The Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour
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holy war 148–9
Muslim Spain 67, 74, 148
and slave trade 116–17
Sparrman, Anders 136
Speke, John 273, 274–7, 285, 292–4, 317–18
Stairs, Captain Grant 449
Stanley, Henry Morton 280, 281, 283–4, 285–7, 289, 294–5, 383, 384–5, 386–8, 422, 447, 689, 695–6
Stanley Falls 386, 448
Stanleyville 572, 573, 577
stelae 59
Stellaland 375, 376, 377
Stellenbosch 132, 233
Step Pyramid, Saqqara 5
Stern, Howard 301, 302
Stockenstrom, Andries 232
structural adjustment programmes 623
Strydom, Hans 583
Suakin 320, 334, 335, 337
Sudan 70–1, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 203, 331, 332, 336–7, 415, 495, 653–6, 667
Anglo-Egyptian invasion of 434–6
British-Egyptian rule 438, 543–4
civil wars 621, 653, 655
Egyptian Sudan 335, 337
ethnic cleansing 655–6
independence 543–4
Islam in 653–6
Nilotic Sudan 203, 204
oil 654
see also individual kingdoms and states
Sudd 43
Suez Canal 198, 206, 309, 310–12, 313, 329, 498, 540, 541, 543, 545–7, 650
Sufism 74, 162, 165, 168, 439
sugar plantations 116, 117, 118
Suna II, king of Buganda 291, 292
Sunni Ali Ber 154, 161–2
Sunni Islam 67
Susenyos, emperor of Abyssinia 172–3, 174, 175
Swahili coast 82, 109, 110, 269, 270–1, 398, 448
Swakopmund 483
Swann, Alfred 287–9
Swaziland 240, 562, 619
independence 562
Swellendam 135, 140, 253
Swellengrebel, Henrdik 135–6
Swift, Jonathan 179
Syria 11, 63, 201
Taa-Kwi San 23
taal language 139, 233, 243, 354
Table Bay 129–30
Tafilalet 66, 157
Tafna Treaty (1837) 210
Taghaza 77, 154
Tahert 67
Tahuda 66
Takoradi 521
Takrur 162, 164
Tamarod 662
Tamba 168
Tambo, Oliver 584
Tanganyika 401, 486–7, 495, 530, 562, 602, 603
independence 562
maji-maji uprising 487
‘multiracial’ strategy 556
Tangier 66, 153
Tanzania 22, 602, 613, 618, 654
oilfelds 668
‘villagisation’ programme 619
Tariq ibn Ziyad 66, 67
Taruga 22
Taudeni 154
Tawfiq Pasha 313, 314, 323, 324–5, 326–7, 328, 329, 334, 335
taxation, Egypt 4, 36, 42, 64, 148, 199, 204
Taylor, Charles 642, 643
Tecla Haimanout II, emperor of Abyssinia 177, 178
Tegbesu, king of Dahomey 126
Tekle Giorgis II, emperor of Abyssinia 299, 305
terracotta sculpture 22
Tertullian 54
Tete 264, 270
Tewodros (Kassa Hailu), emperor of Abyssinia 299–303, 304–5, 690–1
Thaba Bosiu 257, 258
Thebes 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 30
Thomson, Joseph 289, 399
Thutmose I, pharaoh 10, 11, 12, 30
Thutmose III, pharaoh 11
Tigray 170, 171, 304, 305, 306, 429, 430, 505, 621–2
Tijaniyya brotherhood 168
Timbuktu 71, 75, 154–5, 156, 157, 168, 187, 195–6, 196–7, 664, 665
tin 108–9, 493
Tippu Tip 284–6, 287–8, 448
Tjeni xxii
Tlemcen 66, 75, 149
Tlhaping 261, 356, 374
Tlokwa 239
Tobruk 442
Tofa 391
Togo 392, 494, 495, 568, 601, 637
coup 601
independence 568
Tom, King, Temne sub-chief 185
Tondibi 156
Tonga 466
Toro 403
torodbe 162–4, 168
tortoiseshell 44, 45
Touré, Ahmed Sékou 567, 568
