The Italians
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Marche region, 8, 184
marriage, 64, 158, 274, 293
declining rate of, 174–75, 178
extended families in, 165–66
gay, 129, 169
gender roles in, 154–55
support from parents in, 178–79
Marxists, 52, 144, 263n, 267
Masina, Giulietta, 143–44
masks, in Italian culture, 64–65, 71
Mastroianni, Marcello, 152, 158, 189
masturbation, 157–58
maternity leave, 152–53
Maxi Trial, 230, 233
Max Planck Institute, 64, 264
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 125, 127, 165, 170
Medaglia d’oro al valore militare, 140, 141n
media, 45, 46, 61, 67, 95, 130, 161, 172, 209, 258, 264
ambiguity in, 47–48, 190–91
Berlusconi’s power in, 70, 78–79, 81, 83–84, 149, 191, 220, 263
conventions of, 46–48, 133–34
women exploited in, 145–46, 152, 210
Mediaset network, 84–85, 146, 177
Mediterranean Sea, 5, 10, 21
Memores Domini, 131–32
menefreghismo (indifference toward others), 88, 185
Menguzzato, Clorinda “Veglia,” 139–41
Mezzogiorno, 6, 17, 26, 49, 134, 168, 184, 223, 234, 236n
emigration from, 9
mafia in, 228–29
migration to north 128–29, 234, 274–76
in unification, 272, 275–76
“Mezzogiorno question,” 276
Michelangelo, 1–3, 8, 12, 65
Middle Ages, 12–19, 25, 99, 122, 184, 202, 242, 275
Mieli, Paolo, 124
Milan, 4, 26, 51–52, 70, 80, 102, 116n, 187, 194, 211, 235, 236, 241, 256, 259, 264, 265
as business and financial capital, 9, 132, 224, 234–35, 243
Duchy of, 21, 22, 122, 271
mafia presence in, 234–35
Minister for Simplification, 40–42
Ministry of Pardon and Justice, 253
Misseri, Michele, 56
mistresses, 160–61
Molise region, 6, 27
Montanari, Massimo, 100–101
Monti, Mario, 34, 41, 81, 112, 133n
moral relativism, 44–45
Moretti, Enrico, 179–81
mothers, 171–72, 257
in home vs. workplace, 152–53
relationship of sons to, 162–66
reverence for, 152, 154, 165
motion pictures, 33, 76, 100, 188, 189, 257n, 292–93
Church approval of, 128
depiction of women in, 143, 157
of 1950s and 1960s, 111–12
motorini (mopeds), 250–51
murders, 49–50, 56n, 68–69, 254, 258, 259
Muslims, 18, 40, 107, 122, 130
Sicily under, 18, 26, 99, 130
Mussolini, Benito, 35, 36, 81, 123, 204, 249, 250, 267
confusion surrounding execution of, 50–52
fall of, 35, 58, 219, 254
fantasia used by, 56–57
Italy under, 7, 107, 127, 199, 205–6, 219, 290
on women, 142–43
Muti, Riccardo, 269–87
Nabucco (Verdi), 66–67
Naples, 4, 5, 7, 18, 23, 63, 94, 102, 104, 107, 111, 136, 141, 146, 202, 231, 233, 235, 275, 277
cuisine of, 97, 98–99, 100
mafia in, see Camorra
Napoleonic Code, 262
Napolitano, Giorgio, 73–74, 112
national anthem, 29–30, 120
natural disasters, 106–7
Nazis, 31, 123, 203, 206
’Ndrangheta, 5–6, 125–26, 172, 229–35, 264
Neapolitan dialect, 28
neo-Fascists, 31, 36n, 52, 72, 79, 84, 204, 291
nepotismo (nepotism), 242–43
Nobel Prize, 123, 132, 259
Normans, 18–19, 26, 122
northern Italy, 23–26, 184, 253n, 271
as center of industry, 8, 9, 28, 205, 234
early territorial fragmentation of, 16–17, 19, 20
migration from south to, 9, 128–29, 234, 274–76
Northern League, 40, 67–68, 79, 84, 243, 269, 271n, 273, 281
nuns, 132, 293
Nutella, 10, 177
oil, discovery of, 6, 43
opera, 3, 4, 66–67, 76
organized crime, 6, 201, 226, 227–36, 264
