Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic

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Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic Page 48

by Chalmers Johnson


  intelligence

  CIA and, 93–94, 135–36

  fabricated or suppressed, 95–102

  9/11 attacks and, 95, 98

  State Department and, 21

  intelligence agencies. See also specific agencies

  competition among, 95

  power of, 20–21

  secret budgets of, 9–10

  Intelligence Oversight Act (1980), 250

  Intelligence Wars (Powers), 256

  Intelsat I “Early Bird,” 238

  Interior Department, 263

  International Committee of the Red Cross, 43, 45, 124

  International Criminal Court (ICC), 145, 164, 169, 191

  International Islamic Front for lihad, 118, 122–23

  international law, 8, 25, 27, 34–37, 43–44, 87, 102, 123, 191, 241, 243, 251

  International Military Education and Training, 151

  International Monetary Fund, 164

  International Space Station, 218, 237

  International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), 105

  Internet, 9, 125, 127

  Inter Press News Service, 168

  Iquitos, Peru, 165

  Iran, 2, 5, 15, 48, 93–94, 104, 110–11, 158, 225

  Iran, Shah of, 2, 19, 111

  Iran-Centra scandal, 103–4, 113, 163–65, 248–49, 256

  Iraq, 87, 91, 94. See also Gulf War of 1991; Iraq war and occupation

  ancient, 46–47, 49

  sanctions and, 3, 25–29

  Iraq Body Count, 32

  Iraq Confidential (Ritter), 92

  Iraqi Interior Ministry, 29, 50

  Iraqi Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments, 47

  Iraqi National Library and Archives, 47, 49

  Iraqi Oil Ministry, 46, 50–51

  Iraqi Republican Guard, 161

  Iraqiyun (Baghdad), 29

  “Iraq’s Continuing Program for Weapons of Mass Destruction” (NIE of October 1, 2002), 98–99

  Iraq Survey Group, CIA, 99

  Iraq war and occupation (2003-), 5–10, 19, 21–25, 27, 36, 46, 123–24, 153–54, 156, 164, 178, 191, 199, 201, 203–4, 243, 278, 279

