56 Aaron Swartz, “Announcing the Open Library,” Raw Thought, July 16, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/openlibrary.
57 Becky Hogge, “Brewster Kahle,” New Statesman, October 17, 2005, http://www.newstatesman.com/node/151776.
58 Jones, “Constructing the Universal Library,” 275.
59 Ibid., 276.
60 For more on the differing approaches of Open Library and Google Books, see Jones, “Constructing the Universal Library.”
61 Heidi Benson, “A Man’s Vision: World Library Online,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 22, 2005, http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-MAN-S-VISION-WORLD-LIBRARY-ONLINE-Brewster-2593527.php.
62 Jones, “Constructing the Universal Library,” 282.
63 Swartz, “Announcing the Open Library.”
64 Aaron Swartz, “Bubble City: Preface,” Raw Thought, October 31, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/bubblecity.
65 Aaron Swartz, “Bubble City: Chapter 2,” Raw Thought, November 2, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/bubblecity2.
66 Aaron Swartz, “Bubble City: Chapter 4,” Raw Thought, November 6, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/bubblecity4.
67 Aaron Swartz, “Bubble City: Chapter 10,” Raw Thought, November 19, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/bubblecity10.
68 Aaron Swartz, “Bubble City: Chapter 5,” Raw Thought, November 6, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/bubblecity5.
69 Swartz, “Bubble City: Chapter 10.”
70 Aaron Swartz, “Sick,” Raw Thought, November 27, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/verysick.
71 Aaron Swartz, “Moving On,” Raw Thought, June 16, 2008, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/movingon.
72 Aaron Swartz, “Banff,” Raw Thought, March 16, 2008, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/banff.
7. GUERILLA OPEN ACCESS
1 Eremo: Historical Memories.
2 “St. Romuald,” Catholic News Agency, http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=510.
3 Eremo: Historical Memories, 19.
4 Ibid., 20.
5 Ibid., 61.
6 Ibid., 79.
7 Aaron Swartz, “Everybody Tells Me So,” Raw Thought, November 3, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/everybodysays.
8 Aaron Swartz, “Aaron’s Patented Demotivational Seminar,” Raw Thought, March 27, 2007, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/demotivate.
9 Aaron Swartz, “The Book That Changed My Life,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, May 15, 2006, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/epiphany.
10 Lawrence Lessig, “Required Reading: the next 10 years,” Lessig, June 19, 2007, http://www.lessig.org/2007/06/required-reading-the-next-10-y-1/.
11 Ibid.
12 “Open Government Working Group,” last updated October 22, 2007, https://public.resource.org/open_government_meeting.html; and Aaron Swartz, “announce theinfo.org,” January 15, 2008, https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!topic/open-government/EzIgMgVHy1o.
13 Aaron Swartz, TheInfo.org, crawled on April 26, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20090426012606/http://theinfo.org/.
14 Aaron Swartz to Carl Malamud, December 31, 2007, https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00054.html.
15 Aaron Swartz to Open Government mailing list, March 8, 2008, https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00064.html.
16 Aaron Swartz, “Welcome, watchdog.net,” Raw Thought, April 14, 2008, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/watchdog.
17 Song, “Highland Park Teen Is Finalist in Web Competition.”
18 To give just one example, as of March 2015, an institutional print subscription to the journal Applied Surface Science, published by Reed Elsevier, cost $12,471.
19 Okerson and O’Donnell, Scholarly Journals, 105.
20 Ibid., 37.
21 “Budapest Open Access Initiative,” February 14, 2002, http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read.
22 All italicized quotes in this section come from the “Guerilla Open Access Manifesto,” https://archive.org/stream/GuerillaOpenAccessManifesto/Goamjuly2008_djvu.txt.
23 Aaron Swartz, “OCLC on the Run,” Raw Thought, November 15, 2008, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/oclcreply.
24 Ibid.
25 Bess Sadler, “the free flow of information and ideas to present and future generations,” Solvitur ambulando, January 15, 2013, http://www.ibiblio.org/bess/?p=285.
26 Malamud, Exploring the Internet, ix.
27 Carl Malamud, “The ITU Adopts a New Meta-Standard: Open Access,” Interoperability Report 5, no. 12 (December 1991), https://public.resource.org/scribd/2556197.pdf.
28 Malamud, Exploring the Internet, 3.
29 Ibid., 4.
30 “Connexions,” Interoperability Report 5, no. 12 (December 1991), 21.
