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Claretta

Page 35

by R. J. B. Bosworth

12.Il Popolo d’Italia, 20 December 1938.

  13.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 304; 307.

  14.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 76.

  15.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 55–60.

  16.Ibid., p. 368.

  17.Ibid., pp. 79–80.

  18.Ibid., p. 387.

  19.Ibid., pp. 380–1.

  20.Carte Petacci, 8/127, entry for 31 October 1937.

  21.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 252.

  22.Ibid., p. 110.

  23.Ibid., p. 281. Cf. Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 145.

  24.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 304.

  25.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 21–4.

  26.Carte Petacci, 8/127, entry for 2 December 1937.

  27.Ibid., entry for 6 December 1937. Two days later, his last call was at 1.15 a.m.

  28.Carte Petacci, 9/130, entry for 3 January 1938.

  29.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 127. Cf. p. 136 when holding his penis again brought Claretta to his mind.

  30.Ibid., p. 224.

  31.See, for example, Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 31.

  32.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 258.

  33.For an introduction to his early ‘love’ of the lessons of the past, see Paola S. Salvatori, Mussolini e la storia: dal socialismo al fascismo (1900–1922) (Rome: Viella, 2016).

  34.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 243.

  35.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 21–8.

  36.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 340.

  37.Ibid., p. 294.

  38.Ibid., pp. 344–5.

  39.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 256–7.

  40.Carte Petacci, 8/116, has a list of records bought for the two, including also Respighi and Paganini. They cost almost 4,000 lire.

  41.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 128.

  42.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 234–5.

  43.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 238.

  44.Ibid., p. 455.

  45.See, for example, Carte Petacci, 9/130, entry for 23 January 1938. Another such occasion was 28 August 1939. Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 180

  46.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 384.

  47.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 57–8; 201. Cf. Myriam Petacci, Chi ama è perduto, p. 26.

  48.See, for example, Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 465–7. That afternoon they instead listened to a radio description of the Italy–France football match. Italy won.

  49.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 231.

  50.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 413.

  51.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 102–5.

  52.Ibid., pp. 203–5.

  53.Ibid., pp. 184–8.

  54.Ibid., p. 191.

  55.Ibid., p. 111.

  56.Roberto Olla, Il Duce and his women, p. 47.

  57.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 275–6.

  58.Ibid., p. 297.

  59.Ibid., pp. 308–9.

  60.Ibid., pp. 304.

  61.Ibid., pp. 322–3.

  62.Galeazzo Ciano, Diary 1937–1943, p. 362.

  63.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 327.

  64.Ugo Guspini, L’orecchio del regime, p. 175.

  65.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 329; 332.

  66.Ibid., pp. 334–9; 344–5.

  67.Ibid., pp. 352–7.

  68.Ibid., pp. 366–8.

  69.Ibid., pp. 375–8.

  70.Ibid., pp. 212–13.

  71.Ibid., pp. 385–6; cf. Roberto Festorazzi, Claretta Petacci, pp. 59–60.

  72.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 387–92.

  73.Ugo Guspini, L’orecchio del regime, pp. 192–3.

  74.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro pp. 394–7.

  75.Roberto Festorazzi, Claretta Petacci, p. 63.

  76.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 66–7.

  77.Ibid., pp. 78–9.

  78.Carte Petacci, 9/130.

  79.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 266.

  80.Ibid., p. 277.

  81.Ibid., p. 354.

  82.Ibid., p. 127.

  83.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 318.

  84.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 79.

  85.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 89.

  86.Rachele Mussolini, La mia vita con Benito, pp. 250–1.

  87.See, for example, Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 364.

  88.Ibid., p. 98.

  89.Ibid., pp. 117–18; 123.

  90.Carte Petacci 9/130, entries for 3, 10 January 1938.

  91.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 274.

  92.Ibid., pp. 268; 272.

  93.Ibid., p. 284.

  94.Ibid., pp. 336–7.

  95.Ibid., p. 451.

  96.Ibid., p. 418.

  97.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 56–9.

  98.Ibid., p. 158.

  99.Ibid., p. 195.

  100.Ibid., p. 213.

  101.Ibid., p. 225.

  102.Ibid., pp. 320–1; 325.

  103.Ibid., pp. 323; cf. pp. 325–6.

  104.Ibid., p. 328.

  105.Ibid., pp. 351–2.

  106.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 115.

  107.Ibid., pp. 125–6.

  108.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 174.

  109.Ibid., p. 193.

  110.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 281–2.

  111.Ibid., pp. 422; 425.

  112.Ibid., p. 235.

  113.Ibid., p. 467.

  114.Ibid., p. 386.

