Sandra Dijkstra, my literary agent, and her assistant Taryn Fagerness have worked miracles in having my books published in over a dozen languages around the world.
The poet John Shreffler, of Brookline, Massachusetts, dedicated to me his conception of the arrival of Nemesis in the United States.
Several close friends have helped me with comments, articles, suggestions, and conversations about this book. They are Dr. Kozy Amemiya, one of our country’s pioneer researchers on Okinawa, and her husband, Thomas Royden, avocado and palm grower; Dr. Barry Keehn of Los Angeles, an equally talented psychologist and political scientist; Drs. Maricler and Alfredo Antognini, exiles from the ‘dirty war’ in Argentina and major contributors to the world of painting; Dr. Patrick Lloyd Hatcher, lieutenant colonel U.S. Army (ret.) and a longtime colleague; Professor Yoshihiko Nakamoto of Shizuoka University, Japan. My geriatric cat, Mof, a Russian blue, helps keep me cheerful.
Index
Entries in italics refer to tables
ABC News, 250
Abramoff, Jack, 262–63
Abu Ghraib, 8–9, 22–24, 33–35, 37, 40–46, 124, 181, 246, 259, 260, 269
Ackerman, Spencer, 101–2
acquisitions and cross-servicing agreements (ACSAs), 145
Actium, battle of (31 BC), 68
Adak, Alaska, 223
Adams, Gordon, 264
Adams, John, 59
Adams, John Quincy, 59
ADCS Inc., 260
Addington, David S., 251
Aeneid (Virgil), 57
Aero Contractors Ltd., 128
Aeroplane Spotter (newspaper), 126
Afghanistan, 5, 7–9, 19, 21, 23–25, 29–32, 35–38, 41, 45, 71, 76, 94, 100, 104, 110–20, 123–24, 128, 140, 143, 151–52, 191, 276–78
Afghanistan People’s Democratic Party, 111
African Americans, 7
Against All Enemies (Clarke), 99
Agiza, Ahmed, 129, 130
Agriculture Department, 263
Agrippina, 70
AinAouda (torture center), 124
Air America (CIA airline), 126, 128
airborne laser (ABL), 225–26
Air Force, U.S., 17, 24, 147–48, 153, 178–79, 209, 215–16, 218–20, 225, 230–32, 234–36, 239–40, 242
Air Force Academy, 3
Air Force Association, 215
Air Force Space Command, 208, 215, 232, 236, 239
Air Intelligence Agency, 156
Air Mobility Command, 6
airplane spotters, 125–28
Airpower Journal, 27, 215
Akayev, Askar, 152
Akihito, emperor of Japan, 201
Al-Asad Air Base (Iraq), 162–63
Albania, 94, 122, 132
Albanian National Intelligence Service, 132
Albright, Madeleine, 25–27
al-Dhafra Air Base (United Arab Emirates), 159
Alexander the Great, 52, 64
Algeria, 85, 148
Alito, Samuel, 248
al-Jafr prison (Jordan), 124
Al Jazeera, 3
Allawi, lyad, 95
Allende, Salvador, 2–3, 105–9
Alliance for Progress, 106
all-volunteer army, 7, 269
al-Qaeda, 4, 36–37, 41, 98, 110, 118–19, 122–24, 143
al-Rashid Military Camp (Iraq), 161
al Sahra airfield (Iraq), 162–63
al Taqaddum military base (Iraq), 162
Al-Udeid Air Base (Qatar), 124, 159
Alwani, Hatim al-, 29
American Aviation Historical Society, 126
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 42–44
American Council for Cultural Policy, 50
American embassies, 104, 107, 133, 168, 183, 188–90, 194
bombings of 1998, 118–19, 122–23
American empire, 1–11
British Empire and, 56, 71–76, 80, 84–85
democracy undercut by, 56, 60, 88–89, 278–79
economy and, 81, 83–85, 270
Iraq and, 157–63
military bases and, 6–7, 138–39, 141, 156–58, 177–207, 278
neoconservatives and, 73–75, 142–43
space weaponry and, 211
American Enterprise Institute (AEI), 148–49, 229
American Historical Association, 248
American Indians, 75, 77, 263
American Prospect, 261
