Walter Isaacson Great Innovators e-book boxed set
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unified field theory vs., 4, 315–16, 320–21, 336–38, 340, 341, 349, 453, 468–69, 538
“Quantum Trickery: Testing Einstein’s Strangest Theory” (Overbye), 459
Queen Mary, 437
racism, 378, 380, 381, 445, 505, 520, 531
radio signals, 111
radium, 138, 139, 171
randomness, 2, 84, 103–6, 577n
“random walk,” 105, 577n
Rankin, John, 495–96
Rapallo Treaty (1922), 303
Rathenau, Walther, 302–4, 305
Rawles, Marian, 526
reason, 81–84
Redemption of Tycho Brahe, The (Brod), 166–67
Red Scare, 379, 480, 500–503, 524–34, 537, 550
redshift, 119n, 148, 254, 311, 353–56
refrigerators, 471
Reign of Relativity, The (Haldane), 278–79
relativity, 107–49, 189–224, 249–62
acceleration in, 108, 145–49, 155, 181–82, 188–92, 199, 201–2, 223, 319–20, 511, 548, 607n
“action at a distance” and, 319–20, 330
black holes and, 250–52
“border conditions” in, 252–54, 265–66
causality in, 216, 323, 324, 332
complexity of, 6, 262, 265–67, 295–97
conceptual breakthroughs in, 107–13, 122–27, 138, 145–49, 176–77, 211–24, 266, 316–18, 467–68, 538–39, 548
constant velocity in, 107–9, 114, 118–19, 127–31, 145, 148, 189, 201
cosmological implications of, 223–24, 248, 249–62, 265–66, 353–56, 372, 442, 510–11, 613n
cosmological term (λ) in, 254–55, 353–56, 372, 613n
covariance in, 195, 198–202, 212, 213, 218–22, 224, 591n–92n, 594n
development of, 9, 14, 26, 47–48, 62, 71, 93, 94, 107–39
Einstein’s intuitive approach to, 113–18, 119, 131, 133, 142, 145, 146–47, 197–98, 201–2, 214, 250–51, 259–60, 297–98, 316–18, 333–34, 346, 351–52, 467–68, 538–39, 580n–81n
Einstein’s lectures on, 212, 214–15, 218, 219–20, 223, 228, 232, 272, 295, 296, 297, 298, 306–7
energy conservation in, 197, 198, 213, 592n
Entwurf approach for, 198–202, 204, 212, 213–14, 215, 216, 256, 591n, 592n, 594n
equivalence principle in, 147–48, 190, 197, 351, 540–41, 589n
ether concept and, 111–13, 115–17, 119, 128, 131, 133, 135, 297, 300, 317–20, 332, 351, 373, 578n, 579n–80n
experimental support for, 47–48, 112, 115–18, 130, 147–48, 191, 199, 202–5, 212, 213, 251, 255–62, 264, 267, 288, 310–12, 314, 351, 353–56, 579n–80n
as field theory, 159, 189, 197–98, 200–201, 212–24, 254–55, 336–37, 353, 468, 591n–92n, 594n
general theory of, 3, 13, 14, 36, 83, 108, 145–49, 155, 159, 178, 179–80, 183, 189–224, 232, 235, 249–62, 291, 311, 312, 317, 318–20, 330, 333–34, 336–38, 340, 351–56, 372, 419, 460, 467–68, 589n–96n, 607n
geometry of, 192, 222, 337
gravitation and, 145–49, 155, 181–82, 189–97, 198, 199–202, 215, 216–22, 223, 249, 250–62, 266, 293, 314, 319–20, 337, 347, 349, 468, 511, 538–39, 548, 590n–94n, 607n
Hilbert’s equations for, 212–22, 232
“hole argument” in, 201, 591n–92n
inductive method for, 116–18, 191, 579n–81n
inertia in, 107–9, 118–19, 131, 146–47, 190, 199–201, 251–52, 318–20, 468, 548
invariances in, 131–32, 324