  115.Ibid., pp. 332–3.

  116.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 208.

  117.Ibid., p. 193; cf. Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 152.

  118.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 78.

  119.Ibid., p. 196.

  120.Ibid., pp. 241–6.

  121.Ibid., p. 333.

  122.Ibid., p. 290.

  123.Ibid., pp. 315–16.

  124.Ibid., pp. 413–16.

  125.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 79–80.

  126.Ibid., p. 221.

  127.Ibid., pp. 262–3.

  128.Ibid., pp. 235–6.

  129.Ibid., pp. 319–21.

  130.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 73.

  131.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 76–7.

  132.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 107–9.

  133.Ibid., pp. 113–14. Mussolini shared such stereotypes with the radical Fascist Roberto Farinacci, who was sent off to visit Spain. For his report on Spanish bloodthirstiness, see R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini’s Italy: life under the dictatorship 1915–1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2005), p. 402.

  134.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 95.

  135.Ibid., pp. 93–5.

  136.Ibid., pp. 196–7.

  137.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 122.

  138.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 240.

  139.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 73–4.

  140.Carte Petacci, 8/127, entry for 4 December 1937.

  141.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 299–300.

  142.Ibid., p. 404.

  143.Ibid., p. 422–3.

  144.Ibid., p. 116.

  145.Ibid., p. 374.

  146.Ibid., p. 421.

  147.Ugo Guspini, L’orecchio del regime, pp. 158–9.

  148.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 285. Cf. Carte Petacci, 8/127, entry for 6 December 1937.

  149.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 401.

  150.Ibid., pp. 423–6.

  151.For brief but telling account, see Simon Levis Sullam, I carnefici italiani: scene dal genocidio degli ebrei, 1943–1945 (Milan: Feltrinelli, 2015).

  152.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, p. 228.

  153.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 33
1.

  154.See, for example, Carte Petacci, 5/78 [February 1945], Myriam Petacci to Mussolini.

  155.Candido, Mussolini in pantofole (Rome: Istituto Editoriale di Cultura, 1944), pp. 159–61; cf. Ercole Boratto, A spasso col Duce, pp. 63–4.

  156.Margherita Grassini Sarfatti, My fault, p. 242. Cf., for example, the partially sceptical Mimmo Franzinelli, Il Duce e le donne, pp. 235–40.

  157.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, p. 333.

  158.Claretta Petacci, Verso il disastro, pp. 86–7.

  159.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 122–3.

  160.Carte Petacci, 8/127, entry for 31 October 1937.

  161.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 104–5.

  162.For its history, see Giuseppe Talamo, Il Messaggero: un giornale durante il fascismo: cento anni di storia vol. II, 1919–1946 (Florence: Le Monnier, 1984).

  163.Carte Petacci, 8/127, entry for 31 October 1937.

  164.Il Messaggero, 9 January, 17 February 1938.

  165.Indro Montanelli, Soltanto un giornalista, p. 197.

  166.Carte Petacci 9/130, entries for 7, 9 January 1938.

  167.Il Messaggero, 10 March 1938.

  168.See, for example, Luigi De Vincentis, Io son te (Milan: Cebes, 1946), p. 80.

  169.Il Messaggero, 18 October 1938.

  170.Ibid., 4 April 1939.

  171.Ibid., 19, 26 April 1939.

  172.Ibid., 31 May 1939.

  173.Roberto Festorazzi, Claretta Petacci, p. 63.

  174.Il Messaggero, 15 June, 16 July 1940.

  175.Ibid., 30 January 1941.

  176.Ibid., 19 March 1943.

  177.Francesco Saverio Petacci, La vita e i suoi nemici (Rome: Unione Editoriale d’Italia, 1940).

  178.Segreteria particolare del Duce, Carteggio Riservato, b. 103, undated memorandum.

  179.Francesco Saverio Petacci, La vita e i suoi nemici, pp. 3; 7.

  180.Ibid., pp. 10–12; 21; 26.

  181.Ibid., pp. 57–65; 108–10.

  Chapter 5 Warring in public and private life

  1.Somewhat paradoxically in a Fascist ‘revolution’, the viceroy’s proper name was – in the royal manner – Amedeo Umberto Isabella Luigi Filippo Maria Giuseppe Giovanni di Savoia-Aosta.

  2.For the background, see R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini, pp. 290–309.

  3.Thomas Schlemmer, Invasori non vittime: la campagna italiana di Russia, 1941–1943 (Rome: Laterza, 2009).

  4.For many graphic examples of such mentalité, see Mimmo Franzinelli, Disertori: una storia mai raccontata della seconda guerra mondiale (Milan: Mondadori, 2016).