31 Malamud, Exploring the Internet, ix.
32 Sharon Fisher, “ITU Standards Program to End,” Communications Week, December 23, 1991.
33 Carl Malamud, “ITU Decision Turns Back the Clock,” Communications Week, December 23, 1991, 14.
34 Malamud, Exploring the Internet, x.
35 Peter H. Lewis, “In 1996, a World’s Fair to Be Held in Cyberspace,” New York Times, March 14, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/14/business/in-1996-a-world-s-fair-to-be-held-in-cyberspace.html.
36 Carl Malamud, “Lifting every voice,” St. Petersburg Times, March 7, 1993.
37 Malamud, World’s Fair, 94.
38 Ross Kerber, “What Cost Public Information?” Washington Post, June 21, 1993, http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1993/06/21/what-cost-public-information-secs-new-data-system-prompts-debate-on-commercial-control-of-government-records/f493c24e-cb16-4c51-8b80-f05a9637a6c0/.
39 Malamud, World’s Fair, 94.
40 Ibid., 99.
41 Peter H. Lewis, “Internet Users Get Access to S.E.C. Filings Fee-Free,” New York Times, January 17, 1994, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/17/business/internet-users-get-access-to-sec-filings-fee-free.html.
42 Malamud, World’s Fair, 95.
43 John Schwartz, “A Cybernaut Plans Software for Navigating TV,” New York Times, December 24, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/24/business/a-cybernaut-plans-software-for-navigating-tv.html.
44 “Public.Resource.Org—A 501(c)(3) Nonprofit Corporation,” https://public.resource.org/about/.
45 28 US Code § 1913—Courts of Appeals, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1913.
46 Stephen Schultze, “Electronic Public Access Fees and the United States Federal Courts’ Budget: An Overview,” http://www.openpacer.org/hogan/Schultze_Judiciary_Budgeting.pdf.
47 Stephen Schultze, “What Does It Cost to Provide Electronic Access to Court Records?,” Managing Miracles: Policy for the Network Society, May 29, 2010, http://managingmiracles.blogspot.com/2010/05/what-is-electronic-public-access-to.html.
48 Ryan Singel, “Online Rebel Publishes Millions of Dollars in U.S. Court Records for Free,” Wired, December 12, 2008.
49 Ibid.
50 “16 Frequently Asked Questions about Recycling Your PACER Documents,” https://public.resource.org/uscourts.gov/recycling.html.
51 US Courts, “Pilot Project: Free Access to Federal Court Records at 16 Libraries,” news release, November 8, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20071112035705/http://www.uscourts.gov/Press_Releases/libraries110807.html.
52 Carl Malamud in The Internet’s Own Boy (2014), at 32:05.
53 “16 Frequently Asked Questions.”
54 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, September 4, 2008, 2:59 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00180.html.
55 Aaron Swartz to Carl Malamud, September 4, 2008, 2:57 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00179.html.
56 Aaron Swartz, “today’s featured superhero: Carl Malamud,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, June 16, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000345.
57 Aaron Swartz, “Introducing web.resource.org,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, July 2, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000381.
58 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, June 25, 2002, 8:13 p.m., https://
public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00001.html.
59 US Courts, “Pilot Project: Free Access to Federal Court Records at 16 Libraries,” news release, November 8, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20071206094450/http://www.uscourts.gov/Press_Releases/libraries110807.html.
60 Eric Hellman, “The Four Crimes of Aaron Swartz (#aaronswnyc part 2),” go to hellman, January 25, 2013, http://go-to-hellman.blogspot.com/2013/01/the-four-crimes-of-aaron-swartz.html.
61 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, September 4, 2008, 7:40 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00195.html.
62 Aaron Swartz to Carl Malamud, September 4, 2008, 10:41 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00196.html.
63 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, September 4, 2008, 7:43 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00197.html.
64 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, September 22, 2008, 7:26 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00298.html.
65 Aaron Swartz to Carl Malamud, September 22, 2008, 10:37 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00299.html.
66 Aaron Swartz, “Guerilla Open Access,” Raw Thought, September 20, 2008, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/goa (page deleted).
67 “Software Freedom Day, Sept. 20th, 2008,” Free Software Foundation, September 29, 2008, https://www.fsf.org/blogs/membership/sfd2008blog.
