60 Ibid., Box 2, Folder “American Library Association Midwinter.”
61 Gillies and Cailliau, How the Web Was Born, 209.
62 Hart Papers, Box 6, Folder “Project Gutenberg—Correspondence 1992, 2 of 2.”
63 Ibid., Folder “Project Gutenberg—Correspondence 1993.”
64 Ibid., Box 3, Folder “Correspondence 1995.”
65 Ibid., Box 8, Folder “Electronic Networking 1991.”
66 Elizabeth Weise, “Project Gutenberg Puts Great Literature on the Internet,” Associated Press, 1995.
67 Michael Hart, A Brief History of the Internet, http://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryoft00250gut/pg250.txt.
68 Ibid.
69 US Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995, 44.
70 Ibid., 57.
71 Ibid., 55.
72 Ibid., 41.
73 Ibid., 42.
74 Ibid., 71.
75 Michael Hart, “PG Newsletter March 1995,” March 1, 1995, http://www.gutenbergnews.org/19950301/pg-monthly-newsletter-1995-03/.
76 Michael Hart, “Why I started [sic] My Blog,” http://hart.pglaf.org/whyblog.txt.
77 Hart Papers, Box 6, Folder “Project Gutenberg—Correspondence 1985–89.”
78 Ibid., Box 7, Folder “Letters of Support for Project Gutenberg, Folder 2 of 3.”
79 Michael Hart, “Project Gutenberg #500,” March 1996, http://www.ub.uni-dortmund.de/listen/inetbib/msg04134.html.
80 Hart Papers, Box 7, Folder “Letters of Support for Project Gutenberg, Folder 1 of 3, 1996.”
81 Ibid.
82 Ibid., Folder “Letters of Support for Project Gutenberg, Folder 2 of 3.”
83 Michael Hart, “PG Newsletter June 1996,” June 9, 1996, http://www.gutenbergnews.org/19960609/pg-monthly-newsletter-1996-06-09/.
84 Michael Hart to Book People mailing list, September 4, 1997, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=1997&post=1997-09-04$4.
5. THE CASE FOR THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
1 Andrea L. Foster, “A Bookworm’s Battle,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 25, 2002, http://chronicle.com/article/A-Bookworm-s-Battle/10315.
2 Ibid.
3 “The Copyright Question—Opinions of Publishers and Authors—III,” Publishers’ Weekly, March 1, 1879, 262.
4 Eric Eldred, “Battle of the Books,” last modified November 15, 1998, https://web.archive.org/web/20000817031559/http://www.eldritchpress.org/battle.html.
5 Ibid.
6 In 1998, Eldred wrote, “I thought it was all in the public domain, or at least thought there was a good argument for that. But I have been more aggressive than most in going after material published after 1922. If the work was published before 1989 and didn’t have a copyright notice on it I considered it in the public domain.” See “Battle of the Books.”
7 Carl S. Kaplan, “Online Publisher Challenges Copyright Law,” New York Times, January 15, 1999.
8 On the lobbying efforts by Disney and other media companies, see Darin Fonda, “Copyright’s Crusader,” Boston Globe Magazine, August 29, 1999.
9 Representative Bono (CA), “Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act,” Congressional Record 144:139 (October 7, 1998), H9952.
10 Representative McCollum (FL), “Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act,” Congressional Record 144:139 (October 7, 1998), H9951.
11 See Universal Studios, Inc. v. Corley, a case in which the Southern District of New York cited the DMCA to issue an injunction preventing Eric “Emmanuel Goldstein” Corley, publisher of the hacker magazine 2600, from posting to his website a decryption program called DeCSS, and from linking to other websites that hosted the program. The Second Circuit, on appeal, upheld the district court’s injunction.
12 Sandra A. Sellers, Software Publishers Association, to the House Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, US House of Representatives, 105th Cong., 1st sess., September 11, 1997.
13 “Judge Dismisses Indictment Against MIT Computer Whiz,” Reuters, December 29, 1994.
14 Marybeth Peters, to the House Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, US House of Representatives, 105th Cong., 1st sess., September 11, 1997.
15 Eldred, “Battle of the Books.”
16 Michael Hart to Book People mailing list, October 19, 1998, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=1998&post=1998-10-22$5.
17 Michael Hart to Book People mailing list, October 19, 1998, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=1998&post=1998-10-19$5.