  5.For such details, see Ian Dear and Michael Foot (eds), The Oxford companion to World War II (Oxford University Press, 2001).

  6.R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini’s Italy, pp. 492–3.

  7.Marco Patricelli, L’Italia sotto le bombe: guerra aerea e vita civile 1940–1945 (Bari: Laterza, 2009), p. 193.

  8.Alan Milward, War, economy and society 1939–1945 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), p. 97.

  9.Joseph Goebbels, The Goebbels Diaries 1939–1941 (ed. Fred Taylor) (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982), p. 429.

  10.For background, see Roberto Festorazzi, Bruno e Gina Mussolini.

  11.See, for example, Segreteria particolare del Duce, Carteggio Riservato, 108, 13, 16 April 1935, reporting firstly an outing of Bruno with Gina and then a forty-minute stop by Bruno in ‘a well-known brothel’, three days later.

  12.For a police file on the wedding and reports on the bride’s ‘purity’, see Segreteria particolare del Duce, Carteggio Riservato, 109, 12 December 1934, 2 September and 7 November 1936.

  13.Claretta Petacci, Mussolini segreto, pp. 436–9.

  14.Segreteria particolare del Duce, Carteggio Riservato, 109, reports of 6 April, 8 July, 12 October 1938, 12 January 1940, 13 February 1941.

  15.Roberto Festorazzi, Bruno e Gina Mussolini, p. 159.

  16.R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini’s Italy, p. 478.

  17.Segreteria particolare del Duce, Carteggio Riservato, 110, undated reports [August 1941].

  18.Ibid., report, August 1941.

  19.Benito Mussolini, Opera omnia, vol. XXXIV, pp. 197–200; 255; 269.

  20.Carte Petacci, diary entry, 7 August 1941 and note. I owe to Mimmo Franzinelli access to his unpublished selection from the Petacci papers, 1941–5.

  21.Carte Petacci, diary entry, 24 December 1941.

  22.Ibid., 25 December 1941.

  23.Ibid., 28 December 1941.

  24.Ibid., 30 December 1941.

  25.Ibid., 23 January 1942.

  26.Ibid., 5, 6, 7 March 1941.

  27.Ibid., 1 March 1941.

  28.Ibid., 12 June, 6 August 1941.

  29.Ibid., 26 October 1941.

  30.Ibid., 8 March 1941.

  31.Ibid., 25 March, 7, 13 April 1941.

  32.For summaries of these problems, see Segreteria particolare del Duce, Carteggio Riservato, 104, 14 October, 29 November 1942, Frugoni to De Cesare; 5, 24 January, 7 February 1943, Frugoni to Rachele Mussolini.

  33.Carte Petacci, diary entry, 17 January 1942.

  34.Galeazzo Ciano, Diary 1937–1943, p. 429.

  35.Ibid., p. 467.

  36.Segreteria particolare del Duce, Carteggio Riservato, 114, undated file.

  37.Amedeo Luccichenti and Vincenzo Monaco, ‘Villa Petacci alla Camilluccia con scale audaci e pronunciate cavità, Roma 1937–9’, Casabella, 805, October 2011, p. 56.

  38.Marco Innocenti, Edda contro Claretta, p. 73.

  39.‘Calipso’, Vita segreta di Mussolini, p. 26.

  40.Carte Petacci 16. The agreement was dated 9 January 1942.

  41.Marco Innocenti, Edda contro Claretta, p. 74.

  42.Ibid.; cf. Fondo Petacci, b. 139.

  43.Nino D’Aroma, Mussolini segreto, p. 433.

  44.See, for example, Spartacus, Claretta, p 20.

  45.Arrigo Petacco, Eva e Claretta, pp. 77–8.

  46.Antonio Spinosa, Edda: una tragedia italiana (Milan: Mondadori, 1993), p. 251.

  47.See Fondo Monelli, b. 139; cf. www.bunkerdiroma.it/index.htm (accessed 23 December 2015).

  48.Cesare Rossi, Mussolini com’era, p. 280.

  49.Doris Duranti, Il romanzo della mia vita, pp. 68; 100.

  50.Ibid., p. 151.

  51.Myriam Petacci, Chi ama è perduto, p. 11.

  52.Myriam Petacci, ‘Questa è la mia storia’, Oggi, 14 April 1955.

  53.Luigi De Vincentis, Io son te, p. 79.

  54.Stephen Gundle, Mussolini’s dream factory: film stardom in Fascist Italy (New York: Berghahn, 2013), p. 265.

  55.Luigi De Vincentis, Io son te, pp. 182–3.

