Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic

by Chalmers Johnson

  38. “U.S. Serviceman’s Attempted Rape Case in Okinawa: Victim Testifies in Court, T Wanted to Withdraw My Complaint,’” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, May 14, 2003.

  39. “U.S. Marine Accused of Attempted Rape Is Granted Bail,” Kyodo, May 17, 2003; Hiroshi Matsubara, “Detention Process Questioned,” Japan Times, September 21, 2001.

  40. David Allen, “Japanese Court Dismisses Motion to Disqualify Panel in Brown Case,” Stars & Stripes, October 23, 2003; Allen, “Japan’s High Court Rejects Brown Appeal,” Stars & Stripes, November 16, 2003.

  41. “Judicial Friction Seen over SOFA: USMC Major Consistently Asserts Innocence in Attempted Rape,” Asahi Shimbun, July 16, 2003.

  42. “Marine in Okinawa Gets Suspended Sentence for Attempted Molestation,” Kyodo, July 9, 2004; David Allen, “Brown Convicted of Attempted Indecent’ Act,” Stars & Stripes, July 10, 2004.

  43. David Allen, “Convicted on Okinawa, Marine Brown in Trouble in States,” Stars & Stripes, October 9, 2005; “Marine Acquitted of Attempted Rape in Okinawa Arrested in U.S. on Abduction Charge,” Japan Today, October 9, 2005, http://www.japantodayxom/e/tools/print.asp?content=news&id=351579; Curtis Johnson, “Kidnapping Defendant Due Back this Week,” Herald-Dispatch (Huntington, West Virginia), October 19, 2005; “Accused Kidnapper in Court,” WTRF-TV, October 20, 2005, http://www.wtrf.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory8cstoryid=60498ccatid=43; Curtis Johnson, “Kidnapping Suspect Returns,” Herald-Dispatch, October 21, 2005; Johnson, “$75,000 Bond Set in Kidnapping Case,” Herald-Dispatch, November 1, 2005; David Allen, “Brown Free on $75,000 Bond; Banned from W. Virginia until Hearing,” Stars & Stripes, November 10, 2005.

  44. “Endless Crimes Involving U.S. Servicemen Fuel Fear in Okinawa,” Asahi Shimbun, June 17, 2003.

  45. “U.S. Marine Held in New Okinawa Rape Case,” CNN.com., June 12, 2003; “Okinawa Prefectural Police Questioning U.S. Marine on Voluntary Basis on Charges of Assaulting 19-year-old Woman,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, June 12, 2003; “U.S. Serviceman Questioned in Okinawa on Charge of Rape Amid Loud Calls for ’Review of SOFA,’” Tokyo Shimbun, June 13, 2003; “U.S. Envoy Expresses Regret,” Asahi Shimbun, June 13, 2003; Mark Oliva, “Okinawa Police Continue to Investigate Marine,” Stars & Stripes, June 15, 2003; Saikazu Nakamura, “Sexual Assault Incident in Okinawa: Arrest Warrant for U.S. Serviceman Issued,” Mainichi Shimbun, June 16, 2003, eve. ed.; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Statement by Minister for Foreign Affairs Yoriko Kawaguchi Concerning Alleged Rape Resulting in Injury Committed by a U.S. Marine Lance Corporal,” June 16, 2003, http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2003/6/0616.html; “Government Asks U.S. at Joint Committee to Turn Over U.S. Marine Rape Suspect to Japan Before Indictment,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, June 17, 2003; “U.S. Marine Rape Incident: Chief Cabinet Secretary Asks U.S. Ambassador to Turn the Suspect Over to Japanese Side,” Asahi Shimbun, June 18, 2003; “Marine Sentenced to Jail for Rape,” Reuters, September 14, 2003.

  46. “Drunk U.S. Base Worker Kills Man in Okinawa Car Crash,” Mainichi Daily News, March 17, 2003; David Allen and Chiyomi Sumida, “Two Americans in Custody After Incidents on Okinawa,” Stars & Stripes, May 7, 2003; “Five U.S. Marines Arrested over Series of Incidents in Okinawa,” Tokyo Shimbun, June 1, 2003. On the history of Koza, see Okinawa-shi Heiwa Bunka Shinko-ka, ed., Koza: Hito, Machi, Koto [Koza: People, Town, Events] (Okinawa-shi: Okinawa-shi Yakusho, 1997).

