by Roger Knight
35. Barrow, Autobiography, p. 256.
36. Marsden, Brief Memoir, p. 99fn.
37. Ibid., 13 Dec. 1802, p. 103fn.
38. Ziegler, Addington, pp. 169–70, quoting Tucker’s Memoirs of St Vincent, p. 156.
39. Markham, Markham, pp. 11–25.
40. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. IV, p. 842; Bonner-Smith, St Vincent’s Letters, Vol. II, pp. 32–4.
41. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. IV, p. 392.
42. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 170.
43. Currie, Henleys of Wapping, p. 10, quoting Commission of Naval Enquiry, Ninth Report, p. 14.
44. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 198.
45. 20 Oct. 1803, NMM, ADM BP/23b.
46. Barrow, Autobiography, pp. 252, 254–5.
47. Archbishop of York (Markham’s father) to Pitt, 22 Sept. 1805, Chatham Papers, TNA, PRO 30/8/156, fols. 19–20.
48. Middleton to Pitt, NMM, MID/2/40 [35]; Morriss, Naval Power and Culture, p. 177.
49. Morriss, Naval Power and Culture, p. 172.
50. Laughton, Barham Papers, Vol. III, p. ix.
51. Blake, Evangelicals in the Navy, p. 48.
52. Greenleaf, ‘Military Enquiry’, p. 177, quoting Morning Herald, 25 June 1805.
53. Sainty, ‘Secretaries’, pp. 566–84.
54. Sainty, Treasury Officials, pp. 12–13; Gray, Perceval, pp. 310–12.
55. 20 May 1806, Colchester, Diary and Correspondence, Vol. II, p. 63.
56. Jupp, Grenville, p. 365.
57. Ibid., p. 366; Harvey, ‘Talents Ministry’, p. 639.
58. Crimmin, ‘Sick and Hurt: Fit for Purpose?’, p. 106.
59. Morriss, Naval Power, p. 173.
60. Memorandum by Middleton to Grenville, 4 Dec. 1806, HL, STG 157 (51).
61. Grenville to Thomas Boulden Thompson, 20 Jan. 1807, HL, STG 19 (2).
62. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 205.
63. Ibid., p. 204.
64. Ibid., quoting NMM, MID/1/18/3.
65. Commission of Naval Revision, Eleventh Report, pp. 40, 156.
66. Knight, ‘Victualling Spending and Accounting’, pp. 194–200.
67. Davey, British Naval Strategy, p. 160, and Chapter 7 generally.
68. Ashworth, ‘System of Terror’, pp. 77–8, quoting 27 June 1812, NMM, ADM BP/32b.
69. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, pp. 205–8.
70. 25 Mar. 1813, petition of Eliza Payne, NMM, ADM BP/33A.
71. 3 June 1811, NMM, ADM BP/31B.
72. Navy Board to Admiral Domett, 8 Oct. 1813, NMM, ADM BP/33C.
73. See Appendix 2.
74. E.g., Commission of Military Enquiry, Thirteenth Report, pp. 42, 44.
75. Commission of Military Enquiry, First Report, p. 39.
76. Bartlett, ‘British Army’, pp. 46–8.
77. To George Harrison, Treasury, 17 Dec. 1806, TNA, WO 58/170.
78. Hansard, Vol. VIII, col. 843, 18 Feb 1807.
79. Thorne, History of Parliament, Vol. III, p. 582.
80. Downer, Nelson’s Purse, pp. 345–50.
81. Commission of Military Enquiry, Ninth Report, pp. 314–15.
82. Crook and Port, King’s Works, p. 82.
83. Major General Alexander Hope to Bunbury, 11 Oct. 1809, Bunbury, Memoir, p. 44.
84. Major General Sir Robert Brownrigg to Bunbury, 1 Nov. 1809, Bunbury, Memoir, p. 54.
85. Bartlett, ‘British Army’, pp. 74, 72.
86. Bourne, Palmerston, pp. 97–8.
87. Ibid., p. 115.
88. Brown, Palmerston, pp. 64–6.
89. Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, p. 78; Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. IV, pp. 266–7.
90. Pool, Croker Papers, p. 15.
91. Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, p. 78; Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. V, p. 453.