  cost of, 7, 59, 275–77

  election of lanuary 2005 and, 95

  insurgents and, 29–30

  intelligence and, 5, 23, 98–100

  looting and, 23, 45–53

  military bases and, 7, 140–43, 153–63, 188

  reconstruction of, 15

  Rumsfeld strategy and, 143

  space war and, 232

  torture and, 5, 8, 21–23, 35, 38, 41–45

  “Iraq Water Treatment Vulnerabilities” (DIA document, 1991), 26

  Irbil military base (Iraq), 163

  Irish famine, 81

  Ishaqi massacre, 29

  Ishihara, Shintaro, 190–91

  Ishtar Gate, 52

  Islamabad CIA station, 100, 113

  Islamists (mujahideen), 2, 4, 111–13, 115–19, 122, 131, 152

  Israel, 3, 116, 140, 158, 227, 236

  Italian Christian Democratic Party, 94

  Italy, 6, 48, 85, 104, 123, 131–35, 142–43, 145, 154–55

  Jackson, Derrick, 29

  Jackson, Henry M. “Scoop,” 211

  Jackson, Robert H., 253

  Jacobi, Derek, 69

  Jamaat-e-lslami, 112, 132

  Jamail, Dahr, 30

  Japan, 8, 157, 178, 186, 198–201, 207, 219, 271, 274–75, 279

  military bases in, 142–43, 145, 150, 171–207

  WW II and, 24, 39–40, 73, 76, 83–85, 121, 199–200, 279

  Japanese Americans, 244

  Japanese constitution, 199, 203

  Japanese Defense Agency, 197–98, 204

  Japanese Diet, 181, 196, 201

  Japanese Liberal Democratic Party, 94, 181, 186, 196, 205

  Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 173, 185, 192–93, 197–98

  Japanese Ministry of Justice, 192–93

  Japanese National Police Agency, 192

  Japanese SOFA, 174, 176, 178–207

  Japanese Supreme Court, 188

  Japan-U.S. Interim Agreement of 2005, 204–5

  Japan-U.S. negotiations

  of 2003, 191–93

  of 2004–5, 202–5

  Japan-U.S. Security Treaty (1960), 171–72, 178–80, 186, 202–4, 206

  Javits, Jacob, 265

  Jay, John, 59

  Jefferson, Thomas, 17

  Jenkins, Simon, 4

  Jerusalem, 58

  Jewel in the Crown, The (Scott), 80

  Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, 80

  Jin, Lu, 189

  John Paul II, Pope, 169

  Johnson, Loch K., 93, 95, 102

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 90, 95, 245

  Johnson County Airport (North Carolina), 128

  Johnson Space Center (Texas), 219

  Joint Chiefs of Staff, 41, 116, 180

  Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), 236

  Jonsson, Kjell, 129

  Jordan, 9, 36, 48, 94, 123–25, 128, 141

  Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 56

  Justice Department, 36, 247, 251–52, 263, 267

  Kabul, Afghanistan, military base, 124, 143

  Kadena Air Base (Japan), 145, 173, 178–79, 182–83, 190, 194

  Kaiserslautern (K-town, Germany), 155

  Kalecki, Micha, 273

  Kalla Fakta (Cold Facts) (TV program), 128

  Kanagawa, Japan, 173, 202, 205, 207

  Kandahar, Afghanistan, 124

  Karachi Airport, 127

  Karakak wedding attack, 31–32

  Karimov, Islam, 152–53

  Karp, Jonathan, 275–76

  Karpinski, Janis L., 43, 45

  Karzai, Hamid, 32

  Kashmir, 87, 116

  Kassebaum, Nancy, 265

  Katzenstein, Peter, 157

  Kawaguchi, Yoriko, 185, 190

  Kawakami, Hiroyuki, 187

  KBR (formerly Kellogg Brown & Root), 7, 140, 159–61

  Keith, Damon, 249

  Keller, Bill, 255

  Kelley, Victor, 186

  Kennedy, John F., 95–96, 103, 105, 216

  Kenya, 79, 85–87, 121, 279

  Kerry, John, 101

  Kessler Effect, 217

  Keynes, John Maynard, 271–72

  Keynesianism, 271–73

  Khartoum plant attack, 119

  Khomeini, Ayatollah, 2

  Khost, Afghanistan, 124

  Khostcamp, 118–19

  kidnapping. See extraordinary renditions Kikuyu people, 79, 85–87

  Kin, Okinawa, 189

  kinetic kill vehicles, 218

  Kipling, Rudyard, 74

  Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 75

  Kirkuk.Iraq, 162

  Kissinger, Henry, 54–55, 92, 94, 96–97, 104, 106

  Kitty Hawk, USS (aircraft carrier), 202, 207

  Klein, Naomi, 38

  Koh, Harold Hongju, 39

  Kohat prison (Pakistan), 124

  Kohn, Jerome, 21, 22

  Koizumi, Junichiro, 185, 192–93, 198–203, 205–7

  Korea, 76

  Korean Air Lines, 234

  Korean War, 20, 145, 176, 182, 253

  Kornbluh, Peter, 107, 108

  Kosovo, military base in, 140, 161

  Krieble, Helen, 212

  Kurds, 28, 87

  Kuwait, 26, 28, 48, 148, 150, 158–60

  Kwajalein Missile Range (Marshall Islands), 222

  Kwiatkowski, Karen, 99, 158

  Kyle, Jon, 220

  Kyrgyzstan, 6, 140, 147, 151–52

  labor, 81, 175, 263, 272

  Labor Department, 263

  Lady, Robert Seldon, 131, 133–34

  Lafontaine, Oskar, 154

  Laird, Melvin, 97

  laissez-faire, 82, 84

  La Maddalena military base (Sardinia), 154

  Lancet, 28, 32

  Langewiesche, William, 29–30

  Laos, 94, 126

  Latin America, 101, 147, 163–70r />
  Lawless, Richard P., 192, 202, 204

  “law of the flag,” 172

  Lebanese immigrants, 166–67

  Lebanon, 9, 63, 122

  Lee, Barbara, 13

  Lee, Burton J., Ill, 45

  legislative branch, 15–16, 267–68

  Lenin, Vladimir, 5, 83

  “Lesser Evils” (Ignatieff), 73

  Letelier, Orlando, 109

  Levi Strauss & Co., 263

  Lewinsky, Monica, 119

  Lewis, Jeffrey, 240

  Lewis, Jerry, 261

  Lexus and the Olive Tree, The (Friedman), 80

  liberal imperialism, 77

  Liberia, 148

  Library of Korans, 47, 49

  Libya, 123

  Lieven, Anatol, 270

  Lincoln, Abraham, 244

  Lincoln’s Constitution (Farber), 252

  Lindemans, Micha F., 11

  Linder, Sven, 128

  Lindh, John Walker, 34–35

  Lindorff, Dave, 35

  Lindqvist, Sven, 76, 79

  Livy, 56–58, 60

  Liz Claiborne, 263

  lobbyists, 260–65, 273

  Locke, John, 77

  Lockheed Martin, 212–13, 215, 225, 227, 257, 264

  London Times, 4, 123, 161 “lone superpower,” 142

  Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad, The (Polk and Schuster), 48

