and PIPA, 230–31, 237–44, 247
and public domain users, 111–12, 132–34
and SOPA, 238–44
Connecticut, first US copyright law in, 27
Connolly, Dan, 125
Constitution, US, 30, 86, 105, 136, 138
Content Liberation Front, 193–94, 201
Continental Congress, 26
Cooper, James Fenimore, 35
copyright:
absolute, 129–30
extension to new media, 71–77, 84, 87–88
foreign works unprotected by, 49–50
and gift economy vs. market economy, 89
international, 43, 45–48, 49–53, 54, 59–65, 68
and licensing, 130–31
as monopoly, 61, 74
ownership of, 20, 26, 36–37, 39, 46, 90, 179
perpetual, 19, 26, 118–19, 138, 139
as property right, 5, 11, 26, 39, 65, 223, 268
public benefit of, 73, 76, 268
as social relationship, 26, 45–46, 134, 268
as statutory right, 49, 130
and Webster, 23–24, 27–31, 36–40
copyright conservancy, 129
copyright laws:
1790 Copyright Act, 4, 30–31, 33–34
1831 Copyright Act, 37, 43
1909 Copyright Act, 76–77, 87
1976 Copyright Act, 86–88, 90–91, 110, 138
1995 Copyright Term Extension Act, 110–13, 118, 132–33, 136, 243
1998 Sonny Bono CTEA, 118–20, 139, 172, 269
American, 20, 26
as censorship, 17–19
COICA, 225–27, 230–31, 237
in Connecticut, 27
debates on revisions (1965–76), 83–88
DMCA, 119, 132, 237
in England, 19–20, 26, 37
goal of, 89–90
morality and metaphor reflected in, 140, 268
NET Act, 119, 132–33, 237
penalties for scofflaws, 13, 73
PIPA, 230–31, 237–44, 247, 248
and public domain, 3–4, 86, 115
in the public interest, 46
restrictive, 120–21, 122, 237–38, 269
in separate states, 30
SOPA, 238–44, 248
Statute of Anne, 19–20, 30–31
works protected by, 26, 65
copyright reform movement, 124
copyright term, 26, 73, 84
economic arguments for, 134–35
fourteen years from publication date, 19–20, 30
limits of, 136
ninety-five years after publication, 119
political implications in, 172
and public domain, 4, 110–11, 134–35
seventy years after author’s death, 4, 119
twenty-eight years or life of author, 37–38
twenty-eight years plus renewal, 77, 90
Cornyn, John, 264
court documents, and PACER, 185–93, 202, 223, 267
Craigslist, 241
Cramer, Jim, 203
Creative Commons, 129–31, 267
creators:
copyright ownership by, 20, 26, 36–37, 39, 46, 90
financial risks assumed by, 25
in gift economy vs. market economy, 89
incentives for, 13, 20, 39, 40, 42, 50, 86, 89
non-US authors, 39, 41–47, 49–50, 268
rights of, 50, 85
self-financing by, 25
US copyright movement led by, 26–27
cultural brain, 11, 269
Cupramontana, Italy, 170, 173–74, 177–78
cyber-crime, 5
Daniel, John W., 63
Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy, 115
Dark Knight, The (movie), 255
Davis, G. Howlett, 76
Davis, Watson, 90–91
Dawes, Thomas, 35
Declaration of Independence, US, 97, 99
Defense Department, US, 100–101
Demand Progress, 225, 226, 228, 230–31, 234, 236, 243, 267
Dickens, Charles, 42, 49–50
Dictionary of the English Language (Johnson), 34
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 119, 132–33, 237
digital networks:
closed systems in, 269
transforming society via, 12, 122, 266–67
Dillon, Will, 85
Dilworth, Thomas, A New Guide to the English Tongue, 22
dime novels, 52, 55
Disney Company, 118, 119
DNS blocking, 226
Doctorow, Cory, 131, 139
Document Liberation Front, 182
Dodd, Chris, 243
Dodge, A. J., 263–64
Dotcom, Kim, 226
Downhill Battle, 152–54, 155, 178
Dr. Seuss Enterprises, 134