92. Knight, ‘Politics and Trust’, p. 142.
93. Knight, ‘Victualling Spending and Accounting’, p. 198.
94. Jupp, Grenville, pp. 350–51.
95. Marsden, Brief Memoir, p. 125.
96. Robert Ward, 31 Oct. 1807, Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. V, p. 513.
97. Rodger, Command of the Ocean, pp. 483–4, quoting Jennings, Croker Papers, Vol. I, p. 20.
98. Bourne, Palmerston, p. 94.
99. Thorne, House of Commons, Vol. IV, p. 745.
100. Knight, ‘Politics and Trust’, p. 139, quoting Laughton, Barham Papers, Vol. III, p. 82.
101. 30 Jan. 1806, Middleton Collection, NMM, MID/1/84.
102. Lieutenant Thomas Wilkes to his cousin, 21 June 1800, NMM, AGC/W/2.
103. Barrow, Autobiography, p. 300.
104. Hamond to George Rose, 6 Dec. 1809, Harcourt, Rose Diaries, Vol. II, p. 359.
105. Memoir by John Marsh, NMM, BGR/35.
106. Collinge, Navy Office; Knight, ‘Politics and Trust’, pp. 145–6.
107. Ritchie, Admiralty Chart, p. 111.
108. 21 Mar. 1809, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XIII, col. 755.
109. Cohen, Growth of the British Civil Service, p. 59; Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 148; 17 Feb. 1802, HL, STG 147 (22).
110. Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, pp. 118–19.
111. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 135.
112. 4 Feb. 1809, Harcourt, Rose Diaries, Vol. II, p. 337.
113. Morriss, Naval Power and Culture, pp. 228–9.
114. Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, p. 102, quoting 7 Nov. 1812, Political Register, Vol. XXII, col. 605.
115. Grenville to Buckingham, 4 Sept. 1808, HL, STG 38 (12).
116. Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, p. 126.
117. Ibid., p. 119, quoting Hansard, 27 Mar. 1809, Vol. XIII, col. 821; 27 Apr. 1809, Vol. XIV, cols. 268–71.
118. Laughton, Barham Papers, Vol. III, pp. 200–202.
119. Gray, Perceval, p. 327.
120. Information from Stephen Wood.
121. Gray, Perceval, pp. 327, 328, quoting TNA, T1/1024/1151; 1 May 1812, BL, Herries MSS, letter-books, Vol. II, pp. 144–5; TNA, T1/4044.
122. Redgrave, ‘Wellington’s Logistics’, p. 25.
123. 12 Nov 1804, BL, Add. MSS 41079.
124. Pugh, ‘Admiralty Record Office’, p. 330.
125. Crimmin, ‘Admiralty Relations with Treasury’, p. 66; Knight, ‘Victualling Spending and Accounting’, p. 192.
126. 19 Feb., 12 Mar., 28 Apr., NMM, ADM BP/32B; 8 Jan. 1812, BP/32c, 30 Oct., BP/32a.
127. Lin, ‘Soldiers and Sailors’ Families’, pp. 101, 100, quoting Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on Wealth … (London, 1815), pp. 124–7.
128. Lin, ‘Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families’, p. 107, issued by the War Office, 25 Mar. 1810.
129. Rodger, Wooden World, pp. 131–2.
130. 10 Jan. 1788, Commission on Fees, Fourth Report, p. 138.
131. 16 Oct. 1809, Rose, Diaries, Vol. II, p. 411; 18 Sept. 1814, pp. 513–14.
132. Hill, Prizes of War, pp. 235, 240.
133. Phillip Ottey to [Charles Grey], 18 Oct. 1816, HL, STG 159 (15), 18.
134. Wilkin, ‘Portsmouth Dockyard’, p. 50.
12 The Defence Industries 1800–1814
1. Knight, ‘Trafalgar Fleets’, p. 74, quoting WLC, Melville Papers.
2. Dupin, Narratives, p. 3.
3. Ibid., p. 2.
4. Rodger, ‘War as an Economic Activity’, pp. 16–18.
5. Musson, ‘Motive Power’, pp. 425–6.
6. Coad, Royal Dockyards, pp. 225–6.
7. Palmer, ‘London’s Waterfront’, p. 1; Harvey, Collision of Empires, pp. 35–7.
8. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 54.
9. Gilbert, Maudslay, pp. 18–30.
10. Grocott, Shipwrecks, p. 349, quoting The Times, 1 Jan. 1813.
11. Coad, Royal Dockyards, p. 219.
12. Coad, ‘Chatham Ropeyard’, pp. 163–5.
13. Knight, Pursuit of Victory, pp. 139, 520.
14. Corbett, Trafalgar, p. 53.
15. Glover, Peninsular Preparation, pp. 73–5.
16. Lloyd and Craig, ‘Congreve
’s Rockets’, pp. 447–56.