  Lord, Lance, 215, 232

  Lord & Taylor, 263

  Los Angeles Times, 15, 35, 71, 263

  low Earth orbits (LEO), 216–19, 237, 241

  Lucas, George, 209

  Macedonia, 63

  Macke, Richard C., 180

  Madam Secretary (Albright), 25–26

  Madison, James, 16, 18, 20, 59, 244–45

  Mahle, Melissa Boyle, 100

  Mahuad, Jamil, 166

  Maier, Charles S., 77

  Main Operating Bases (MOBs), 145–46, 148, 153–54

  Malayan Emergency (1948-60), 4, 85

  Malaysia, 85, 94, 236

  Mali, 148

  Mallowan, Max, 52

  Malthus, Thomas Robert, 76

  Manas Air Base (Kyrgyzstan), 6, 147, 151, 153

  Manhattan Project, 10

  Mansfield Park (Austen), 75

  Manta base (Ecuador), 165–66, 169

  Maoris, 75

  Mao Zedong, 84, 252

  Marcos, Ferdinand, 19

  Margolis, Eric, 87

  Mariana Islands, 263

  Marine Civil Affairs Bureau, 49

  Marine Corps, 17, 51–53, 178, 184–89, 204

  Marine Mammal Protection Act, 149

  Mariscal Estigarribia, Paraguay, 169

  Marius, Caius, 65–66

  Marquez, Humberto, 49

  Marshall, John, 176

  Marshall, Joshua Micah, 72

  Marshall, P. J., 79, 80, 85

  Martin, Kate, 249

  Martinez, Mel, 262

  Marxism, 81–83

  MasraTora Prison, 130

  Massimino, Elisa, 259

  Masterpiece Theater (TV series), 73

  Mau Mau Uprising, 85–87

  Mauritania, 148

  Mauritius, 94

  Maxwell Air Force Base (Alabama), 216

  Mayan civilization, 76

  McCain, John, 258–59, 266

  McCone, John, 105

  McCoy, Alfred W., 35, 267

  McGaffin, John, 114

  McGovern, Ray, 98–99

  McGrory, Daniel, 161

  McGuiness, Mary Ellen, 128

  McLaughlin, John, 135

  McNamara, Robert, 103

  Medea (Euripides), 68

  media, 17, 19, 30, 33, 269

  Meiji, emperor of Japan, 200

  Mein Kamp/(Hitler), 79

  Mercosur agreement, 169

  Mesopotamia, 36, 87

  Mexico, 83–84, 164

  Mi-24

  Hind helicopter, 116–17

  microsatellites, 240

  Middle East, 142–43, 147, 158–63, 203–4

  Mihail Kogalniceanu Air Base, (Romania), 155

  militarism, 5, 88–89, 137, 141

  Constitution and, 13–21

  defined, 19–20

  military Keynesianism and, 273–74

  Rome and, 55, 57, 59, 64, 66, 70

  space and, 209–10

  military bases

  domestic, 17, 137–38, 141–42, 146, 149–50

  number and cost of, 5–6, 10

  space and, 210

  military bases, overseas, 3, 128, 257

  costs of, 150–51, 155–56

  culture of, 146

  domestic bases vs., 138

  empire of, 71, 278

  Iraq and, 157–63

  Japan and, 171–207

  neoconservative program to transform military and, 142–45, 148–50

  number and size of, 5–6, 10, 138–42 139, 178

  Paraguay and, 163–70

  protocols to establish, 144–45

  relationships with host countries and, 6–7, 151–57

  SOFAs for, 171–75

  types of, 145–49

  Military Construction Appropriations Act, 7, 150, 276

  military courts, 177

  military-industrial complex, 9, 15, 71, 89, 209, 210, 229, 242, 260, 264–65, 269, 273

  military intelligence, 34–35

  “military Keynesianism,” 138, 271–79

  military pensions, 276

  Miller, Geoffrey, 34, 40, 42–44

  Milstar satellites, 238

  MIRVs (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles), 97

  Miscik, Jami A., 101

  Missile Defense Agency (MDA), 218, 222, 224–27

  missile defense program (NMD), 199–200, 211–14, 220–33, 242, 265

  commission on (Rumsfeld report of 1998), 212–14

  “missile gap,” 216

  Misty stealth satellites, 240

  Mobutu, SeseSeko, 19

  Moffitt, Ronni Karpen, 109

  Mohammed, Jamil Qasim Saeed, 125

  Mondale, Walter, 246

  money laundering, 110, 167

  Montesquieu, 16, 55

  Moore, Mike, 232

  “Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR)” commands, 6

  Morales, Evo, 164, 166

  “Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children” (Garfield), 28–29