Dunne, Finley Peter, 68
Duranceau, Ellen Finnie, 198, 215, 216
Dylan, Bob, 111
Eastman, George, 207
eBay, 241
edSITEment, 117
education, value of, 48–49
Eldred, Eric, 117–19, 120, 121, 122–23, 129, 132, 134, 138, 140
Eldred v. Ashcroft, 122–23, 124, 129, 134, 136–41, 162, 242
Eldritch Press, 117–19, 121, 237
electric lights, 69
Electronic Data Gathering and Retrieval (EDGAR), 184, 185
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 230, 261
Electronic Information for Libraries (EIFL), 173–74, 179, 190
Emerging Technologies Conference, 131–32, 136
England:
American resentments against, 45
class hierarchy in, 44
copyright laws in, 19–20, 26, 37
Glorious Revolution (1688) in, 19
Parliament in, 19
printers’ guilds in, 18–19, 26
Statute of Anne, 19–20, 30–31
Escher, M. C., 249
fact vs. artifact, 88–89
FBI, 191–92, 223
Federalists, 32–33
Felter, Wes, 9, 128, 131
Fight for the Future, 240, 241–42
file lockers, 226
file sharing:
Congress suspicions of, 132
online, 4, 152–54
peer-to-peer, 133–34, 152–54
as pull marketing approach, 133
as theft, 4, 133, 137, 152–54, 179, 235–36
Finkelstein, Herman, 84
Finkelstein, Seth, 253
First Amendment, 242
Flaming Sword of Justice, The (podcast), 241, 243
Ford, Paul, 162
Forster, John, 49
4chan, 240
free culture movement, 3–4, 98, 140–41, 152–55, 167, 179, 204, 223
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 188, 223
freedom of speech, 20, 231, 242
Freedom to Connect conference, 244
Free Software Foundation, 104, 107, 190, 230, 266
Frost, Robert, 118, 121
Furman, Charlie, 257
Furniss, George W., 72–73
Gagarin, Yuri, 78
Gates, Bill, 106
Gay, Joshua, 230
Gilbert, Jon, 131
Gilder, Richard Watson, 60, 61–62, 64
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 139
Ginsparg, Paul, 176
Giustiniani, Paolo, 169–70, 174
GiveWell, 234, 249
Gladwell, Malcolm, 251
Glorious Revolution (1688), 19
GNU Project, 104, 107, 114, 154, 190
Gnutella, 133
Godey’s Lady’s Book, 52
Golway, Terry, Machine Made, 57
Good, Andrew, 229, 255
Google, 131, 185, 239
in Bubble City (fiction), 164, 165
and PIPA, 230, 241
Google Books, 173
Google Print for Libraries, 163
Gore, Al, 183
Gorton, Nathaniel M., 256–57
govern
ment:
menace and intimidation by, 254, 262, 264
open, 172, 173
public data from, 183–85
research funded by, 82–83, 101, 174, 208–9, 211
Graham, Paul, 145–48, 149, 219
Graham’s, 52
Grammatical Institute of the English Language, A [“blue-backed speller”] (Webster), 23, 25, 27, 30, 33, 34, 36
Green, James N., 25
Greenspan, Alan, 138
Greenspun, Philip, 124
Guédon, Jean-Claude, 261
Guerilla Open Access Manifesto, 6–7, 178–81, 189–90, 201, 228–30, 247
Guernica (online magazine), 5
Guest, Edgar A., 109
Guimaraes, Reynaldo, 262
Gutenberg, Johannes, 18, 98–99
hacker ethic, 103–4, 112, 125, 135, 206, 212, 266–67
Hackers (Levy), 102–3, 138
Hafner, Katie, and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 101
Hannay, David, 42
Harnad, Stevan, 176
Harper, J. Henry, 41
Harper’s, 52
Harper brothers, 41–42
Harrison, Benjamin, 64
Hart, Michael, 93–100, 122, 268
A Brief History of the Internet, 109–10
and copyright legislation, 120–21
death of, 238
documents digitized by, 97–100, 105
and Eldred v. Ashcroft, 140
and Internet access, 96, 100
and Project Gutenberg, 99, 105–7, 108–9, 112–15
resisting authority, 94–95