17. Ibid., 12 Oct. 1806, p. 456.
18. Blake, ‘Siege of Flushing’, p. 34, quoting Sir Richard Hennegan, Seven Years’ Campaigning in the Peninsula (London, 1846), p. 78.
19. Earle, Commodore Squib, p. 123, quoting Chambers, ‘Chronological Journal’, p. 392.
20. Robson, ‘Laycock’, p. 150.
21. Young to Yorke, 4 Oct. 1811, NMM, YOR/20.
22. 19 Sept. 1811, TNA, FO 95/623.
23. Earle, Commodore Squib, p. 180.
24. Congreve, Rocket System, Introduction.
25. Burnham, ‘Bridging Operations’, p. 255.
26. Schaffer, ‘The Charter’d Thames’, pp. 299–301.
27. Parliamentary History of England, Vol. XXXVI, cols. 687–8, 13 May 1802.
28. Castlereagh to Sidney Smith, 19 Sept. 1805, Vane, Castlereagh, Second Series, Vol. I, pp. 91–4.
29. Sale, Fulton, pp. 95–105.
30. Stephenson, Secret Weapon, pp. 30–32.
31. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 106.
32. Webb, ‘Construction’, p. 211, quoting Middleton to John Deas Thompson, 19 Nov. 1803, NMM, MID/13/1.
33. Naval Chronicle, Vol. V, 1801, pp. 130–31.
34. Troubridge to Nelson, 19 May [1803], NMM, CRK/13.
35. Knight, ‘Trafalgar Fleets’, pp. 73–4, quoting WLC, Melville Papers, 2 Feb. 1806.
36. Doe, ‘Thames Shipbuilding’, p. 16.
37. Gardiner, Frigates, pp. 11–12.
38. Barnard, Wooden Walls, p. 70; Doe, Enterprising Women, pp. 184–5; Whitefield, Hilhouse, pp. 120–36.
39. Doe, Enterprising Women, p. 176.
40. Contract of 17 May 1812, NMM, SPB/29.
41. Doe, ‘Mary Ross’, pp. 3–6.
42. Gardiner, Frigates, p. 20.
43. Webb, ‘Construction’, p. 215.
44. Doe, ‘Mary Ross’, p. 2; Morriss, Royal Dockyards, pp. 97, 106.
45. Keith to John Markham, 6 Mar. 1804, Markham, Markham Correspondence, p. 159.
46. Dockyard Lists, NMM.
47. Fone, ‘Naval Yard at Yarmouth’, p. 356.
48. Knight and Wilcox, Sustaining the Fleet, pp. 192–209.
49. Parliamentary Papers, 1805 (193), Vol. VIII, p. 185.
50. Starkey, ‘Devon Shipbuilding’, p. 85, quoting the Exeter Flying Post, 23 Apr. 1807.
51. Gardiner, Frigates, p. 191; Doe, Enterprising Women, p. 180.
52. Doe, ‘Mary Ross’, p. 5.
53. Ponsford, Davy, pp. 72, 77, quoting the Exeter Flying Post, 9 Aug. 1804.
54. Ibid., p. 71.
55. Aspinall, Prince of Wales Correspondence, Vol. IV, p. 536.
56. Doe, Enterprising Women, p. 178, quoting Minutes of the Evidence on Petitions Relating to East India Built Shipping, Parliamentary Papers, 1813–14, Vol. VIII, pp. 470–73.
57. Brenton, St Vincent, Vol. II, pp. 159–61; Lavery, Ships of the Line, Vol. II, pp. 134–9; Barrow, Autobiography, p. 263.
58. Winfield, British Warships, pp. 10–12.
59. 24 Jan. 1805, Marsden, Brief Memoir, p. 111.
60. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 88; Naval Power and Culture, p. 164.