Towerson, William 116
trade
Aksum 59, 60
east coast/Indian Ocean 81, 82, 83
Muslim 70, 74, 82, 86, 111, 272–3, 292
Niger River 219–20
Nile xxi
Roman 43, 44
trans-Sahara highways 26, 70, 75–6, 77
with China 666
see also slavery, and specifc goods and products
trance dances 21
Transkei 349
Transorangia 243
Transvaal 251, 258–9, 262–3, 349, 350–2, 362–3, 363, 364–70, 374, 474, 476–7, 514
annexation of Goshen 377
Boer freebooters 374–5
British colony 351, 352–3, 355, 358, 365, 479, 507
Dutch immigrants 368–9
gold 367, 369–70, 459–62, 474
independence 365–7
Jameson Raid 475
monopoly concessions 462–3
self-government 479
uitlanders 461, 463, 474–5, 476, 477
Trarza Moors 222
trekboers 134–7, 138, 141, 228, 232, 234, 244, 260
Trézel, General Camille 209
tribal identification system 518–20
Tripoli 149, 150, 151, 160, 442, 659
Tripolitania 25, 65, 67, 71, 75, 538
Trollope, Anthony 348
Trotha, General Luther von 484–5
Tsate 350, 363
Tsavo River 405
Tshombe, Moïse 572, 575, 576
Tsonga 345
Tswana 239, 240, 245, 260, 261, 262, 374, 376, 466
Tuareg 78, 154, 156, 165, 441, 664, 665
Tugela River 238, 255
Tukolor 162, 163, 164, 168, 222, 223, 416
Tumanbay, sultan 148
Tunis 67, 68, 75, 149, 150–1
Tunisia 27, 390–1, 493, 565, 566, 657–8, 659–60
Arab Spring 658
French protectorate 391, 565
independence 566
Islam in 659–60
nationalism 565
Turco-Circassians 323, 325, 326, 327
Ture, Muhammad 154
Turkey see Ottoman Turks
Tutankhamun, pharaoh 13
Tutsi 290, 519, 577, 578, 579, 639, 640, 641
Uaso Nairobi 405
Ubaydalla Said 68
Uganda 403, 492, 520, 530, 562, 603, 611–13, 614, 641–2
anti-AIDS programmes 646
Asian exodus 613
coup 612
independence 562
‘multiracial’ strategy 556
oilfelds 668
Ujiji 273, 274, 275, 279, 280
Ukami 398
Ulundi 362
Umar Tal 168–9, 222, 416
uMgungundlovu 245, 246
Umkhonto we Sizwe 586, 587
Umzimkulu River 255
Unas, pharaoh 6, 7
unemployment, mass 669, 671
Ungulu 398
Union of South Africa 479–80, 527
see also South Africa
United African Company 220
United Nations (UN) 538, 539, 546, 568, 575, 576–7, 578, 638, 656, 659
United States
American Colonization Society 194
anti-colonialism 522
anti-slavery measures 193
interventionism 638
role in Africa 545, 546, 575, 626, 642, 659
September 11 2001 terrorist attacks 655
see also Cold War
Universities Mission to Central Africa 264–5
Unyamwezi 271, 273
Upper Niger 75, 222, 416
Upper Volta 568, 620
coup 601
independence 568
see also Burkina Faso
Uqba ibn Nafi 65, 66
Urabi, Ahmad 325–6, 327, 328, 329, 691–2
Urambo 278
urban populations 674–5
Urewe earthenware 22
Urundi (Burundi) 495
Usagara 398
Usuman dan Fodio 164–5, 166, 168, 415
Uzigua 398
Vaal River 341, 343
Valley of the Kings 12
van Jaarsveld, Adriaan 138
van Rooy, J.C. 514
Vandals 56–7
Vegkop 244
Venda 260
Verdi, Giuseppe 310
Verwoerd, Hendrik 585, 586
Victoria, Queen 301, 469, 474
Victoria Falls 263
Victoria Nyanza 276, 277, 283, 399, 400, 404
Voortrekkers see Great Trek
