by Roger Knight
60. Black, British Foreign Policy, p. 299.
61. Webb, ‘Ochakov Affair’, p. 22.
62. Black, British Foreign Policy, pp. 300–318.
63. Hope, ‘Black Sea Trade’, pp. 171–2.
64. Black, British Foreign Policy, p. 318, quoting Williamwood, p. 157, Ewart Papers, 24 May 1791.
65. Acerra, Merino and and Meyer, Marines, pp. 71, 74; Cormack, Revolution and the French Navy, pp. 291–302.
66. TNA, Admiralty List Books, ADM 8/65, 1789.
67. Duffy, Pitt, p. 180.
2 Pitt’s Investment 1783–1793
1. Deane and Cole, British Economic Growth, p. 8.
2. Unger, ‘European Merchant Tonnage’, p. 261.
3. O’Brien and Engerman, p. 184, quoting Crouzet, ‘British Exports’, pp. 51, 61.
4. Deane and Cole, British Economic Growth, pp. 52, 59.
5. Davey, ‘Sinews of War’, pp. 163–4.
6. Duffy, Sugar and Sea Power, pp. 3–33.
7. Findlay and O’Rouke, Power and Profit, p. 262.
8. Bamford, Forests and French Sea Power, pp. 185–95.
9. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, p. 2.
10. Baker, Government and Contractors, p. 188.
11. ODNB; Ward, Wellington’s Headquarters, p. 15.
12. Goodwin, ‘Jean-Jacques de Beaune’, pp. 213–24.
13. Cooper, ‘Pitt and Taxation’, p. 94.
14. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. I, pp. 269–71; Ward, ‘Revenue Commissioners’, pp. 128–30; Daunton, Trusting Leviathan, pp. 34–5.
15. Harling and Mandler, ‘“Fiscal Military” State’ p. 54, quoting Commission on Public Accounts, Seventh Report, 18 June 1782, pp. 41, 430.
16. Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, p. 64.
17. Ibid., p. 62.
18. Breihan, ‘Pitt’, p. 81.
19. Webb, ‘Rebuilding and Repair’, pp. 197–8; Mitchell and Deane, Historical Statistics, p. 580.
20. Baugh, ‘British Command of the Seas’, pp. 153–9; Knight, ‘Royal Navy’s Recovery’, pp. 15, 20; Webb, ‘Rebuilding of the Fleet’, p. 206.
21. TNA, Navy Board Standing Orders to the Dockyards, ADM 106/2509, 1783–4.
22. TNA, ADM 106/2509: 30, 6 Feb. 1783; 133, 24 June 1783; 129, 20 June 1783; 136, 30 June 1783; Knight, Portsmouth Dockyard, p. xl.
23. Knight, Portsmouth Dockyard, pp. 8–9; Blake, Evangelicals in the Navy, p. 43.
24. Talbott, Pen and Ink Sailor, pp. 122–6.
25. Jervis to Nepean, 5 May 1797, BL, Nepean Papers, Add. MSS 36708.
26. Marsh Diary, p. 48.
27. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, p. 50.
28. Talbott, Pen and Ink Sailor, pp. 100–101.
29. Knight, ‘Impressment to Task Work’, pp. 1–20; Morriss, ‘Industrial Relations’, pp. 216–23.
30. TNA, Navy Board Standing Orders to the Dockyards, ADM 106/2509, 172, 4 Aug. 1783.
31. 11 Sept. 1783, Navy Board to Admiralty, NMM, ADM BP/4; Knight, Portsmouth Dockyard Papers, pp. 62–3.
32. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 93.
33. Derrick, Progress of the Navy, p. 179.
34. Navy Board Standing Orders to the Dockyards, TNA, ADM 106/2509, 272, 30 Jan. 1784; 222, 29 Oct. 1783; 336, 3 Dec. 1784; 160, 24 July 1783; 272, 30 Jan. 1784; Talbott, Pen and Ink Sailor, pp. 90–114.