61. Albion, Forests and Sea Power, pp. 320–23.
62. Knight and Frost, Daniel Paine, p. 95, quoting Navy Board in-letters, 12 Mar. 1805, TNA, ADM 106/1791.
63. Gardiner, Frigates, p. 38.
64. Ibid., pp. 72–83; Lambert, ‘Seppings’, p. 10.
65. Lambert, Bombay Dockyard, pp. 141, 146; Winfield, British Warships, pp. 77, 158.
66. Cole, Arming the Navy, pp. 180, 218.
67. Ibid., pp. 183–4.
68. Moss, ‘Cannon to Steam’, p. 475.
69. Cole, ‘Gunpowder Manufacturers’, pp. 308–9; Moss, ‘Cannon to Steam’, pp. 479–82.
70. Moss, ‘Cannon to Steam’, pp. 478–81.
71. Cole, ‘Gunpowder Manufacturers’, p. 295.
72. Cole, Arming the Navy, pp. 163–5; Glover, Peninsular Preparation, pp. 68–9; Cole, ‘Gunpowder Manufacturers’, pp. 304–5.
73. Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder, p. 186.
74. Taylor, Storm and Conquest, p. 336.
75. Cole, ‘Gunpowder Manufacturers’, p. 298.
76. Cole, Arming the Navy, p. 148.
77. Glover, Peninsular Preparation, p. 67.
78. Cole, ‘Gunpowder Manufacturers’, p. 302, quoting Select Committee on Finance, Third Report, Parliamentary Papers, 1817.
79. Harvey, Collision of Empires, p. 101.
80. Glover, Peninsular Preparation, p. 61, quoting Commission of Military Enquiry, Fifteenth Report, Appendix 9.
81. Collins, War and Empire, p. 250, quoting Commission of Military Enquiry, Fifteenth Report, p. 383.
82. Macartney and West, Lewisham Silk Mills, pp. 37–45, 97–103.
83. Glover, Peninsular Preparation, p. 67, quoting Commission of Military Enquiry, Sixteenth Report, Appendix 9.
84. Grocott, Shipwrecks, p. 287, quoting the Sherborne and Yeovil Mercury, 1 Jan. 1810.
85. Evans, Arming the Fleet, pp. 50–52, quoting numerous references from TNA, WO 55.
86. Hogg, Royal Arsenal, Vol. I, pp. 500, 526.
87. Evans, Arming the Fleet, pp. 30–32, 50; Cole, ‘Gunpowder Manufacturers’, p. 302.
88. Saunders, ‘Upnor’, p. 167.
89. Evans, Arming the Fleet, pp. 34–49.
90. Bew, Castlereagh, p. 319, quoting Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Castlereagh Papers, D3030/3312.
91. Lieven, Russia Against Napoleon, pp. 30–31.
92. Cornwallis to Lieutenant-General Ross, 8 Dec. 1803, Ross, Cornwallis, Vol. III, p. 507.
93. Barrow, Autobiography, p. 304.
94. Thorne, History of Parliament, Vol. V, p. 512, quoting BL, Add. MSS 37309, 41852.
95. Coad, Block Mills, pp. 49, 73.
96. Coats, ‘Block Mills’, p. 60.
97. Pool, Navy Board Contracts, p. 121.
98. Coad, Block Mills, p. 51.
99. Gilbert, Maudslay, pp. 18–19.
100. Coad, Block Mills, p. 64; Support for the Fleet, pp. 121–30.
101. Coats, ‘Block Mills’, p. 61.
102. Ibid., p. 62; Navy Board to Admiralty, 14 Nov. 1804, enclosing the Taylors’ letter, NMM, ADM B/217.
103. Pool, Navy Board Contracts, pp. 129–30.
104. Navy Board to Admiralty, [?] 1805, NMM, ADM BP/25a; Coats, ‘Block Mills’, p. 81.
105. Wilkin, ‘Portsmouth Dockyard’, p. 56, quoting Rees, Naval Architecture (London, 1819–20), p. 174; Coats, ‘Block Mills’, p. 72.
106. Coats, ‘Block Mills, p. 79.
107. Wilkin, ‘Portsmouth Dockyard’, p. 53; Morriss, ‘Inspector-General’, p. 25.
108. Wilkin, ‘Portsmouth Dockyard’, p. 53.
109. Coad, Block Mills, p. 101, quoting Book 17, 17 Feb. 1807, Science Museum, Goodrich Collection.
110. Coad, Royal Dockyards, p. 155, quoting 1 July 1807, NMM, ADM B/232.
111. Commission of Naval Revision, Fourth Report, p. 12.
112. Coad, Royal Dockyards, pp. 32–8.
113. Breihan, ‘Addington Party’, p. 168.
114. Feb. 1806, Craig, ‘Letters of St Vincent’.
115. 4 July 1810, NMM, Yorke Papers, YOR/2.