  47. “Governor Inamine’s Nationwide Pilgrimage to Form Alliance to Force Central Government to Move on Revision of the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement,” Asahi Shimbun, June 14, 2003; “Inamine Asks Ishihara for Cooperation on SOFA Revision,” Tokyo Shimbun, June 14, 2003.

  48. “SOFA: U.S. Hints at Refusing Suspect Turnover,” Asahi Shimbun, July 3, 2003.

  49. “Judicial Friction Seen over SOFA,” Asahi Shimbun, July 16, 2003.

  50. “Talks on SOFA Legal Procedures,” Sankei Shimbun, July 4, 2003; Yoichi Toyota, “SOFA Talks: Japan, U.S. Confront over Official Presence at Police Questioning of U.S. Military Suspects,” Tokyo Shimbun, July 12, 2003.

  51. Editorial, “SOFA Revision Needed After All,” Asahi Shimbun, June 20, 2003; “SOFA Talks to Focus on Interpreter, Lawyer; U.S. Stresses Human Rights in New Rules,” Asahi Shimbun, June 20, 2003; “Japan, U.S. Meet over GI Justice,” Christian Science Monitor, June 30, 2003; David Allen and Chiyomi Sumida, “Japanese Leaders Want Comfier SOFA,” Stars & Stripes, July 21, 2003; Hiroyuki Sato, “SOFA Talks: Japan-U.S. Views Remain at Odds,” Asahi Shimbun, July 26, 2003; “SOFA: Government to Allow U.S. Officials to Be Present During Questioning of U.S. Suspects by Japanese Police,” Sankei Shimbun, July 30, 2003; Taro Kono (Liberal Democratic Party member of the House of Representatives), “If the U.S. Is Asking More of Japan, Will the U.S. Tread More Lightly in Turn?” Christian Science Monitor, August 1, 2003; “U.S., Japan Disagree on Justice for Troops,” Reuters, August 1, 2003; “Inability to Reach Agreement on SOFA Assurances Will Affect the Japan-U.S. Alliance,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, August 3, 2003.

  52. Robert Burns, “Rumsfeld Holds Range of Talks in Tokyo,” Associated Press, November 16, 2003.

  53. Editorial, “Crash of U.S. Helicopter in Okinawa,” Mainichi Shimbun, August 18, 2004.

  54. Editorial, “Government Should Give Up Henoko Plan for Futenma Transfer,” Asahi Shimbun, April 26, 2005; David McNeill, “People Power: Have Okinawan Protests Forced Tokyo and Washington to Rethink Their Base Plan?” Japan Focus, September 27, 2005, http://japanfocus.org/article.asp?id=407; Sarah Buckley, “Okinawa Base Battle Resolved,” BBC News, October 26, 2005; Gavan McCormack, “Okinawa and the Revamped U.S.-Japan Alliance,” Japan Focus, November 15, 2005, http://japanfocus.org/article.asp?id=449.

  55. “U.S. Copter Crashes on Campus; Local Ire Raised,” Japan Times, August 14, 2004; James Brooke, “Ginowan Journal,” New York Times, September 13, 2004; “Okinawa, U.S. Helicopter Accident: Back to Square One,” Mainichi Shimbun, September 29, 2004.

  56. “Helicopter Crash in Okinawa: Local Police Investigation Stymied without Agreement of U.S. Forces,” Tokyo Shimbun, August 15, 2004; “Probe into U.S. Helicopter Crash in Okinawa,” Asahi Shimbun, September 7, 2004. For photos of the crash site and an eyewitness account, see Darrell Y. Hamamoto, “Imperial Bird-Droppings: A First-hand Report on the U.S. Military Helicopter Accident in Okinawa,” JPRI Critique 11, no. 6 (November 2004), http://www.jpri.org/publications/critiques/critique_XI_6.html.