American Service-Members’ Protection Act (2002), 145
America Right or Wrong (Lieven), 270
Amritsar, massacre at (1919), 79
Anderson, Frank, 113
Andersson, Arne, 128, 130
Angola, 94
anti-Americanism, 177, 179–80, 194
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972), 220, 228, 241
antiballistic missile (ABM) defense system, 209–10, 212–14, 220–32
antinuclear movement, 208–9
antisatellite (ASAT) weapons, 209, 214, 216–19, 236, 239–41
anti-Vietnam War movement, 92, 254
Antony, Mark, 67, 68
Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), 56
Anwar, Masood, 125–26
Arai, Shogo, 196
Arar, Maher, 128, 268
Arbatov, Aleksei, 228
archaeological sites, 46–47, 51–53
“arc of instability,” 147, 158
Arendt, Hannah, 17, 21–22, 24, 75, 78, 88
Argentina, 3, 108–9, 121, 164, 166–67, 169, 236, 269
Arjomand, Said, 51
Arkin, William M., 141, 143
Armey, Dick, 212
Armitage, Richard, 167
Armor Holdings, 262
Army, U.S., 17, 22, 43–45, 47, 153, 163, 179
Army Air Corps, 126
Army Corps of Engineers, 154, 159
Army First Armored Division, 141
Army First Infantry Division, 141
Army Medical Corps, 45
Army Rangers, 40
Army Times, 33
Aruba, 148, 165
Asahi Evening News, 176
Asahi Shimbun, 188, 191, 197
ASEAN Regional Forum (2003), 189–90
Ash, Timothy Carton, 34
Ashcroft, John, 35, 247
Assassination of Julius Caesar, The (Parenti), 56–57
assassinations, 94, 102, 107–9, 250
Assyria, 47–48, 78
“asymmetric warfare,” 2
Atlantic Monthly, 29–30
Atomic Energy Commission, 92
Auerback, Marshall, 271
Augustus Caesar (Octavian), emperor of Rome, 68–69, 266
Austen, Jane, 75
Australia, 148, 157
autonomous proximity operations, 240
Aviano Air Base (Italy), 133, 145
Avrakotos, Gust, 113–16
Aztecs, 76
Babylonia, ancient, 46–47, 52, 78
Baccus, Rick, 42
Bacevich, Andrew, 20
Baer, Robert, 124
Baghdad, 5, 23–24, 33, 47, 49–51, 160–62
Baghdad Burning Web site, 9
Baghdad International Airport, 161–62
Bagram Air Base (Afghanistan), 8, 37, 124, 246
Bahrain, 148, 150, 159
Bahrani, Zainab, 52
Baker, Howard, 188, 189
Baker, Kevin, 14, 74–75
Bakiyev, Kurmanbek, 153
Balad Air Force Base (Iraq), 162–63
Balkans, 63, 122
“banality of evil,” 21–22
Bandura, Albert, 120–21
Baring, Evelyn, Lord Cromer, 74
Barr, Bob, 268
Base Realignment and Closure (BRAG), 149
Base Structure Report, 5–6, 138, 140, 146–47
Basra, 163
Batista, Fulgencio, 19
Bayard Foreign Marketing, 127
Bay of Pigs invasion, 96
BBC, 30
Bearden, Milton, 113, 118
Bell, BurwellB., 173, 221
Bergenstrand, Klas, 131
Berkin, Carol, 15–16
Berkshire Eagle-, 14
Berlin Airlift, 156
Berlin Wall, fall of, 117
Berlusconi, Silvio, 131–32, 134, 154
Berrigan, Frida, 230
Beyond Fear (Schneier), 252
Bhutto, ZulfikarAli, 115
Bilefsky, Dan, 123
Bill of Rights, 176, 254
Bilmes, Linda, 277
bin Laden, Osama, 1, 3, 25, 35, 91, 98–99, 111, 118–20
“Bin Laden Determined to Strike in U.S.” (August 6, 2001, memo), 98
Bin Laden Unit, 122
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 153
Bissell, Richard, 96
Black, Gofer, 124
Black, Hugo, 253
black budgets, 115, 229, 230, 264
Blackman, Robert L, 196
black propaganda, 105
Blair, Tony, 46
Blanton, Thomas, 248
“Bloody Niggers” (Graham), 78
blowback, 1–2, 110, 120, 122–23, 278–79
Blowback, 1–2, 278
Blumenthal, Sidney, 255
Blunt, Roy, 261–62
Board of National Estimates (BNE), 96
BoccaPaz, Alfredo, 168
Boeing Corp., 128, 211–13, 222, 225–26, 262
Boers, 75, 87
Bolivia, 94, 108, 164
Bolton, John, 15, 211
bombing, 21, 24–26, 31–33
