hypertension, Vol. 41, pp. 1273–80, 2003.

  16. Dye, T. et al. Physical activity, obesity, and diabetes in pregna
ncy. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 146, pp. 961–965, 1997.

  17. Kramer, M. and McDonald, D. Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, July 19, 2006, Issue 3.

  18. Magann, E. et al. Antepartum, intrapartum, and neonatal significance of exercise on healthy low-risk pregnant working women. Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 99, pp. 466–472, 2002.

  19. Rose, N. et al. Self-rated physical activity level during the second trimester and pregnancy outcome. Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 78, pp. 1078–1080, 1991.

  20. Clapp, J. The effects of maternal exercise on early pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vol. 161, pp. 1453–1457, 1989.

  21. Latka, M. et al. Exercise and spontaneous abortion of known karyotype. Epidemiology, Vol. 10, pp. 73–75, 1999.

  22. Madsen, M. et al. Leisure time physical activity during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: A study within the Danish national birth cohort. BJOG, Vol. 114 (11), pp. 1419-1426, 2007.

  Chapter 43 Energy Sources and Fuel Use for Runners

  1. Gollnick, P. Metabolism of substrates: Energy substrate metabolism during exercise and as modified by training. Federation Proceedings, Vol. 44, pp. 353-356, 1985.

  2. McMurray, W. Essentials of human metabolism. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.

  3. McArdle, W. et al. Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, and human performance. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

  4. Onywera, V.O., Kiplamai, F.K., Tuitoek, P.J., Boit, M.K., and Pitsiladis, Y.P. Food and macronutrient intake of elite Kenyan distance runners. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Vol. 14 (6), pp. 709-719, 2004.

  5. Powers, S. and Howley, E. Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2001.

  6. Stanley, W. and Connett, R. Regulation of muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. FASEB Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 2155-2159, 1991.

  7.Voet, D. and Voet, J. Biochemistry. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings, 1996.

  8. Hood, D. and Terjung, R. Amino acid metabolism during exercise and following endurance training. Sports Medicine, Vol. 9, pp. 23-35, 1990.