35. TNA, Navy Board Standing Orders to the Dockyards, ADM 106/2509, 272, 30 Jan. 1784.
36. Talbott, Pen and Ink Sailor, p. 102.
37. Coad, Royal Dockyards, pp. 103–6; Morriss, Royal Dockyards, pp. 39–44.
38. Talbott, Pen and Ink Sailor, pp. 100–103.
39. Coad, Royal Dockyards, pp. 130–34.
40. Knight, Portsmouth Dockyard, pp. 159–65.
41. Lyon, Sailing Navy List, pp. 70–72, 104, 236.
42. Drabble, ‘Templar and Parlby’, pp. 1–2.
43. Coad, Royal Dockyards, p. 100; Block Mills, pp. 27–8; Support for the Fleet, p. 95.
44. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 44.
45. Merino, ‘Graving Docks’, pp. 48–9.
46. Cormack, French Navy, p. 46.
47. Cock, ‘Early Trials of Copper Sheathing’, pp. 446–59.
48. Knight, ‘Copper Sheathing’, p. 304.
49. Harris, Copper King, p. 49.
50. Ibid., pp. 177–8.
51. Knight, ‘Copper Sheathing’, p. 307.
52. Webb, ‘Navy and British Diplomacy’, p. 143; Rosier, ‘Fleet Repairs’, pp. 328–33; Cock, ‘Cost of Re-Coppering’, p. 93.
53. Harris, ‘Industrial Espionage’, p. 170, quoting Archives Navales T591, 4 and 5.
54. Knight, Shipbuilding Timber, pp. 11–19.
55. 24 Mar. 1786, NMM, Middleton Papers, MID/1/169.
56. Knight, Shipbuilding Timber, pp. 32–3.
57. Middleton to Pitt, 12 Dec. 1785, Laughton, Barham Papers, Vol. II, pp. 194–5.
58. 7. Oct. 1787, NMM, Middleton Papers, MID/1/196.
59. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, pp. 32, 218.
60. Syrett, ‘Christopher Atkinson’, p. 141; Knight, ‘Politics and Trust’, pp. 133–4.
61. Knight, ‘Politics and Trust’, p. 134; Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, pp. 17–18, 24, 196, 207.
62. Baker, ‘Open Contracting’, pp. 453–4.
63. Norris, Shelburne, pp. 226–7.
64. Steven Watson, George III, p. 580.
65. Cole, Arming the Navy, pp. 11–13.
66. Evans, Arming the Fleet, pp. 33–5.
67. Hogg, Arsenal, Vol. I, p. 493; Vol. II, p. 1,289.
68. Jupp, Grenville, p. 45.
69. Olson, Radical Duke, pp. 12, 13, 95.
70. Ibid., p. 74.
71. Seymour, Ordnance Survey, p. 47, quoting TNA, WO 46/18; MR, 1385.
72. Douet, Barracks, p. 56.
73. Olson, Radical Duke, p. 82; Saunders, Fortress Britain, p. 126.
74. Cole, Arming the Navy, p. 17.
75. Jane, Shirley Heights, pp. 21–2.
76. Cole, Arming the Navy, pp. 60–61, 78–9.
77. Evans, Arming the Fleet, pp. 39–43.
78. Congreve, Royal Powder Mills, Appendix 1.
79. Tomlinson, ‘Wealden Gunfounders’, p. 388.
80. Baker, Crisis in Ordnance, p. 2.
81. Ibid., p. 31, quoting Blomefield to the Ordnance Board, 14 Mar. 1792.
82. Ibid., pp. 38–44.
83. Harris, ‘Industrial Espionage’, p. 171, quoting Faujas de Saint-Fond, A Journey through England and Scotland to the Hebrides in 1784 (Sir A. Geikie (ed.), 1907), Vol. I, p. 151, Vol. II, p. 348.
84. Robertson, Naval Gunnery, p. 168.
85. Reese, The Duke of Richmond, pp. 203, 207; Bailey and Harding, ‘India Pattern Musket’, pp. 48–57.
86. Hewit, Map of a Nation, p. 103.
87. Seymour, Ordnance Survey, pp. 8–24, 47; Hewit, Map of a Nation, p. 103.
88. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. V, p. 665.