18 Eric Eldred to Book People mailing list, October 19, 1998, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=1998&post=1998-10-19$4.
19 Kaplan, “Online Publisher Challenges.”
20 Steven Levy, “Lawrence Lessig’s Supreme Showdown,” Wired, October 2002, http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/10.10/lessig.html.
21 David Streitfeld, “The Cultural Anarchist vs. the Hollywood Police State,” Los Angeles Times, September 22, 2002, http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/22/magazine/tm-copyright38.
22 Naftali Bendavid, “Lawyer in Microsoft Case Cut Teeth at U. of C.” Chicago Tribune, January 26, 1998, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-01-26/news/9801260179_1_lawrence-lessig-judge-richard-posner-judge-thomas-penfield-jackson.
23 Lawrence Lessig, “How I Lost the Big One,” Legal Affairs, March/April 2004, http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2004/story_lessig_marapr04.msp.
24 Richard Poynder, “The Basement Interviews: Free Culture,” The Basement Interviews, April 7, 2006, http://ia802307.us.archive.org/23/items/The_Basement_Interviews/Lawrence_Lessig_Interview.pdf.
25 Foster, “Bookworm’s Battle.”
26 Eldred, “Battle of the Books.”
27 Lisa Rein, “Seth’s Eldred Experience,” On Lisa Rein’s Radar, November 15, 2002, http://www.onlisareinsradar.com/wp/seths-eldred-experience/.
28 Lisa Rein, “Aaron Swartz Camping Out at Eldred Oct 2002,” Archive.org, https://archive.org/details/AaronSwartzEldredOct2002.
29 Aaron Swartz, “to the courthouse,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, October 5, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000637.
30 Aaron Swartz, “Ahh, the first day of school,” Schoolyard Subversion, August 29, 2000, http://web.archive.org/web/20010516224049/http://swartzfam.com/aaron/school/2000/08/29/.
31 Aaron Swartz, “Assorted Documents,” 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/bizcard; and Swartz, “everyone looks like me,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, July 22, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000435.
32 Interview with Robert Swartz, January 2013.
33 Philipp Lenssen, “A Chat with Aaron Swartz,” Google Blogoscoped, May 7, 2007, http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2007-05-07-n78.html.
34 To be clear, The Info Network was never nearly as popular as Wikipedia.
35 Lisa B. Song, “Highland Park Teen Is Finalist in Web Competition,” Chicago Tribune, June 23, 2000, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-06-23/news/0007290040_1_world-wide-web-arsdigita-boot-camp.
36 Zooko Wilcox-O’Hearn, “Part 1,” thoughts upon news of the death of Aaron Swartz, February 6, 2013, http://zooko-on-aaronsw.blogspot.com/2013/02/part-1-by-zooko-wilcox-ohearn-written.html.
37 Interview with Dan Connolly, January 2013.
38 Gabe Beged-Dov to Discussion of XML News mailing list, July 3, 2000, https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/syndication/conversations/messages/241.
39 Aaron Swartz to Discussion of XML News mailing list, July 3, 2000, https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/syndication/conversations/topics/242.
40 Aaron Swartz, “I narrowly escaped . . . ,” Schoolyard Subversion, August 16, 2000, http://web.archive.org/web/20010514192627/http://swartzfam.com/aaron/school/2000/08/16/.
41 Aaron Swartz, “The Weight of School,” Schoolyard Subversion, October 8, 2000, http://web.archive.org/web/20010517235916/http://swartzfam.com/aaron/school/2000/10/08/.
42 Aaron Swartz, “
Welcome to Unschooling,” Schoolyard Subversion, April 5, 2001, http://web.archive.org/web/20010502005216/http:/swartzfam.com/aaron/school/2001/04/05/.
43 Robert Swartz, interview.
44 Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila, “The Semantic Web.” Scientific American, May 17, 2001, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-semantic-web/.
45 Aaron Swartz, “I think there is a,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, January 14, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000111.
46 Felter, interview.
47 Wilcox-O’Hearn, “Part 1.”
48 Eldred, “Battle of the Books.”
49 Interview with Lisa Rein, January 2013.
50 Interview with Ben Adida, January 2013.
51 Rein, interview.
52 Aaron Swartz, “Emerging Technologies—Day 2,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, May 15, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000254.