family ethic in, 178, 273
Freemasonry and, 125–26
see also mafias; specific organizations
Orthodox Christianity, 26, 121, 130
Orvieto, 8, 59n, 203
Ostrogoths, 14, 20
Ottoman Empire, 20, 27, 31
“Padania,” “Padanians,” 67–68, 271n, 272
Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana (Square Colosseum), 199–200
Palermo, 18, 19, 60, 99, 229, 230, 232, 235, 264, 275
Panorama, 84, 94, 130
papacy, 7, 126, 137, 202
election and proclamation of new pope in, 119–23, 194
Holy Roman Empire vs., 16, 19, 202–3
in invasions, 12, 15
Italian pride in, 3, 134
Rome and, 14–16, 25
temporal power of, 3, 20, 126–27
see also Vatican; specific popes
Papal States, 2, 15–17, 25, 92, 122, 126, 275
parents, 113, 178–79, 257
Parma, 9, 203
partigiani (partisans), 34–35, 50–51, 58
Partito Communista Italiano (PCI), 23, 82
Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 53–54
pasta, 99–100, 103
patronage, political, 244–46
Paul IV, Pope, 122
Paul VI, Pope, 161
Pavese, Cesare, 90
Pavia, 36, 203
pentapartito (anti-Communist parties), 219–20
Pepin, king of the Franks, 12, 15–16
Perugia, 4, 50, 126
Petacci, Clara, 51–52, 123
Petrarch, 1, 3
Petrolio (Pasolini), 53–54
Piazza Venezia, Rome, 249–51, 253
Piedmont region, 9–10, 22, 26, 124, 127, 196, 213, 236, 243, 253n, 257, 271–72, 275, 277, 278, 285
pink, gender stereotyping of, 149, 167
Pinocchio (Collodi), 60, 191
Pio, Padre, 135–36
Pirandello, Luigi, 54–55, 66, 249
Pius IX, Pope, 2, 127, 219
Pius V, Pope, 98, 122
pizza, 98–99
pizza pasquale, 94
pizzo (protection money), 232
Po, descent of, 67–68
Poland, 15, 121, 134
police forces, 42, 77, 212
politics, 30–31, 36, 45, 127, 198
age factor in, 112, 116
appearance and personal style valued in, 72–85
business and commerce in, 219–22
Church and, 108, 117, 127–31, 175, 203
corruption in, 82, 219, 220–21, 238–39, 241–48
distaste for change in, 104–5, 108–9
factions in, 202–4
fantasia in, 59–60, 67–68
ideological ambiguity in, 37–39, 48
Jews in, 123
language and, 32, 38–39, 78, 82, 84–85, 145
mafia protected in, 231
moderation in, 38–39
opera and, 66–67
restrained media coverage of, 47–48, 191
resurgence of candidates in, 257–59
violence in, 104–5
women in, 150
see also specific parties and politicians
Po River Valley, 6, 8–9, 28, 67, 198, 202, 203, 270
Porta Pia, 1–4, 22
Portugal, 38, 76, 108, 110, 122, 197, 201, 222, 235, 237, 240
poverty, 6, 7, 9, 124, 196, 233, 277, 288
Church charities for, 132–33
corruption and, 237, 240, 246
in Mezzogiorno, 275–77
pregnancy, 89, 152–53, 162–63
pretrial custody, 265–66
Prezzolini, Giuseppe, 33–34, 97, 237
privacy, 190–91, 198
Processo del Lunedi, Il (“The Monday Trial”), 209–10
Prodi, Romano, 32, 48, 59, 73, 175, 179, 221
Project MOSE (MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), 45–46
prosecutors, 262–63, 266–67
prostitutes, 79–80, 144, 160–61
transgender and transexual, 167, 199
Provenzano, Bernardo, 225–26, 232
Puglia region, 6, 26, 27, 168, 196, 216, 229, 232
raccomandazione, 244–46
racism, 28, 211, 281–85
ragazza, ragazzo, 158, 180
Rai television network, 51, 78, 84, 151–52, 209, 212, 220
Ravenna, 14–15, 159
referees, contempt for, 213–14
Reformation, 124, 137
Reggio Calabria, 27, 230