89. Muir and Esdaile, ‘Strategic Planning’, pp. 3, 6.
90. Houlding, Fit for Service, pp. 70–71, 395.
91. Ibid., p. 89.
92. Ibid., pp. 75–89.
93. Pimlott, ‘Administration of Army’, p. 79.
94. Ibid., p. 359.
95. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. I, p. 562; Pimlott, ‘Administration of Army’, pp. 311, 319, 361, 341, Appendix 7, quoting ‘Return of the Regiments Embarked On Board His Majesty’s Fleet as Marines, 7 November 1790’, TNA, WO 25/1146.
96. Pimlott, ‘Administration of Army’, pp. 311–12, 321–6.
97. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. III, p. 582.
98. Douet, Barracks, pp. 58–9.
99. Ibid., p. 67.
100. Ibid., p. 62, quoting 13 June 1792, TNA, HO 42/20.
101. Ibid., pp. 63–5.
102. Joyce, Post Office, p. 246.
103. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. I, pp. 294–8.
104. Joyce, Post Office, p. 290.
105. Whyman, Pen and People, pp. 57
, 58.
106. Whyman, English Letter Writers, p. 57.
107. Joyce, Post Office, p. 281.
108. Whyman, Pen and People, p. 58; Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. I, pp. 293–8; Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, p. 70.
109. Barrow, Life of Howe, p. 182.
110. Joyce, Post Office, pp. 274–9.
111. 15 Mar. 1790, Marsh Diary, pp. 46–8.
112. Cormack, Revolution and the French Navy, pp. 109–42.
PART TWO: HOLDING THE LINE
3 The First Crisis 1795–1798
1. pp. 45–7. Quoted in Schofield, ‘Ideological War’, p. 195.
2. Ward, ‘French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars’, p. 6, quoting TNA, WO 30/64.
3. Schofield, ‘Ideological War’, p. 191, fn. 36, 192, quoting Parliamentary Register, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 45–51, 57–60, 390r.
4. Cookson, Armed Nation, p. 26.
5. Hampson, Perfidy of Albion, pp. 96–7.
6. To Colonel Sir Hew Dalrymple, 17 June 1794, Verney, Calvert, pp. 234–8, 254.
7. James, Naval History, Vol. I, p. 181.
8. Barrell, Spirit of Despotism, pp. 44–5.
9. Rogers, Press Gang, pp. 52–3.
10. Duffy, ‘Control of Foreign Policy’, pp. 151–77.
11. Bickley, Sylvester Douglas, Vol. I, p. 81.
12. Cookson, Armed Nation, p. 33.
13. 5 July 1794, Duffy, ‘Dunkirk Expedition’, p. 537n.
14. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. I, p. 132.
15. Jupp, Canning Letter Journal, pp. 28–9.
16. Ziegler, Addington, p. 56, quoting Liverpool to Lord Auckland, 4 Apr. 1807.
17. Verney, Calvert, p. 18.
18. Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, p. 198.
19. Ilchester, Lady Holland, Vol. I, p. 100.
20. Foreman, Duchess of Devonshire, pp. 197–8, 279; see also the ODNB entry by E. A. Smith.
21. Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder, pp. 88, 365–8.
22. Duffy, ‘Dunkirk Expedition’, p. 531.
23. ‘Minutes of Conversation with Mr Pitt 10 April 1793’, TNA, WO 30/81.
24. To Major General Sir Hew Dalrymple, 9 Nov. 1794, Verney, Calvert, p. 385.
25. Calvert to Dalrymple, 12 Oct. 1794, ibid., pp. 359–60.
26. Duffy, Sugar and Seapower, p. 44.
27. Duffy, ‘World-wide War’, p. 188.
28. Thomas, ‘Wellington in the Low Countries’, p. 15.
29. Ibid., p. 30.
30. Dec. 1794, Jupp, Canning Letter Journal, p. 163.
31. Jupp, Canning Letter Journal, p. 184.
32. Barrell, Spirit of Despotism, pp. 32–3, 45–6.
33. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. II, pp. 412–13, quoting 9 July 1794, TNA, PRO 30/8/157.
34. Rosebery, Windham Papers, Vol. I, p. xxii.
35. Bourne, Palmerston, p. 115.
36. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. V, pp. 613, 634.