53 Aaron Swartz, “May 13, 2002: Visiting Google,” Google Weblog, May 13, 2002, http://google.blogspace.com/archives/000252.
54 Felter, interview.
55 Aaron Swartz, “Emerging Technologies—Day 3,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, May 16, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000255.
56 Ibid.
57 Eric Eldred to Book People mailing list, October 19, 1998, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=1998&post=1998-10-19$4.
58 Recording Industry Association of America, “2002 Year-End Statistics,” 2002, https://web.archive.org/web/20040601160725/http://www.riaa.com/news/marketingdata/pdf/year_end_2002.pdf.
59 Music on the Internet: Is There an Upside to Downloading? Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., July 11, 2000, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-106shrg74728/pdf/CHRG-106shrg74728.pdf.
60 Ibid.
61 Brief for the RIAA as Amicus Curiae, 11, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003).
62 Brief for Dr. Seuss Enterprises, L.P., et al., as Amici Curiae, 9, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003).
63 Richard Koman, “Riding along with the Internet Bookmobile,” Salon, October 9, 2002, http://www.salon.com/2002/10/09/bookmobile/.
64 Lawrence Lessig, “Brewster’s Brilliance,” Lessig, October 17, 2002, http://www.lessig.org/2002/10/brewsters-brilliance/.
65 Poynder, “The Basement Interviews.”
66 Lawrence Lessig, “from the front line,” October 13, 2002, http://www.lessig.org/2002/10/from-the-front-line/.
67 Aaron Swartz, “Arrgh, pirates,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, February 04, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000158.
68 Aaron Swartz, “LimeWire has gotten really good,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, January 24, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000143.
69 Aaron Swartz, “Trip Notes,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, October 08, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000647.
70 Aaron Swartz, “Mr. Swartz Goes to Washington,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, October 10, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000650.
71 Ibid.
72 Eric Eldred to Book People mailing list, October 14, 2002, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=2002&post=2002-10-14,4.
73 Swartz, “Mr. Swartz Goes to Washington.”
74 Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 US 186 (2003).
75 Lisa Rein, “It’s Over. We Lose,” On Lisa Rein’s Radar, January 15, 2003, http://www.onlisareinsradar.com/archives/000831.php#000831.
76 Cory Doctorow, “Supreme Court rules against Eldred, Alexandria burns,” Boing Boing, January 15, 2003, http://boingboing.net/2003/01/15/supreme-court-rules.html.
77 Eric Eldred to Book People mailing list, January 15, 2003, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=2003&post=2003-01-15,10.
78 Michael Hart to Book People mailing list, January 15, 2003, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/bparchive?year=2003&post=2003-01-15,7.
79 Lessig, Free Culture, 244–45.
80 Aaron Swartz, “Day of Mourning,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, January 15, 2003, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000806.
81 Swartz, “Mr. Swartz Goes to Washington.”
6. “CO-OPT OR DESTROY”
1 Aaron Swartz, “Checking In,” Schoolyard Subversion, December 23, 2001, http://web.archive.org/web/20020205111032/http:/swartzfam.com/aaron/school/.
2 Aaron Swartz, “Instant Message from LelandJr247,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, December 11, 2003, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001087.
3 Aaron Swartz, “Stanford: Day 1,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, September 21, 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20041009200559/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001418.
4 Aaron Swartz, “Stanford: Day 3,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, last modified June 3, 2005, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001421.
5 Interview with Seth Schoen, January 2013.
6 Aaron Swartz, “Stanford: Day 58,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, November 15, 2004, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001480.
7 Wilcox-O’Hearn, “Part 1.”
8 Aaron Swartz, “Home Again,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, February 13, 2005, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001558.
9 Aaron Swartz, “News Update,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, February 17, 2003, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000838.
10 Paul Graham, “What I Did This Summer,” PaulGraham.com, October 2005, http://www.paulgraham.com/sfp.html.
11 Paul Graham, “Summer Founders Program,” PaulGraham.com, March 2005, http://paulgraham.com/summerfounder.html.
12 Ibid.
13 Infogami, March 4, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060323211212/http://infogami.com/.
14 Aaron Swartz, “infogami,” Infogami, circa October 25, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20051025013124/http://infogami.com/. Swartz had two co-applicants: the Danish programmer Simon Carstensen and the British programmer and historian Sean B. Palmer.