Renaissance, 3, 12, 17, 19–22, 28, 76, 180, 189–90, 271
Renzi, Matteo, 113, 150, 290, 292
Repubblica, La, 56, 122, 124, 193, 226
resistance, Italian, 34–35, 50–51, 58, 139–41
retirement, 94–95
revolution, 35–36, 52
Risorgimento (Resurgence), 3, 22, 27n, 37, 123, 165, 236, 269
Roma, 284–85
Roman Catholic Church:
absolution and forgiveness and, 258, 260
antiliberal stance of, 219
Christian Democrats and, 38, 127–29, 158, 220
concept of truth in, 44–45
declining power of, 118, 128–29
on disabilities, 89
on divorce, 174
in education, 274
in everyday life, 131–33
on family, 173, 185
food restrictions of, 106
holidays and observances of, 93–94
influence on Italy of, 119–38
in international diplomacy, 133
and Italian state, 119–21, 219
nepotism in, 243
oppression by, 122–24
as point of commonality, 273
politics and, 108, 117, 127–31, 175, 203
Protestantism vs., 20, 137
restrictive practices within, 218–19
rituals of, mimicked by ’Ndrangheta, 229
and sanctity of life, 92–93
on sex, 156–69
unthinking acceptance of, 134–35
on women, 143
see also papacy
romance, 155
Roman Empire, 3, 67, 99, 275, 276
death masks in, 64–65
fall of, 4, 13–14, 16, 22
Italian pride in, 3, 28, 56
Jews in, 122
meaning of Italia in, 270–71
Romania, 146, 195, 222, 239
immigrants from, 280, 284
“Roman Question,” 127
Rome, 1–4, 5, 7–8, 28, 44, 50, 53, 59n, 63, 70, 97, 104, 106, 122, 126, 133, 190, 194, 229, 232, 269, 280, 285
Bologna vs., 23–25
chaotic traffic in, 249–52
EUR district of, 199–201
Mussolini’s march on, 56
papacy and, 14–16, 25
Sack of, 20–21
as seat of Italian government, 35, 43, 127
soccer rivary in, 211–12
Russia, 22n, 52, 160, 228
Sack of Rome, 20–21
Sacra Corona Unita, 229
Saint Joseph’s Day, 93–94
Saint Mark’s Basilica, 4, 26
Saint Peter’s Basilica, 4, 12, 119–20
Sardinia, 5, 6n, 15, 27, 196, 257n
foreign domination of, 14, 19, 22
independence movement in, 273
independent kingdoms of, 18, 19
special constitutional status of, 10
Sardu (Sardinian) language, 27, 275
Saviano, Roberto, 124, 227, 233
Savoy, House of, 21, 22, 30, 125, 205n
scandals, 125, 132, 256–57
of Berlusconi, 79–80, 150
of Bossi family, 243, 273
of Craxi, 78, 220–21
in soccer, 214–15
see also specific cases
scudetto (little shield), 116, 205
Second Vatican Council, 133
separatist movements, 67–68, 272–73, 275
sex:
age of initiation of, 156–57
Church on, 154, 155–69
in exploitation of women, 148
extramarital, 159–61
premarital, 158
in scandals, 80–81, 150
soccer and, 210
Shakespeare, William, 65, 76
shareholder pacts, 223–24
Sicily, 5, 6n, 11, 26–28, 54, 68, 122, 168, 184, 212, 216, 232, 235, 236, 271, 272, 273, 279
cuisine of, 99–100
emigration to Americas from, 276
foreign domination of, 14, 18–19, 22, 26
Kingdom of, 18–19
Mafia of, see Cosa Nostra
special constitutional status of, 10
Siena, 8, 19, 202, 203
Sinti, 284
smorfia (book of dreams), 136–37
soccer (football), 70, 83, 278
Calciopoli scandal in, 214–15
fan power in, 211–12
Italian passion for, 204–15
power of big clubs in, 213–15
racism in, 281–82
risk aversion in, 115–16
violence in, 32, 211–12
Socialists, Italian, 23, 28, 78, 129, 144, 161, 219n, 220, 263
Sofri, Adriano, 259–60, 267
soggiorno obligato (“required stay”) law, 234