37. Ibid., p. 634, quoting Chatsworth MSS [12 Apr. 1795].
38. Cornwallis-West, Cornwallis, p. 266; Tracy, Naval Chronicle, Vol. I, pp. 133–8.
39. Duffy, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 168–9.
40. 29 Jan. 1798, Corbett, Spencer Papers, Vol. II, p. 240; Mackesy, Strategy of Overthrow, p. 16.
41. Ingram, Commitment to Empire, p. 33, quoting National Archives of Scotland, GD/51/1/769/1, Huskisson to Dundas, 11 Sept. 1798.
42. St Vincent to Nepean, 28 Aug. 1800, BL, Nepean Papers, Add. MSS 36708.
43. Duffy, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 183–95.
44. Philips, East India Company, pp. 87–8.
45. Duffy, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 203–4.
46. BL, Add. MSS 33048, fol. 342.
47. Duffy, Sugar and Seapower, p. 139.
48. Potgeiter, ‘Cape of Good Hope’, pp. 524–7.
49. See Chapter 5. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p. 562; Durey, Wickham, p. 51.
50. Duffy, Sugar and Seapower, p. 195.
51. Ibid., pp. 332–3.
52. Consolvo, ‘British Naval Officers’, pp. 147, 155.
53. Starkey, ‘British Seafaring Workforce’, p. 21.
54. Hughes, North Country Life, Vol. II, pp. 189–94.
55. 2 Feb. 1795, Jupp, Canning Letter Journal, p. 198.
56. Rickard, Navy Act 1796, pp. 1–8.
57. Dancy, ‘British Naval Manpower’, pp. 240–52, 273–6.
58. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, p. 223.
59. Duffy, Sugar and Seapower, pp. 173–4.
60. Bartlett and Jeffrey, Military History of Ireland, p. 249.
61. Colley, ‘Reach of the State’, p. 168; Cookson, Armed Nation, p. 41; Philp, Resisting Napoleon, p. 6.
62. Fernyhough, Military Memoirs, pp. 5–6.
63. To John Calvert, 22 July 1794, Verney, Calvert, p. 281.
64. Duffy, Sugar and Seapower, p. 283, quoting 13, 20 Mar. 1797, War Office in-letters, TNA, WO 1/86.
65. Cookson, ‘English Volunteer Movement’, p. 883.
66. Cookson, Armed Nation, pp. 106–7, 118.
67. Jupp, Canning Letter Journal, pp. 109, 259.
68. Gloucester to William Windham, 31 Oct. 1798, Rosebery, Windham Papers, Vol. II, pp. 81–2.
69. Western, English Militia, p. 444; Randall, Riotous Assemblies, pp. 35–43.
70. Bartlett, ‘Irish Militia’, p. 63, quoting 5 July 1793, TNA, HO 100/40/102–4.
71. Ibid., p. 43.
72. Cookson, Armed Nation, p. 9.
73. Clammer, ‘Dorset Volunteers’, p. 10, quoting 34 Geo. III, c. 31.
74. Duffy, Pitt, pp. 154–5.
75. Cookson, ‘English Volunteer Movement’, pp. 879–80.
76. Thorne, History of Parliament, Vol. IV, p. 391.
77. Clammer, ‘Dorset Volunteers’, p. 10, quoting Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, Vol. XX (1930), pp. 58–9.
78. Durey, Wickham, p. 46.
79. Schofield, ‘Ideological War’, pp. 197–8.
80. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p. 645.
81. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, pp. 436–7.
82. 11 Nov. 1796, Corbett, Spencer Papers, Vol. II, p. 71; Knight, Pursuit of Victory, pp. 203–4.
83. Mitchell and Deane, British Historical Statistics, pp. 577, 580.
84. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p. 619; Cope, Boyd, pp. 120–30.
85. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p. 639.
86. Daunton, Trusting Leviathan, p. 44; Cope, ‘Pitt and Taxation’, pp. 96–102.
87. Rodger, ‘Blockade’, p. 34.
88. George III to Spencer, 16 Aug. 1795, Morriss and Saxby, Channel Fleet, p. 110.
89. 14 Jan. 1797, HRC, Londonderry MSS.