voting rights 513, 529, 535, 583
Vryburg 375
Wadai 439
Wadi Halfa 435, 436
Wagadu 71, 72–3, 75
Wagshum Gobeze 304
Wahhabi 203
Walfisch Bay 392, 393
Wallata 77
Wallo 303
Walo 96
Walwal 503, 504
Wangara 72
War of the Golden Stool 419
Ward, John 151, 685
Warden, Major Henry 250
Wargla 71
Wassoulou 416
Waterberg 484–5
Waterboer, Andries 250, 343
Waterboer, Nicholas 343, 344
Wattasid sultanate 152–3
Waugh, Evelyn 502
Wawat 9
weaving 31, 167
Wernher, Julius 347, 459
White Fathers 295–6
White Highlands 529, 558, 561
Wichale Treaty (1889) 429
Wilberforce, William 191
Wilhelm, Kaiser 481, 486
‘wind of change’ speech (Macmillan) 562
Windhoek 481, 482, 483, 486
wine production 252
Witbooi, Hendrik 482, 483, 484, 486
Witwatersrand 265, 370, 459, 465, 475, 509, 580, 635
Wollo 306, 608, 622
Wolo 163
Wolof 96, 163, 222, 567
Wolseley, Sir Garnet 362–3, 422
World Bank xvii, 622, 623, 636
Wuli 188
Wyndham, John 116
Xhosa 138, 228, 229–30, 234, 254–5, 356, 359
Yao 264, 271, 278
yellow fever 520
Yemen 114
Yohannes IV (Kassa Mercha), emperor of Abyssinia 304, 305–6, 320, 427, 428
Yoruba 20, 216, 217, 219, 519, 553, 554
Yorubaland 166, 196, 216, 411, 494
Youlou, Fulbert 602
Young Egypt 499–500
Za Dengel, emperor of Abyssinia 172
Zaghawa 71
Zaghlul, Saad 497–8, 499
Zagwe dynasty 86
Zaire 609–10, 640–1
see also Congo (Kinshasa); Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa)
Zama, battle of (202) 28
Zambesia 261, 375, 465–6, 467, 469, 474
Zambezi River 109, 263, 264, 627
Zambia xvi, 562, 618–19, 637
Zamfara 164, 657
Zande 316
Zanj 81–3
Zanu-PF 588, 589, 627, 628, 629, 643
Zanzibar 110, 269, 271–3, 274, 277, 278, 281, 283, 287, 289, 321, 397, 398
British protectorate 401
coup 602–3
independence 562
ivory trade 289
slave trade 281
Zapu 588, 589, 627, 628, 629
Zaria 164, 165
Zawditu, empress of Abyssinia 501, 502
Zawila 78
Zeila 111, 321, 431
Zerzura 676, 677
Zhai Jun 667
Zimbabwe 84–5, 629, 630, 641, 642, 643–5, 667
corruption 643, 673–4
economic collapse 644–5
farm seizures 644
Zirids 68–9
Zubayr Rahma Mansur 320
Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek see Transvaal
Zulu, Zululand 237–42, 245–8, 249, 255, 345, 356–61, 635
Anglo-Zulu War (1879) 361–2
Boer encroachment 357, 358
Zürn, Lieutenant Ralph 483
Zuurveld 136, 138, 228, 229, 230
Zwangendaba, Ndwandwe general 240–1
Zwide, Ndwandwe king 237, 240
PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997. It is a tribute to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have served as mentors to countless reporters, writers, editors, and book people of all kinds, including me.
I. F. STONE, proprietor of I. F. Stone’s Weekly, combined a commitment to the First Amendment with entrepreneurial zeal and reporting skill and became one of the great independent journalists in American history. At the age of eighty, Izzy published The Trial of Socrates, which was a national bestseller. He wrote the book after he taught himself ancient Greek.