thriving in nonconformist environments, 103, 104–5, 267
and Xerox Sigma V, 95–97, 113
Harvard University:
Swartz as research affiliate at, 3, 205, 207, 223, 229
Swartz banned from, 224
Hatakenaka, Sachi, 210–11
Hatch, Orrin, 110, 111, 225
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 52
Scarlet Letter, 117
Hellman, Eric, 188
Hendler, James, 128
Henley, Don, 111
Herman, Bill D., The Fight over Digital Rights, 239
Heymann, Stephen, 2, 216
and CFAA, 218–19
just doing his job, 264
“Legislating Computer Crime” by, 218
as prosecutor in Swartz’s case, 5, 218, 222, 229, 236–37, 256–57, 263, 264
Hiscock, Frank, 62
Holder, Eric, 264
Hollister Co., 249
Holt, Henry, 65
Homestead labor dispute, 68
Honeycutt, Kristina, 192
Houdini, Harry, 78
Howells, William Dean, 60, 118
“How to Save the World, Part 1” (Swartz), 7, 247–48
Huffman, Steve, 149–50, 158–59
hypertext, 108
ideas, social value of, 17
Image Atlas, 244
Infogami, 147, 148–51, 158
Info Network, The, 124
information:
artificial maintenance of scarcity, 4, 177–78, 184
and communication technology, 12
digitization of, 82–83
dissemination of, 67–69, 83, 88, 98, 115, 162, 178, 185
fact vs. artifact, 88–89
and public policy, 11
sharing, 101–4, 174
unauthorized access to, 13–14
unrelated to enlightenment, 32–34
“wants to be expensive,” 13, 70, 269
“wants to be free,” 12, 70, 98, 104, 269
“wants to be locked away,” 24, 178
information explosion, 84
information superhighway, 108, 111
Ingram, Mathew, 158
intellectual property:
as a right, 26, 46
and copyright laws, 26, 31, 73, 88, 119, 226
and fact vs. artifact, 88–89
and gift economy vs. market economy, 89
and monopoly, 46, 61
official attitudes about, 115, 134, 237, 268
PIPA, 230–31
sale or rental of, 212
sociopolitical implications of, 24, 268–69
and technology, 90–91
unauthorized access to, 13–14
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 181–82
Internet:
and academic publishing, 176
blackouts of, 240, 241–43
Blue Book standards manual, 181–82
censorship of, 226, 231, 233, 238, 244
changing the world via, 183, 267
community platforms, 156, 269
Congress suspicions of, 132
and copyright restrictions, 119
decentralized architecture of, 100, 132
decentralized communication on, 14
early use of, 96, 100, 112
and free culture movement, 3–4, 141
history of, 109–10
inaccessible content of, 14
as infinite library, 3, 13, 163, 269
information retrieval and distribution via, 115, 125, 182, 268
infrastructure of, 108
and market economy, 120
niche medium, 182, 183
as “one big library,” 91, 127–28
political implications of, 243
as profit-driven network, 174, 179
“scrapers” of, 172, 197–200
social networks on, 127, 238
terms-of-service agreements on, 218–19
usability issues, 125
and World Wide Web, 98, 108–10
Internet Archive, 135–36, 242
Internet at Liberty conference, 201
Internet Censorship Day, 240, 241
Internet’s Own Boy, The (documentary), 14
Internet Wiretap, 112
Irving, Washington, 35
Ito, Joi, 232, 250
iTunes, 153, 178
Jackall, Robert, Moral Mazes, 157, 165
James, Henry, 117
Jaszi, Peter, 111–12
Jay, John, 35
Jefferson, Thomas, 33
Jobs, Steve, 106, 267–68
John, Richard R., 31
Johnson, Ann K., 48
Johnson, Robert Underwood, Remembered Yesterdays, 62–64
Johnson, Samuel, Dictionary of the English Language, 34
Jones, Elisabeth A., 162, 163