boost-phase interception, 221–22, 224–26
Boot, Max, 71
Boston Globe, 29, 224
Boykin, William G. “Jerry,” 4
Brandeis, Louis, 253
Brazil, 3, 104, 108, 164, 166–67, 169, 236
Bremer, L. Paul, 158
Brezhnev, Leonid, 82
Brilliant Solution, A (Berkin), 15–16
British East India Company, 77
British Empire, 4, 35, 46, 55–56, 71–90, 121, 138, 157, 279
British Royal Air Force, 87, 126, 140
Bromma Airport (Sweden), 128–29
Brooks, David, 38
Brown, Lisa, 184
Brown, Michael J., 184–90
Browne, Harry, 243
Brutus, 57, 60, 67–68
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 110
Buchanan, Walter E., Ill, 158–59
Budget Control and Impoundment Act (1974), 250
Bulgaria, 143, 149, 155
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 165, 232
“Burden, The” (Ignatieff), 74
Burns, John, 48
Bush, George H. W. (Bush 1), 26, 45, 50, 76, 96, 142, 193, 248–50
Bush, George W. (Bush II), 8, 21, 33, 39–40, 62, 152, 211, 243, 262
addresses by, 3, 47, 100, 123–24, 144, 231
defense spending and, 270–71, 275–78
extraordinary renditions and, 122–23, 152
free market and, 82, 84–85
intelligence and, 10, 90–92, 96, 98–102, 135–36
Iraq and, 45–47, 50, 77, 98–102, 136, 138, 154, 161, 203, 277
Japan and, 177, 180–81, 186, 190–93, 198–200, 203
Latin America and, 168–69
military bases and, 141, 144, 149, 154–57, 178, 201
9/11 attacks and, 2–5, 96, 167
presidential power and, 8, 13–15, 57–60, 68, 71, 191, 244, 246–48, 250–59, 266–68
space and, 209–10, 213–15, 220, 227–29, 231–32
torture and, 33–10, 258–59
Bybee, Jay S., 38
Byrd, Robert, 14, 55–56, 65, 67, 265
Caesar, Julius, 56–57, 59, 62–68, 70, 244, 268
Caligula, emperor of Rome, 69
Cambodia, 3, 19, 94, 96
Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 77, 79–80, 86
campaign contributions, 242, 259–62
Camp Anaconda (Iraq), 162
Camp Bondsteel (Kosovo), 140, 161
Camp Courtney (Japan), 184, 187–88
Camp Darby (Italy), 154–55
Camp Echo complex, 124
Camp Foster (Japan), 190
Camp Hansen (Japan), 179–80, 189–90
Camp Humphreys (South Korea), 145
Camp Lemonier (Djibouti), 147
Camp Marez (Iraq), 162
Camp Qayyarah (Q-West, Iraq), 162–63
Camp Renegade (Iraq), 162
Camp Salerno (Afghanistan), 124
Camp Schwab (Japan), 194, 204, 206
Camp 6, 124
Camp Speicher (Iraq), 163
Camp Stronghold Freedom (K-2, Uzbekistan), 151–53
Camp Taji (Iraq), 161–62
Camp Victory North (Iraq), 161
Camp Zama (Japan), 202, 204, 206
Canada, 157
Cannae, battle of, 58
capitalism, 164, 272
capital markets, 80–81
Carlucci, Frank, 211
Carr, E. H., 54
Carter, Jimmy, 109, 110, 115, 158, 254
Carthage, 58, 63, 74
Casey, George, 44
Casey, William, 112–13
Cassius, 67–68
Castiglioni, Luis, 168
Castro, Fidel, 96, 102–3, 105, 164
Castro, Juanita, 105
Catholic Church, 112
CBS News, 41–42, 123
CBS TV, 25, 239
Cecil, Robert Gascoyne- (Lord Salisbury), 74
Center for Defense Information, 215, 222, 225, 237, 239
Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, 168
Center for National Security Studies, 249
Center for Responsive Politics, 260
Center for Security Policy (CSP), 211–13, 225
Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 230
Central Asia, 140, 151–53
Central Bank of Iraq, 48, 50
Central Command (Centcom), 15, 51, 61, 76, 158, 160
Central Intelligence Act (1949), 94
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2–3, 10, 21, 90–136, 212, 246, 249–50
Afghanistan and, 104, 110–20
al-Qaeda and, 36–37
budget of, 115, 275
Chile and, 2–3, 104–10
Congress and, 91, 94–95, 250