Sole 24 Ore, Il, 46
Sollecito, Raffaele, trial of, 49–50
“Somali-ization,” 233–34
Sordi, Alberto, 33n, 111–12
southern Italy, 19, 23–26, 94
migration to north from, 9, 128–29, 234, 274–76
status of women in, 141–42
see also Mezzogiorno
Soviet Union, 31, 38, 58–59, 203
Spain, Spanish, 19, 21, 30, 38, 60, 76, 86, 108, 122, 131, 145, 149, 157, 235, 228, 237
corruption in, 239–41
influence on Italy of, 20, 22, 26, 100
Italy compared with, 28, 87, 98, 110, 116–17, 130, 147, 161, 162, 172n, 173, 176, 186, 195–98, 201, 202, 204, 222, 239, 240, 253, 272, 277, 283
sprezzatura (studied insouciance), 188–89
SS Lazio, 211, 212
stem cell research, 92, 129, 137
stock market, 223–24
Striscia la notizia, 146, 152
student revolts (1968), 52, 108, 131, 133, 144, 174, 259, 267
Südtirol (South Tyrol), see Alto Adige/Südtirol region
Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman sultan, 20
sunglasses, 186–89
Supermoviola, 210, 215
superstition, 136–37
supreme court, Italian, see Court of Cassation
Swiss Guards, 119–20
Switzerland, 9, 12, 15, 20, 117
Tangentopoli scandals, 214n, 237, 256–57, 263, 265
taxes, 83, 127, 129, 275
evasion of, 33, 42, 81, 82, 239, 247, 255–56, 268
technology, 76–77, 109–11
television, 84, 173, 220, 274
Berlusconi’s holdings in, 70, 78–79, 84, 146, 177, 220
exploitation of women on, 145–46
fantasia used in, 59–60
programs on, 111, 135, 136, 151, 198, 204
soccer on, 208–10, 215
see also specific stations and shows
Tempa Rossa oil field, 6, 43
terrorism, 52–53, 104–5, 134
Terzo Corpo Designato d’Armata, 58–59
Thatcher, Margaret, 81, 220, 290
titles (terms of address), 192–95
tomatoes, tomato sauce, 98, 100
Totò (Antonio De Curtis), 33, 111–12
Totòtruffa ’62, 33
Totti, Francesco, 70, 210, 212
tourism, 6, 7, 10, 44, 249, 250
trade unions, 218
tradition, adherence to, 103, 104–18
traffic, 249–51, 253, 289–90
Transparency International, 238, 239, 247
Trentino, 10, 279
Trento, 139, 264
truth, as subjective and ambiguous, 44–55
Turin, 6, 9–10, 63, 98, 127n, 205, 207, 213, 214
Turkey, Turks, 30, 228
Tuscany region, 8, 25, 28, 92, 97, 99, 102, 117, 126, 159, 184, 188, 216, 253n, 274, 275
Typhoon Haiyan, 282
ultras (soccer fans), 211–12
Umbria region, 8, 11, 94, 126, 184, 257
unemployment, 84
unification, 3, 22, 30, 37, 67, 125, 271n
Church and, 121, 126–27
and corruption, 239–40
Mafia as reaction to, 236
and national identity, 269–72, 274–75
Piedmont in, 9, 213, 236, 271–72, 275, 277
see also Risorgimento
United States, 31, 64n, 74, 80, 85n, 98, 100, 123n, 125, 144, 221, 242, 262
Italian immigration to, 276, 289
Italy compared with, 64, 85, 87, 91–92, 94, 95, 110, 114, 130, 147, 157, 160, 170, 171n, 174, 178, 179, 180, 195, 201, 220, 257, 258, 264, 272
Italy’s relations with, 30, 35, 290, 291
Valle d’Aosta region, 10, 19, 26, 117, 235, 277
Vatican, 92, 119, 127, 194, 258n
veline, 146, 152
Venetian Republic (Serenissima), 11, 17, 21, 76, 271, 273
Veneto region, 9–10, 100, 166, 197, 272, 273, 285
Venice, 4, 6, 9, 10, 22, 26, 28, 64, 66, 67, 122, 197, 218, 243, 275
MOSE lagoon project for, 45–46
Verdi, Giuseppe, 3, 66–67, 269
verità (truth), as subjective, 46, 47, 50
Vesuvius, Mount, 7, 107, 146
violence, 32, 107, 133, 182, 257