68 Aaron Swartz to Carl Malamud, October 1, 2008, 1:12 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00327.html.
69 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, September 30, 2008, 5:31 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00319.html.
70 American Association of Law Libraries, AALL Washington E-Bulletin, October 31, 2008, http://www.aallnet.org/mm/Advocacy/aallwash/Washington-E-Bulletin/2008/ebulletin103108.pdf.
71 Ibid.
72 Malamud to Swartz, September 30, 2008, 5:13 p.m.
73 John Schwartz, “An Effort to Upgrade a Court Archive System to Free and Easy.” New York Times, February 12, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/us/13records.html.http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/us/13records.html.
74 “Aaron Swartz’s FBI File,” Firedoglake, February 19, 2013, http://news.firedoglake.com/2013/02/19/aaron-swartzs-fbi-file/.
75 Ibid.
76 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, April 14, 2009, 11:02 a.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00689.html.
77 Aaron Swartz to Carl Malamud, April 14, 2009, 12:52 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00693.html.
78 Aaron Swartz to Carl Malamud, April 15, 2009, 8:56 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00712.html.
79 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, April 15, 2009, 9:01 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00713.html.
80 Aaron Swartz, “Wanted by the FBI,” Raw Thought, October 5, 2009, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/fbifile.
81 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, January 26, 2009, 6:47 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00509.html.
82 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, January 27, 2009, 11:10 a.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00511.html.
83 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, January 27, 2009, 11:55 a.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00513.html.
84 Ibid.
85 “Projects,” Content Liberation Front, crawled on August 29, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20090829123824/http://contentliberation.com/.
8. HACKS AND HACKERS
1 Schonfeld, JSTOR, 3.
2 Ibid., 13.
3 Ibid., 131.
4 Ibid., 33.
5 Ibid., 229.
6 JSTOR Evidence in United States vs. Aaron Swartz, http://docs.jstor.org/zips/JSTOR-Swartz-Evidence-All-Docs.pdf, 19 (hereafter referred to as JSTOR Documents).
7 Ibid., 130.
8 Ibid., 25.
9 Ibid., 26.
10 Ibid., 7.
11 Ibid., 41.
12 Ibid., 53.
13 Ibid., 45.
14 Ibid., 130.
15 Ibid., 118.
16 Ibid., 134.
17 Ibid., 77.
18 Ibid., 97.
19 Ibid., 130.
20 Ibid., 138.
21 Ibid., 134.
22 Ibid., 167.
23 Ibid., 173.
24 Ibid., 170.
25 Ibid., 220.
26 Ibid., 236.
27 Ibid., 365–66.
28 Ibid., 320–21.
29 Ibid., 197.
30 Ibid., 228.
31 Ibid., 174.
32 Ibid., 379.
33 Internet at Liberty conference, https://www.events-google.com/google/frontend/reg/tOtherPage.csp?pageID=18711&eventID=79&eventID=79.
34 Noam Scheiber, “The Inside Story of Why Aaron Swartz Broke into MIT and JSTOR,” New Republic, February 13, 2013, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112418/aaron-swartz-suicide-why-he-broke-jstor-and-mit.
35 Wikler, interview.
36 Aaron Swartz, “Last Goodbyes,” Raw Thought, June 19, 2008, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/lastgoodbyes.
37 Aaron Swartz, “Moving On,” Raw Thought, June 16, 2008, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/movingon.
38 Aaron Swartz, “A Political Startup,” Raw Thought, September 8, 2009, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/pcccstory.
39 Ibid.
40 Swartz, “SFP: Come see us.”
41 Abelson et al., MIT Report, 30.
42 Aaron Swartz, “A Life Offline,” Raw Thought, May 18, 2009, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/offline.
43 Aaron Swartz, “My Life Offline,” Raw Thought, July 24, 2009, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/offline2.
44 “Aaron Swartz,” Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, http://ethics.harvard.edu/people/aaron-swartz.
45 Aaron Swartz, “Life in a World of Pervasive Immorality: The Ethics of Being Alive,” Raw Thought, August 2, 2009, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/immoral.
46 Aaron Swartz, “A Short Course in Ethics,” Raw Thought, September 14, 2009, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/ethics.
47 Aaron Swartz, “Honest Theft,” Raw Thought, September 15, 2009, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/honesttheft.
48 Joss Winn, “Hacking in the University: Contesting the Valorisation of Academic Labour,” tripleC 11, no. 2 (2013): 487.