  57. “The U.S. Military: Unyielding Vested Interests; Helicopter Crash in Okinawa; the Reason Behind the Refusal of an On-site Inspection,” Tokyo Shimbun, August 20, 2004; “U.S. Military Crash in Okinawa Reignites Debate on SOFA Issue,” Mainichi Shimbun, August 26, 2004.

  58. See note 18 above.

  59. Asahi Shimbun, August 31, 2004.

  60. “Refusal of an On-Site Inspection,” Tokyo Shimbun; “U.S. Military Unwilling to Let Japan Independently Investigate Okinawa Helicopter Crash,” Associated Press, February 18, 2005.

  61. “Japan-U.S. SOFA: ’No Longer Meets the Needs of the Times,’ Still Keeps Privileges for U.S. Troops,” Asahi Shimbun, August 10, 2005.

  62. Takehiko Kambayashi, “U.S., Japan Agree to Troop Drawdown,” Washington Times, September 24, 2004.

  63. “U.S. Copter Crash Attributed to Poor Maintenance,” Asahi Shimbun, October 6, 2004; “Maintenance Error Found to Have Caused U.S. Marine Corps Chopper Crash in Okinawa,” Mainichi Shimbun, February 18, 2005.

  64. See Ted Galen Carpenter, “President Bush’s Muddled Policy on Taiwan,” CATO Institute, Foreign Policy Briefing, No. 82, March 15, 2004.

  65. See, inter alia, Chalmers Johnson, review of Gold Warriors: America’s Secret Recovery of Yamashita s Gold, by Sterling and Peggy Seagrave, London Review of Books, November 20, 2003, pp. 3-6;” ’Rape of Nanjing’ Comic Draws Ire,” Reuters, October 14, 2004; Anthony Faiola, “Scandals Force Out Japanese TV Chief: Critics Say Network Bowed to Pressure to Soften Controversial WWII Program,” Washington Post, January 26, 2005.

  66. Norimitsu Onishi, “Ad
Man-Turned-Priest Tackles His Hardest Sales Job,” New York Times, February 12, 2005; David Pilling, “Unbowed: Koizumi’s Assertive Japan Is Standing Up Increasingly to China,” Financial Times, February 14, 2005.

  67. Yoshibumi Wakamiya, “Zero Fighters in Chongqing and Pearl Harbor; Yasukuni’s War Criminals as Martyrs?” Japan Focus, December 6, 2004, http://japanfocus.org/182.html; Koji Uemura, Mayumi Otani, and Yudai Nakazawa, “Chinese Soccer Fans Jeering at Japanese,” Mainichi Shimbun, August 6, 2004; Jim Yardley, “In Soccer Loss, a Glimpse of China’s Rising Ire at Japan,” New York Times, August 9, 2004.

  68. Bryan Bender and Shane Green (Boston Globe), “U.S. Signals Rethink on Bases Overseas,” Sydney Morning Herald, November 27, 2003; and “U.S. Force Realignment: Okinawa’s Burden Alleviation Expected to Be Small,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, November 27, 2003.

  69. “U.S. Military Transformation Plan: Aims to Strengthen Base Functions with Allies,” Asahi Shimbun, August 6, 2004; “U.S. Military Realignment Plan: Host Municipalities Strongly Against U.S. Military Realignment Plan; U.S. Frustrated with Japan’s Elusive Attitude,” Asahi Shimbun, August 7, 2004.

  70. “USAFJ’s Yokota HQ May Disappear; ’GHQ’ for USFJ to Be Moved to Zama,” and “Transformation of U.S. Forces in Japan: Less Weight to Be Given to Defense of Japan; Building Strategic Center for Launching Attacks in Middle East and Other Locations,” Tokyo Shimbun, July 29, 2004.

  71. Peter Alford, “U.S. Nuclear Carrier Hits War Nerve,” Australian, October 29, 2005; David Pilling, “Japan to Overturn Nuclear Taboo by Having U.S. Carrier Based in Port,” Financial Times, October 29-30,2005; Robert Burns, Associated Press, “Nuclear-Powered Ship to Be Based in Japan,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 2, 2005.