covert operations and, 93–94, 102–35
creation and purpose of, 93–95, 134–35
extraordinary rendition and, 36, 104, 120–35, 152, 268
findings, 103–4
future of, 269
Iran and, 2, 93
Iraq and, 95, 98–100
Italy and, 131
Japan and, 178
leaks and, 91, 100–102
Nicaraguan Contras and, 165
Pakistan and, 112, 116
plausible deniability and, 102–4
president and, 17, 90–93, 95–96, 135–36, 246
Saudi Arabia and, 112, 118
torture and, 23–24, 35–37, 40, 120, 258
CIA Counterterrorism Center, 122, 124
Chad, 148
Challenger space shuttle, 217
Chávez, Hugo, 20, 164, 166
Cheney, Dick, 7, 15, 21, 95, 98–99, 101, 168, 193, 246, 249–51, 258
Chicago Tribune, 128, 159
child mortality, 25–29
Chile, 2–3, 19, 94, 104–10, 121, 163, 167, 236, 250
Chilean Army Directorate of National Intelligence (DINA), 108–9
Chilean Christian Democratic Party, 105
Chilean Congress, 106, 107
Chilean National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture, 108
China, 8, 14, 54–55, 76, 78, 83–84, 94, 119–20, 116, 157, 198–201, 204–5, 207, 215, 221–22, 236–37, 240, 252, 269–71, 279
Chinese Television Network, 239
Christianity, 4, 55, 70, 76
Christian Science Monitor, 141, 148
Christie, Agatha, 52
Christine, Anthony, 43
Chun Doo-Hwan,
19
Church, Frank, 93, 104, 250
Church Committee, 93–94, 102–5, 250
Ciarrocca, Michelle, 212, 230
Cicero, 56–57, 59–61, 63, 66–68
Cicero (Everitt), 56
citizens, rights of, 59–60, 63
Citizens Against Government Waste, 264
Civilian Conservation Corps, 272, 273
civilians, war and, 8–9, 24–33
“civilizing mission,” 71–72, 75–76
civil liberties, 267
Clarke, Richard A., 34, 99, 120
Clarke Orbit, 238
“clash of civilizations,” 46
class struggle, 62
Claudius, emperor of Rome, 69–70
Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 68
Clinton, Bill, 34, 96, 99, 119–20, 122–23, 142–43, 181, 194, 210, 213, 215, 220, 235, 248, 255, 275
Clinton v. New York, 258
CNN Airport Channel, 239
Cockburn, Patrick, 31
Cohen, Nick, 137
Cold War, 17, 20, 35, 50, 82, 94, 111, 118, 135, 230, 274–75
Cole, USS, attack on, 123, 125
Coleman, Dan, 121
Coll, Steve, 98, 112–13, 117
collateral damage, 24–33, 121, 225
Colombia, 164–65
Colossus (Ferguson), 80
Comalapa military base (El Salvador), 165
Combatant Status Review Tribunals, 267
“comfort women,” 24, 121
“command responsibility,” 39–40
Commerce Department, 253, 263
Commission on Review of Overseas Military Facility Structure, 137
Commission to Assess United States
National Security Space Management and Organization (Rumsfeld report of 2001), 213–15, 241
Common Aero Vehicle (CAV), 209
communism, 16, 82, 84, 111, 164
Computer Sciences Corporation, 257
concentration camps, 86
Condor Years, The (Dinges), 108
Congo/Zaire, 3, 19
Congressional Budget Office, 212
Congressional Research Service, 276
Conrad, Joseph, 45, 76, 78
conscience, lack of, 21–22
Constantine, emperor of Rome, 55
Constitutional Convention of 1787, 16. See also U.S. Constitution
consuls, Roman, 61–62, 66
containment, 148, 274
“Contract with America,” 212
Contras. See Iran-Contra; Nicaragua
Contreras, Manuel, 108–9
Convention on the Presence of Foreign
Forces in the Federal Republic of Germany (1954), 171
Cook, Robin, 14–15, 100
Cooperative Security Locations (CSLs, “lily pads”), 147–48, 153, 155, 164–70
Coors family, 212
Copper Green SAP, 40–41
Coriolanus (Shakespeare), 56
Corona spy satellites, 216
Corriere della Sera (newspaper), 154, 155
Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic Page 46