90. Bradley, Bantry Bay, pp. 31–2.
91. Nelson, Irish Militia, pp. 164–5.
92. Bartlett and Jeffrey, Military History of Ireland, pp. 249, 270.
93. Nelson, Irish Militia, p. 152.
94. Bartlett, ‘Bantry Bay’, quoting 10 Jan. 1797, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, T3229/2/19.
95. Durey, ‘Crauford’, p. 138.
96. Bartlett and Jeffrey, Military History of Ireland, p. 271.
97. Bartlett, ‘Bantry Bay’, quoting TNA, HO 100/69/1, fols. 28–30.
98. Daley, ‘City of Smugglers’, pp. 337–8.
99. Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder, pp. 12, 88.
100. Hanger, Menaced Invasion, pp. 7–17, 128.
101. The most authoritative of the military appreciations of the threat of invasion in the 1790s are quoted by Ward, ‘French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars’, fn. 5: duke of Richmond, 10 Feb. 1794 (TNA, Home Office papers on armed forces and Ireland, HO 50/371); General David Dundas [n.d., but before Feb. 1797] (TNA, War Office, military correspondence, WO 30/64, 1–60) and Feb. 1798 (TNA, WO 30/68, 1–72).
102. Ward, ‘French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars’, quoting Dundas to Spencer, 20 Jan. 1798, TNA, WO 30/64.
103. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, pp. 456–7.
104. Ibid., p. 448, quoting Jervis, 4 May 1797, Corbet
t, Spencer Papers, Vol. II, p. 399.
105. London, ‘H.M.S. London’, pp. 76–7.
106. Coats, ‘Admiralty Retribution’, pp. 221–4.
107. Corbett, Spencer Papers, Vol. II, pp. 149–50.
108. Ibid., 14 June 1797, p. 155.
109. Camperdown, Duncan, p. 176.
110. Durey, ‘Crauford’, p. 142.
111. Nelson, Irish Militia, pp. 217–24.
112. Bradley, Bantry Bay, pp. 182, 198–9.
113. 3 Oct. 1798, BL, Nelson Papers, Add. MSS 34907, fol. 351.
114. 18 Nov. 1798, Dropmore, Vol. IV, pp. 381.
115. Ehrman, Younger Pitt, Vol. II, p. 650.
116. Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p. 199.
117. Knight, Pursuit of Victory, p. 295.
118. Coad and Lewis, ‘Fortifications at Dover’, pp. 153–4.
119. Mitchell and Deane, British Historical Statistics, p. 577.
4 Whitehall at War 1793–1802
1. Quoted in Harvey, Collision of Empires, p. 39.
2. Aylmer, ‘Office Holding to Civil Service’, pp. 91, 106–7.
3. Parliamentary Papers, 1830–31 (92): Public Office Employment, pp. 2–3. They were not amalgamated until 1909.
4. See Appendix 1, from Parliamentary Papers, 1830–31 (92): Public Offices Employment, pp. 2–3.
5. Bartlett, ‘Development of the Army’, pp. 31–2.
6. Duffy, Pitt, pp. 69–70.
7. Ibid., p. 115.
8. Jupp, Canning Letter Journal, p. 220, 7 Mar. 1795; pp. 274–6, 15 June 1796.
9. Canning to Leveson Gower, 1 Sept. 1799, Granville, Leveson Gower Correspondence, Vol. I, p. 257.
10. Duffy, Pitt, p. 68.
11. 16 Feb. 1797, Bickley, Sylvester Douglas, p. 128.
12. Hague, Pitt, p. 210, quoting Joseph Farington, Diary, Vol. V, p. 162.
13. Duffy, Pitt, p. 76.
14. Harvey, Collision of Empires, pp. 187–8.
15. Lady Stafford to Leveson Gower, 5 Aug. 1794, Granville, Leveson Gower Correspondence, Vol. I, p. 97.
16. Duffy, Pitt, p. 204.
17. Bickley, Sylvester Douglas, p. 126.
18. Furber, Dundas, p. 123.
19. Mackesy, War without Victory, p. 92; Philips, East India Company, p. 90.
20. 24 Apr. 1800, Rosebery, Windham Papers, Vol. II, p. 152.
21. Young to C. M. Pole, 21 July 1798, NMM, WYN/104.