  72. “USFJ to be Vested with Own Command Right,” Yomiuri Shimbun, July 20, 2004.

  73. “Rumsfeld Cancels Japan Visit Due to Base Row,” Herald News Daily, October 6, 2005, http://www.heraldnewsdaily.com/stories/news-0081930.html; David Pilling, “U.S. Anger at Pace of Japan Defense Talks,” Financial Times, October 26, 2005.

  74. “World Navies Top 15,” http://www.deagel.com/forums/world-navies-top-15_62.aspx.

  75. “Constitution Survey Shows 77% Oppose Changing Article 9,” Japan Times, May 4, 2006.

  76. “Realigning U.S. Military in Japan for War Not ’Defense,’” Japan Press Weekly, no. 2454, November 12, 2005.

  77. “Government Considering Accepting Transfer of U.S. Army Command to Camp Zama and Flexibly Interpreting ’Far East Clause’ in Security Treaty,” Mainichi Shimbun, October 17, 2004; “U.S. Troops to Be Under Local Command Outside Far East,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, January 9, 2005; Chalmers Johnson “No Longer the ’Lone’ Superpower: Coming to Terms with China,” JPRI Working Paper, no. 105, March 2005, http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp 105.html.

  78. “Defense Agency, Koizumi’s Aides at Odds Over Futenma Relocation,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, March 21, 2005; Anthony Faiola, “U.S. Agrees to Relocate Marines on Okinawa,” Washington Post, October 27, 2005; “Futenma Relocation Issue: Japan with Proposal for Partial Land-Reclamation Plan at Camp Schwab; Hopes to Resolve Issue with New ’Trump Card,’ but the Key Is Persuading U.S.,” Yomiuri Shimbun, October 13, 2005.

  79. “Talks Break Down on USFJ Realignment; Washington Urges Tokyo to Break Impasse under Premier’s Initiative,” Sankei Shimbun, September 30, 2005; “Japan, U.S. at Odds over Futenma Relocation; Defense Agency Raps U.S. Government’s Sea-based Heliport Proposal,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, October 4, 2005.

  80. “Futenma Relocation: U.S. Can’t Wait, Japan Fumbling for a Solution,” Asahi Shimbun, February 25, 2005; “Interview with U.S. Consul General to Okinawa Thomas Reich on the USFJ Realignment Interim Report,” Okinawa Times, November 30, 2005; David McNeill, “U.S. Military Retreats over Japanese Base after Protests by Islanders,” Independent, October 27, 2005; Jeff Schogol, “U.S. Agrees to Move 7,000 Marines from Okinawa to Guam; Change Will Be Implemented over the Next Six Years,” Stars & Stripes, October 31, 2005.

  81. David Allen and Chiyomi Sumida,” ’It’s Done,’ Rumsfeld Says of Troop Realignment Agreement for Okinawa,” Stars & Stripes, November 5, 2005; “USFJ Realignment, Local Hurdles: All 55 Base-Hosting Municipalities Opposed to Realignment Plans,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, November 10, 2005.

  82. “USFJ Realignment: No Progress in Coordination; Local Governments Watching Okinawa,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, November 22, 2005.

  83. Masaaki Gabe, “USFJ Realignment: Government Held Accountable for Base-Hosting Burdens,” Mainichi Shimbun, November 20, 2005.

  84. “Full Text of Government Policy to Implement U.S. Force Realignment in Japan,” Mainichi Shimbun, May 31, 2006; “Japan to Pay $6 Billion to Move U.S. Marines to Guam,” Asahi Shimbun, April 25, 2006, http://japanfocus.org/article.asp?id=585.