JSTOR, 195–202
beginnings of, 195–96
behaving like a business, 196, 201, 223
and Content Liberation Front, 193–94, 201
downloaded material returned to, 7, 231, 236
and MIT, 197–201, 215–16, 256
and Swartz’s court case, 222, 231–32, 235
Swartz’s downloads from database of, 1, 3, 196–202, 207, 213, 215, 222, 228, 235, 256
terms of service, 197, 198, 202, 207, 217–18
Kaestle, Carl F., 69
Kafka, Franz, The Trial, 221–22, 244–45
Kahle, Brewster, 135–36, 162–63, 242
Kaminstein, Abraham, 84
Kan, Gene, 133–34
Karnofsky, Holden, 234
Karp, Irwin, 84
Kastenmeier, Robert W., 90
Keating, Kenneth B., 88
Keker & Van Nest, 6, 254
Kendall, Joshua, 21
Kennedy, John F., 79, 80
King James Bible, 105
Kirk, Mark, 242
Kling, Rob, 13, 152
Knappenberger, Brian, 14
knowledge:
copyright as tax on, 46–47, 49, 61
digital dissemination of, 11
organizing all of (universal brain), 90–91
and power, 172
public access to, 4, 5, 13, 39, 80, 81, 99–100
retarding the spread of, 121
sharing of, 4, 101, 103, 172
social mobility via, 48
unauthorized access to, 13–14
Koma
n, Richard, 135–36
Kottke, Jason, 131
Laham, Tim, 215
LaMacchia, David, 119–20
LaMacchia loophole, 119
Lamb, Roberta, 13, 152
language:
and education, 48–49
and national identity, 22–23, 28, 40
Larsen, Brian, 198–99
Lassila, Ora, 128
Leahy, Patrick, 225, 226, 230, 231, 242
Leslie, Frank, 52, 55
Leslie, Stuart W., The Cold War and American Science, 209
Lessig, Lawrence, 3, 121–23, 143, 252
changing the world, 185
and copyright, 129, 134
and Creative Commons, 129–31
and Eldred v. Ashcroft, 122–23, 129, 134, 136–41
and Emerging Technologies Conference, 131–32, 136
Free Culture, 140
The Future of Ideas, 132
at Harvard, 205
political corruption as focus of, 172, 184
at Swartz’s memorial, 262
and W3C, 129
Leverenz, David, 38
Levy, Steven, Hackers, 102–3, 138
libraries:
academic, 175
attraction of, 99–100
automated, 82, 90, 91
budgets of, 175–76, 215
in developing countries, 173–74, 175–76, 177–78
digitized, 82–83, 101, 109, 113, 135
Electronic Information for Libraries (EIFL), 173–74, 179, 190
federal depository, 187
of the future, 13, 81–83, 101, 269
as gift economy, 89
Google Print for Libraries, 163
infinite, 3, 13, 163, 195
Memex (linked-information retrieval system), 82–83, 108
as national symbol, 80
and OCLC, 179–80
“one big library,” 90–91, 127–28, 162–63
public, 67–69, 70, 80, 81, 100, 162
volunteer librarians in, 120
Library of Alexandria, 135, 139, 162
Library of Congress, 69, 70–71, 77–78, 139
Library/USA, 80–81, 82
Licklider, J. C. R. “Lick,” Libraries of the Future, 101
literature:
American writers, 52
audiences for, 51–52, 65
British, 56, 67
e-books, 99, 107, 117
and marketability, 65
as property, 65, 70
public-domain, 99
quality of, 50, 51, 65
unauthorized reprints, 42–43, 53, 56
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 62, 63
Lovell, John W., 56, 57, 58
Lowell, James Russell, 60
Ludlum, Robert, 177
Lyon, Matthew, 101
Maclaurin, Richard, 207–8
Malamud, Carl, 181–93
Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue, 182–83
open-data advocacy of, 183–85
and PACER, 185–93
and Swartz, 188–93, 222, 223
Marcus Aurelius, 99
marketing, push vs. pull approach to, 133–34, 268
Marryat, Capt. Frederick, 41–44, 47, 54, 269
Diary in America, 44, 45–46
Mr Midshipman Easy, 41, 42
The Idealists Page 34