  Morocco, 9, 123–24, 148, 236

  Moron Air Base (Spain), 156

  Morris, Gouverneur, 15

  Morris, Jan, 54

  Moseley, T. Michael, 33

  Moss, John, 245

  Mossadeq, Mohammad, 2

  Mosul, Iraq, 42, 48, 162

  Mountbatten, Edwina, Lady, 80

  Mountbatten, Lord, 88

  Moyers, Bill, 230, 245, 261–62, 264

  MRVs (multiple reentry vehicles), 97

  Muhammad (prophet), 4

  Murdoch, Rupert, 38

  Murphy, Frank, 39–40

  Murray, Craig, 152

  Murtha, John P., 260

  Muslim Brotherhood, 112, 117, 130

  Muslims, 4, 9, 47, 76, 167. See also Islamists

  Myers, Richard, 23, 34, 40–42, 180

  Myers v. United States, 253–54

  My Lai massacre, 29

  MZM Inc., 260–61

  Nabu, Temple of, 52

  Nago, Japan, 194

  Nagy, Thomas, 26

  Nairobi embassy bombing, 118–19, 122–23

  Najibullah, Mohammad, 117

  Nakamine, Victoria, 184–85, 187–88

  Napoleon Bonaparte, 70

  “narcoterrorism,” 164

  NASA, 216, 219

  Nasiriyah., 51

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 87

  national debt, 270–71, 275, 277

  National Defense Authorization Act (2000), 214

  National Democratic Institute, 152

  National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), 93–94, 97–98, 106

  nationalism, 82, 85–88
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  National Military Justice Group, 186

  National Missile Defense Act (1999), 213

  National Museum of Iraq, 46–50

  National Public Radio, 239

  National Reconnaissance Office, 215

  National Security Act (1947), 93, 94

  National Security Adviser, 97–98

  National Security Agency (NSA), 91–92, 156, 251, 254–57, 266

  National Security Archive, 107, 248

  National Security Council (NSC), 92–93, 100, 102, 104, 192

  National Security Strategy of 2002, 58

  Natural Resources Defense Council, 155–56

  Navy, U.S., 17, 153, 179

  Headquarters in Europe, 154

  Navy Engineering Logistics Office (NELO), 127

  Navy SEALs, 40

  Nebuchadnezzar II, 51–52

  Negroponte, John, 92

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, 80

  “Neighborhood Girl” (Shreffler), 10–11

  Nelson, Bill, 262

  Nemesis (goddess), 10–11, 243–44, 279

  neoconservatives, 142, 148–49, 198–99, 210–11, 215–16, 231

  neoliberalism, 82, 164

  Nero, emperor of Rome, 70

  Neumann, Michael, 74

  New Deal, 272–73

  New Republic, 102

  Newsweek, 125, 159, 160

  New Yorker, 37, 122, 167

  New York Journal-American, 176

  New York Times, 3, 38, 44, 48, 58, 80, 81, 100, 106, 123, 135, 146, 156, 159, 209, 255, 256, 266, 268

  Magazine, 73

  New Zealand, 75, 157

  Nicaragua, 3, 19, 94, 103–4, 112–13, 163–65, 248. See also Iran-Contra scandal

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 76

  Niger, 100, 148

  Nimrud excavations, 52, 48

  9/11 Commission (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States), 98–99, 123

  Report, 137

  Nineveh, 52

  Nixon, Richard M., 54, 92, 94–96, 104, 106–8, 121, 246–47, 250

  noise pollution, 173–74, 195

  nongovernmental organizatons (NGOs), 152

  Nordstrom, 263

  Noriega, Roger, 168

  North, Oliver, 112–13

  North, Thomas, 67

  North Africa, 63, 147–48

  North American Treaty Organization (NATO), 5, 141, 171–72, 174

  Northcom, 61

  Northeast Asia, 143, 157

  Northern Alliance, 35–37, 100, 143

  North Korea, 94, 145, 199, 205, 207, 210, 221, 223

  Northrop Grumman, 212, 225, 257, 264

  North Vietnam, 96

  nuclear weapons, 7–8, 98–100, 138, 141, 154–56, 202, 206, 208–10, 212–13, 241, 274, 276

  Obering, Henry, 225

  Observer, 137

  Occidental Petroleum Co., 165

  Octavian, 66–69

  Office of Legal Counsel, 36, 251

  Office of National Estimates, 94

  Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA), 50

  Office of Special Plans, 99–100

  oil, 6, 46, 51, 142, 147–48, 158, 162, 165–66, 199, 203, 219

  oil for food program, 28

 

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