  85. David McNeill, “Anger in Okinawa as U.S. Airman Faces Child Sex Charges,” Independent, July 5, 2005; “Surprised, Dumbfounded, and Angered at the Statement by the U.S. Embassy Official ’Trivializing the Issue’ of a U.S. Airman Molesting a Little Girl,” Ryukyu Shimpo, July 6, 2005; “Okinawa Assembly Passes Resolution Protesting Molestation Case Involving U.S. Serviceman,” Asahi Shimbun, July 7, 2005; “U.S. Air Base Imposes Late-Night Curfew Following Alleged Groping of Japanese Schoolgirl,” Associated Press, July 8, 2005; Simon Montlake, “U.S. Military Rape Case Tests Philippine President,” Christian Science Monitor, November 10, 2005; James Hookway, Wall Street Journal, “Rape Allegation Against Marines in Philippines Raises Furor,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 23, 2005; Reuters, “Four U.S. Marines Charged with Rape,” CNN.com, December 27, 2005; Chris Hogg, “Japan Jails U.S. Sailor for Murder,” BBC News, June 2, 2006.

  6: SPACE: THE ULTIMATE IMPERIALIST PROJECT

  1. Federation of American Scientists, “Address to the Nation on National Security by President Ronald Reagan, March 23, 1983,” http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/offdocs/rrspch.htm.

  2. The best book on Reagan’s Star Wars is Frances FitzGerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

  3. Tim Weiner, “Air Force Seeks Bush’s Approval for Space Arms,” New York Times, May 18, 2005, http://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines05/0518-02.htm.

  4. Walter Pincus, “Pentagon Has Far-Reaching Defense Spacecraft in Works,” Washington Post, March 16, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A38272-2005Marl5?language=printer.

  5. Alexander Zaitchik, New York Press 17, no. 52 (December 28, 2004), http://www.nypress.com/print.cfm?content_id=11848.

  6. General Habiger, quoted by Bradley Graham, “Interceptor System Set, But Doubts Remain: Network Hasn’t Undergone Realistic Testing,” Washington Post, September 29, 2004; Philip Coyle, “Is Missile Defense on Target?” Arms Control Today, October 2003.

  7. Richard Drayton, “Shock, Awe, and Hobbes Have Backfired on America’s Neocons,” Guardian, December 28, 2005. Drayton is the author of Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the “Improvement” of the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).

  8. Michelle Ciarrocca and William D. Hartung, Axis of Influence: Behind the Bush Administrations Missile Defense Revival (New York: Arms Trade Resource Center, World Policy Institute, July 2002), pp. 13-14.

  9. William D. Hartung, Frida Berrigan, Michelle Ciarrocca, and Jonathan Wingo, “Tangled Web 2005: A Profile of the Missile Defense and Space Weapons Lobbies” (New York: Arms Trade Resource Center, World Policy Institute, 2005), p. 4.

  10. Ciarrocca and Hartung, Axis of Influence, p. 10. Bradley Graham of the Washington Post discusses the role of Boeing and Lockheed Martin engineers in influencing the conclusions of the commission. See his Hit to Kill: The New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack (New York: Public Affairs, 2001), pp. 43-44.

  11. Center for Security Policy, “Now That It’s U.S. Policy to Defend America Against Missile Attack, Let the Debate Be Joined As to the Optimal Way to Do So,” Decision
Brief 99-D 37 (March 18, 1999); John Isaacs, “Missile Defense: It’s Back,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists55, no. 3 (May-June 1999), pp. 26-28.

  12. Phil Jones, “Clinton Calls for Time,” CBS News, September 1, 2000, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/09/01/national/printable229850.shtml.

  13. Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization, Washington, DC, January 11, 2001, http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/space20010111.html, pp. 13,16.

  14. Michael Dobbs, “How Politics Helped Redefine Threat,” Washington Post, January 14, 2002, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A40780-2002Janl3?language=printer.

  15. Demetri Sevastopulo, “Concern Over Keeping the Final Frontier Demilitarized,” Financial Times, September 13, 2005.

  16. Quoted by Weiner, “Air Force Seeks Bush’s Approval.”

  17. Quoted by Jack Kelly, “U.S. the Leader in War Plans for Space,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 28, 2003.

  18. Quoted by Hannah Middleton, “Star Wars: The Armed Wing of Globalization,” Australian Anti-Bases Campaign Coalition, http://www.anti-bases.org/nmd/armed_wing_of_globalisation.htm.