15 Aaron Swartz, “SFP: Come see us,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, April 16, 2005, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001679.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Interview with Simon Carstensen, February 2013.
19 Aaron Swartz, “Introducing Infogami,” Infogami, circa March 4, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20060304203354/http://infogami.com/blog/introduction.
20 Interview with Steve Huffman, January 2013.
21 Aaron Swartz, “Stanford: The Cynic Returns,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, April 16, 2005, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001680.
22 Aaron Swartz, “I Love the University,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, July 26, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/visitingmit.
23 Aaron Swartz, “On Losing Weight,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, July 26, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/losingweight.
24 Aaron Swartz, “A Night at the Coop,” Raw Thought, October 24, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/coopnight.
25 Swartz, “Stanford: The Cynic Returns.”
26 Aaron Swartz, “A Non-Programmer’s Apology,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, May 27, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/nonapology.
27 Aaron Swartz, “Stanford: Mr. Unincredible,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, March 26, 2005, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001629.
28 Rob Kling and Roberta Lamb, “Analyzing Alternate Visions of Electronic Publishing and Digital Libraries,” in Scholarly Publishing, eds. Peek and Newby, 28.
29 Aaron Swartz, “Bits are not a bug,” http://web.archive.org/web/20031229025933/http://bits.are.notabug.com/.
30 Aaron Swartz, “The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, February 3, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000155.
31 Aaron Swartz, “Stanford: Private Meeting,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, March 26, 2005, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/001645.
32 “iTunes Music Store. Facelift for a corrupt industry,” Downhill Battle, http://www.downhillbattle.org/itunes/.
33 Aaron Swartz, “Of Washington and Worcester,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, July 3, 2005, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/downhillbattle.
34 Swartz, “Stanford: Day 3.”
35 Swartz, “Of Washington and Wo
rcester.”
36 Ibid.
37 George Anders, “Today I Learned: Reddit Could Be Worth $240 Million,” Forbes, November 19, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/georgeanders/2012/10/31/what-is-reddit-worth/.
38 Aaron Swartz, “The Aftermath,” Raw Thought, November 1, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/theaftermath.
39 Ibid.
40 Aaron Swartz, “Business ‘Ethics,’ ” Raw Thought, December 11, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/bizethics.
41 Aaron Swartz, “How to Get a Job Like Mine,” Aaron Swartz, last updated August 18, 2008, https://aaronsw.jottit.com/howtoget.
42 Huffman, interview.
43 David Weinberger, “Reddit acquired,” Joho the Blog, October 31, 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20061102042749/http://www.hyperorg.com/blogger/mtarchive/reddit_acquired.html.
44 Mathew Ingram, “Reddit gets to Digg-ify Conde Nast,” MathewIngram.com, October 31, 2006, http://www.mathewingram.com/work/2006/10/31/reddit-gets-to-digg-ify-conde-nast/.
45 Chris Slowe, a Harvard doctoral student who had joined Reddit in November 2005 as a part-time programmer, also profited from Not a Bug’s sale.
46 Aaron Swartz, “The Afterparty,” Raw Thought, November 2, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/theafterparty.
47 Aaron Swartz, “Office Space,” Raw Thought, November 15, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/officespace.
48 Huffman, interview.
49 Aaron Swartz, “A Moment Before Dying,” Raw Thought, January 18, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/dying. Swartz later edited the post to change the name of the “Aaron” character to “Alex.”
50 Aaron Swartz, comment on “Reddit cofounder Aaron Swartz discusses how he was fired from Reddit,” accessed on August 20, 2015, https://www.reddit.com/r/reddit.com/comments/1octb/reddit_cofounder_aaron_swartz_discusses_how_he/c1oezk.
51 Aaron Swartz, “Last Day of Summer Camp,” Raw Thought, January 22, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/summercamp.
52 Ibid.
53 Aaron Swartz, “The Interrupt-Driven Life,” Raw Thought, August 20, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/interruptdriven.
54 Aaron Swartz, “Everything Good Is Bad For You,” Raw Thought, March 29, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/everythinggood.
55 Aaron Swartz, “Launch,” Raw Meat, May 3, 2007, http://qblog.aaronsw.com/post/1483459/launch.
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