116. Boucher, Rennie, pp. 128–33.
117. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, pp. 53, 55–7; Rennie’s Report to the Commission of Naval Revision, BL, Add. MSS 27884.
118. 4 Dec. 1804, Marsden, Brief Memoir, p. 111.
119. Boucher, Rennie, p. 131.
120. Warren to Lord Spencer, [n.d], BL, Althorp Papers, Add. MSS 75847; Hurd to Lord Howick, 23 May 1806, HL, STG 154 (7).
121. Bridport to Spencer, 6 Aug. 1797, Morriss and Saxby, Channel Fleet, p. 262; St Vincent to Markham, 15 Sept. 1806, Brenton, St Vincent, Vol. II, p. 310; Mar. 1806, Markham, Markham Correspondence, pp. 43, 28.
122. ‘Remarks On Board the Defiance’ by John Tapson, 28 July 1806, WLC; Manderson, Twelve Letters, pp. 101–2.
&nbs
p; 123. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 56.
124. 21 Nov. 1806, Brenton, St Vincent, Vol. II, p. 329.
125. Barrow, Autobiography, p. 314.
126. Morriss, Royal Dockyards, p. 57.
127. Brenton, St Vincent, Vol. II, p. 387.
128. Dupin, Narratives, p. 65.
129. Ibid., pp. 57–69.
130. Coad, Support for the Fleet, pp. 105–6.
13 Blockade, Taxes and the City of London 1806–1812
1. Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, p. 132, quoting BL, Add. MSS 4277b, fol. 267.
2. Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder, p. 4; Harling, ‘Old Corruption’, quoting Emsley, ‘Impact of War’, p. 60.
3. Hilton, Dangerous People, p. 115.
4. Gray, Perceval, p. 323.
5. O’Brien, ‘Political Economy’, p. 4; Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, pp. 349–50.
6. Daunton, Trusting Leviathan, p. 44.
7. O’Brien, ‘Inseparable Connections’, p. 66.
8. Creevey, Life and Times, pp. 27–8.
9. O’Brien, ‘Triumph and Denouement’, pp. 169–72, 179–84.
10. O’Brien, ‘Political Economy’, pp. 13, 17, 22.
11. Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder, pp. 345, 367–8.
12. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XX, 1811, p. xv.
13. Cope, ‘Goldsmids and the Money Markets’, p. 181; O’Brien, ‘Inseparable Connections’, pp. 65–6.
14. Rose, Observations, pp. 27–8.
15. Torrance, ‘George Harrison’, p. 58.
16. Gray, Perceval, p. 321, quoting Parliamentary Debates, Vol. IX.
17. O’Brien, ‘Patriots or Speculators’, pp. 251–2.
18. Aaslestad, ‘Continental System’, p. 121.
19. Schulte Beerbühl, ‘Transnational Networks’, p. 23.
20. Schulte Beerbühl, ‘Rothschild’, pp. 46–7; Ferguson, House of Rothschild, Vol. I, p. 59.
21. Cope, ‘Goldsmids and the Money Markets’, p. 184, quoting Public Characters (1802/3), p. 50.
22. Ibid., p. 188.
23. O’Brien, ‘Patriots or Speculators’, pp. 260, 267, 269.
24. Arthur, War of 1812, p. 17.
25. Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder, p. 4; Davis, Industrial Revolution, pp. 25, 27.
26. Makepeace, East India Company’s London Workers, p. 22; Bowen, Business of Empire, p. 266. The inherent risks in this trade are illustrated by the East Indiaman Henry Addington, setting out from Portsmouth in Dec. 1798, carrying a cargo of guns, shot, shells and anchors. The ship completed only a few miles of her journey to India, for, at high tide and in thick fog, she drifted on to the Bembridge ledge to the east of the Isle of Wight. Her dense, heavy cargo caused her hull to split immediately, her masts went overboard and within two days the ship became a total loss. Another disastrous voyage was that of the Elizabeth, 650 tons, not a Company ship, which set out from London in Oct. 1810, bound for Madras and Bengal with 372 passengers and crew, but also carrying iron, copper, lead, beer, glass and other sundries. She became separated from the East India convoy and put into Cork, after which she was swept up the Channel and driven ashore at Dunkirk, two months after leaving London, with the loss of 350 lives. Napoleon exceptionally allowed a cartel to take the 22 survivors back to Britain (Grocott, Shipwrecks, pp. 64, 304, quoting The Times, 14, 18 Dec. 1798, 28 Jan. 1811).