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Peter Osnos, Founder and Editor-at-Large
The pyramids of Giza stand as symbols of the wealth of the rulers of ancient Egypt who commissioned them 4,500 years ago as stepping stones to the afterlife.
The temple of Abu Simbel, commissioned by Ramesses II, was carved out of the sheer rock face of a sacred mountain towering above the Nile. Its inner sanctuary was designed so that twice a year, in the spring and autumn equinoxes, the rays of the rising sun flooded through the entrance to the temple illuminating the statues of four gods, one of whom was Ramesses.
The golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun has come to symbolise the opulence and mystery of ancient Egypt.
Discovered in 1799, the Rosetta Stone, a government edict written in the second century BCE in three scripts– hieroglyphics, cursive Egyptian and ancient Greek – became the key to unlocking the secrets of ancient Egyptian history.
The Alexandrian geographer Claudius Ptolemy compiled a map of the world in the second century CE, naming the source of the Nile as Lunae Montes, the Mountains of the Moon. For the next 1,700 years, Ptolemy’s map remained the only guide to the mystery of the Nile’s sources.
The kingdom of Aksum in the Ethiopian highlands produced more than a hundred granite stele, representing many-storied mansions of the spirit soaring skyward. The largest still standing is 71 feet high.
A twelfth-century fresco in Bet Maryam Church, Lalibela.
The church of St. George, one of eleven monolithic churches in Lalibela, was carved from solid rock in the shape of a cross.
A bronze sculpture from the kingdom of Ife which flourished in west Africa in the twelfth century.
The brass head of a queen mother from the kingdom of Benin, renowned for an artistic tradition dating from the sixteenth century.
The Catalan Map, drawn by Abraham Cresques i
n 1375, depicts Mansa Musa, ruler of the Mali empire, receiving a Saharan merchant. A caption describes him as ‘the richest and most noble king in all the land’.
The Great Mosque at Jenne is the largest mud-brick building in the world. The first mosque on the site was built in the thirteenth century. The current structure dates from 1907.
Timbuktu was once renowned as a centre of learning. The Great Mosque there was founded by Mansa Musa, ruler of the Mali empire, in the fourteenth century.
The Dutch cartographer, Willem Blaeu, filled the spaces of the African interior in his 1644 map by populating them with elephants and other wildlife species. The dearth of information about the interior led the satirist Jonathan Swift to mock European geographers for their efforts to ‘place elephants for want of towns’.
A nineteenth-century sketch of Mutesa’s capital at Rubaga in the kingdom of Buganda.
The Citadel of Cairo, the seat of government of Egypt for 700 years, was built on a promontory beneath the Muqattam hills, a site originally chosen in 1171 by the Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din. The Muhammad Ali Mosque was built there in the nineteenth century.
A wealthy Swahili trader, Hamed bin Muhammed, otherwise known as Tippu Tip, constructed an empire of ivory and slaves in the forests of Manyema in the Congo Basin, purportedly acting as agent for the sultan of Zanzibar.
A Yoruba youth, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, was captured as a slave at the age of twelve by Muslim raiders, sold to the Portuguese, rescued by a patrol ship from Britain’s Royal Navy, and educated by missionaries in Sierra Leone. He eventually became the first African Anglican bishop in west Africa.
The beginnings of the Big Hole of Kimberley, site of the richest diamond mine ever discovered, pictured in 1872.
Celebrations to mark the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 lasted for three weeks, drawing in guests and spectators from around the world.
The diamond magnate, Cecil Rhodes, used his fortune ruthlessly to extend the realms of the British empire in Africa. ‘I would annex the planets if I could,’ he once said. A Punch cartoon in 1892 depicts him as a colossus bestriding Africa from Cape Town to Cairo.
Paul Kruger, leader of the Boer republic of Transvaal where the world’s richest goldfield had been discovered, became the target of a British conspiracy to overthrow him and seize control.
A greedy and devious monarch, Leopold II of Belgium carved out a private domain of a million square miles of the Congo Basin and then sought to make a fortune for himself there, first from ivory, then from rubber.