  56.Roberto Gervaso, Claretta, la donna che morì per Mussolini, p. 83.

  57.Luigi Freddi, Il cinema: il governo dell’immagine (Rome: Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia Gremese Editore, 1994), p. 172.

  58.Ibid., pp. 171–2.

  59.Il Corriere della Sera, 13 September 1942.

  60.See Aldo Palazzeschi, ‘Un cultore della bellezza’, Il Mattino dell’Italia Centrale, 14 December 1948.

  61.For the background, see R.J.B. Bosworth, Italian Venice, pp. 164–5.

  62.Stephen Gundle, Mussolini’s dream factory, p. 245.

  63.Il Gazzettino, 4, 13 September 1942.

  64.Giuseppe Bottai, Diario 1935–1944, p. 337.

  65.Anon., Cinema, 25 May 1943.

  66.Luigi Freddi, Il cinema, p. 173.

  67.See http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ferdinando-maria-poggioli_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29/ (accessed 4 February 2016).

  68.For its plot, see http://www.comingsoon.it/film/l-invasore/27944/scheda/ (accessed 4 February 2016).

  69.For basic introduction to Fascist film, see Peter Bondanella, A history of the Italian cinema (New York: Continuum, 2009); cf. Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Italian Fascism’s empire cinema (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015).

  70.See Natalia and Valerio Emanuele Marino, L’Ovra a Cinecittà: polizia politica e spie in camicia nera (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 2005).


  71.For an example, see Mimmo Franzinelli, Disertori, pp. 34–5.

  72.Myriam Petacci, Chi ama è perduto, p. 188.

  73.See http://www.collegio-araldico.it/librodoro.html (accessed 4 February 2016).

  74.Doris Duranti, Il romanzo della mia vita, p. 86.

  75.Zita Ritossa, ‘Mia “cognata” Claretta Petacci’, Tempo, 21 March 1957.

  76.The pro-Fascist poet Ezra Pound is perhaps a more powerful ghost from the regime in the town. After his release by the American authorities from the psychiatric hospital where he was confined after the war, he found sanctuary at the Castle Brunnerberg, not so far from the Villa Schildhof but rather more grandiose and ‘historic’.

  77.Interview with the Villa Schildhof’s current owner, Verena Vok, 8 April 2016.

  78.Luigi De Vincentis, Io son te, p. 186. For the furs, see Zita Ritossa, ‘Mia “cognata” Claretta Petacci’, Tempo, 21 March 1957.

  79.Luigi De Vincentis, Io son te, pp. 178–80.

  80.Zita Ritossa, ‘Mia “cognata” Claretta Petacci’, Tempo, 21 March 1957.

  81.For physical description on her passport, see Carte Petacci 10/160/3.

  82.For a newsreel image, see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ebm7eMVnKw (accessed 4 February 2016); cf. Carte Petacci 25 for a set of photos of the wedding, as well as some of Myriam’s publicity images. The busta also has photos of the Villa Camilluccia in construction and some family images of Zita Ritossa and her fair-headed sons.

  83.Galeazzo Ciano, Diary 1937–1943, p. 535.

  84.Myriam Petacci, Chi ama è perduto, p. 53.

  85.Ibid., pp. 200; 206.

  86.Zita Ritossa, ‘Mia “cognata” Claretta Petacci’, Tempo, 21 February 1957.

  87.Luigi De Vincentis, Io son te, pp. 184–91.

  88.‘Calipso’, Vita segreta di Mussolini, p. 30.

  89.Carte Petacci, 10/162.

  90.Myriam Petacci, Chi ama è perduto, p. 9.

  91.Marcello Petacci, Raccolta di alcuni lavori scientifici, pp. 47–86; 146–60; 206–13.

  92.Ibid., Francesco Saverio Petacci, ‘Prefazione’, pp. 10–20.

  93.Ibid., p. 6.

  94.See http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mario-donati_%28Dizionario_Biografico%29/ (accessed 4 February 2016).

  95.Cronache, 20 October 1945, as preserved in the Fondo Monelli, b. 139.

  96.Zita Ritossa, ‘La mia vita con Claretta Petacci’, Oggi, 9 April 1975.

  97.The couple did not take the chance to call their son Francesco Saverio, even though at Trieste’s central Santa Maria Maggiore, a Petazzi chapel is dedicated to Saint Francis Xavier. See http://www.santuariosantamariamaggiore.it/download_file/depSMM_ita.pdf (accessed 15 April 2016).

  98.Zita Ritossa, ‘La mia vita con Claretta Petacci’, Oggi, 9 April 1975.

 

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