49 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President’s Report, 12.
50 Ibid., 14.
51 S. S. Schweber, “Big Science in Context: Cornell and MIT,” in Big Science, eds. Galison and Hevly, 151.
52 Ibid., 156.
53 MIT Department of Physics, “Physics and War: 1940–1945,” accessed on July 11, 2015, http://web.mit.edu/physics/about/history/1940-1945.html. Also see Kevles, Physicists.
54 Schweber, “Big Science in Context,” 152.
55 Bush, Science—The Endless Frontier, 56.
56 Leslie, Cold War, 9.
57 Merton, Sociology of Science, 270.
58 Ibid., 273.
59 Ibid., 275.
60 “MIT and Industry,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, accessed August 20, 2015, http://web.mit.edu/facts/industry.html.
61 Hatakenaka, “Flux and Flexibility,” 100.
62 Ibid., 59.
63 Ibid., 131.
64 Washburn, University, Inc., 102.
65 Merton, The Sociology of Science, 272.
66 “MIT Media Lab and Bank of America Announce Center for Future Banking,” MIT News, March 31, 2008, http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2008/banking-0331.
67 Aaron Swartz, “Boston Trip Story,” Aaron Swartz: The Weblog, April 25, 2002, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000233.
68 JSTOR Documents, 1301.
69 Ibid., 1302.
70 Aaron Swartz, “r | p 2010: The Social Responsibility of Computer Science,” YouTube, speech delivered on October 16, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDetZaIKmPI.
71 Stinebrickner-Kauffman, interview.
72 Wikler, interview.
73 JSTOR Documents, 1299.
74 Ibid., 3089.
75 Aaron Swartz FOIA Release, Secret Service Documents, 880–81 (hereafter referred to as Swartz FOIA).
>
76 Ibid., 594, 639, 883.
77 JSTOR Documents, 3093.
78 Swartz FOIA, 2526.
79 Ibid., 2505.
80 Ibid., 2507.
81 Ibid., 703.
82 Ibid., 2492.
83 Abelson et al., MIT Report, 24.
84 Ibid., 25.
85 Swartz FOIA, 2634.
86 Aaron Swartz, Twitter post, January 6, 2011, 8:24 a.m., https://twitter.com/aaronsw.
87 JSTOR Documents, 3105.
88 Ibid., 3107.
89 Stephen Heymann, “Legislating Computer Crime,” in “Computer Legislation,” special issue, Harvard Journal on Legislation 34 (1997): 382.
90 Swartz, “SFP: Come see us.”
91 JSTOR Documents, 3249–50.
9. THE WEB IS YOURS
1 A version of this paragraph originally appeared in Slate and is used here, gratefully, with permission.
2 Aaron Swartz, “The 2011 Review of Books,” Raw Thought, April 19, 2012, http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/books2011.
3 Norton, “Life Inside the Aaron Swartz Investigation.”
4 Swartz FOIA, 528–92.
5 Ibid., 1590.
6 Carl Malamud to Aaron Swartz, February 6, 2011, 6:38 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00825.html.
7 Swartz FOIA, 731.
8 Ibid., 728.
9 Ibid., 2469.
10 Aaron Swartz to Stephen Schultze, February 1, 2011, 3:23 p.m., https://public.resource.org/aaron/pub/msg00818.html.
11 Swartz FOIA, 1871.
12 Ibid., 458.
13 Ibid., 97.
14 Abelson et al., MIT Report, 31.
15 “Aaron Swartz—How Congress Works,” Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, http://ethics.harvard.edu/aaron-swartz-%C2%A0%E2%80%94%C2%A0-how-congress-works.
16 “Senators Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Combat Online Infringement,” press release, September 20, 2010, http://www.leahy.senate.gov/press/senators-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-combat-online-infringement.
17 Aaron Swartz, interview by Ben Wikler, The Flaming Sword of Justice, podcast audio, January 22, 2011, http://www.flamingswordofjustice.com/episodes/2-2011-1968.
18 Moon, Ruffini, and Segal, Hacking Politics, 6.
19 Swartz FOIA, 667.
20 Norton, “Life Inside the Aaron Swartz Investigation.”
21 Swartz FOIA, 25.
22 Norton, “Life Inside the Aaron Swartz Investigation.”
23 Swartz FOIA, 790–95; also 856–62.
24 Norton, “Life Inside the Aaron Swartz Investigation.”
The Idealists Page 31