as ”Jewish physics,” 142, 269–71, 284–89, 311–12, 315
least action principle and, 141, 584n
light bending in, 5, 148–49, 165, 189–92, 202–5, 218, 219, 255–62, 266, 312–13, 355
local effects in, 189–90, 583n
magnetic fields in, 184, 185
manuscripts of, 136, 482, 583n
mass in, 250–51, 252, 468, 548
mathematical strategy for, 196, 197–98, 214, 594n
mathematics of, 36, 127, 132, 133, 136, 137, 149, 159, 191n, 192–99, 211–24, 250, 251, 288, 337, 340, 351, 352, 468, 510–11, 590n–91n, 594n
Maxwell equations and, 115, 118, 120, 121, 138, 155–56, 157, 169, 170, 336n–37n, 338, 549, 578n, 581n
measurement in, 128–29, 313, 337
Mercury perihelion confirmed by, 199, 212, 213, 218–19, 223, 224, 250, 311, 313, 593n–94n
metric tensors used in, 194–98, 200–201, 212–22, 254–55, 320, 340, 351, 352, 590n–9ln
modernism and, 3, 277–80
moral relativism contrasted with, 270, 277–80, 602n
motion in, 36, 93, 107–9, 127–31, 133, 134, 135, 145–46, 197, 199–201, 212, 213, 215, 220, 223, 318–20, 467
Newtonian laws modified by, 114, 118–19, 125, 133, 145, 146–47, 189, 197, 198, 199–201, 204, 214, 216, 218, 223, 251–52, 256, 258, 259, 261–62, 264, 266, 277, 280, 548
observational frames of reference in, 114, 116, 118–19, 121–22, 130–32, 148, 277, 333, 511, 581n, 594n, 596n
papers published on, 122–35, 138–39, 144, 190–91, 198–202, 214, 215, 219, 220, 223, 252–55, 256, 317–18, 580n, 582n
paradoxes in, 114–15, 130
particle theory and, 120–22, 124, 141–42, 190, 255, 256, 318–20, 321, 580n–81n, 583n
physical laws in, 107–8, 196–97, 216–17, 223–24, 277, 278, 312–13, 510–11
physical strategy for, 196–97, 213–14, 591n, 594n
popular explanations of, 123–24, 133, 144, 145, 148, 178, 189, 232, 256, 263–67, 277–80, 284–86, 287, 293, 296–97, 302, 355, 369, 387, 426, 513, 539, 577n
postulates of, 118–22, 127–28, 134, 191, 252, 335, 347, 581n
public reaction to, 263–80, 355
quantum mechanics compared with, 5, 168–71, 320–21, 323, 326, 332, 334–37, 346, 347, 453, 459, 460
relativity principle in, 118–19, 120, 121–22, 124, 126, 127–35, 138, 148, 201, 250–54, 318–20, 323, 332, 335, 347, 349, 467, 510–11, 579n–80n, 581n
rest as concept in, 127–28, 133, 134
rotation in, 192, 199–201, 212, 213, 251–52, 318–20, 593n–94n, 596n
scientific acceptance of, 132–35, 140–42, 163, 176–77, 201, 223–24, 256–57, 263–66, 284–89, 309–16, 510, 606n
scientific opposition to, 142, 269–71, 273, 284–89, 309–16, 324, 388, 389, 495
simultaneous events in (synchronicity), 123–27, 129, 131, 134–35, 333, 346, 511, 548, 581n–82n
singularities in, 250–52
space as concept in (spacetime), 93, 125, 128, 131–35, 140, 169, 192, 193–96, 200, 218, 220, 223, 250–62, 265–66, 277, 278, 296, 318, 319, 333, 510–11, 548
special theory of, 2, 5, 13, 26, 36–37, 46, 47–48, 93, 106, 107–37, 138, 148, 149, 169, 176, 185, 189, 193, 235, 250, 255, 310, 313, 317–18, 336n–37n, 482, 570n, 578n–83n
speed of light in, 110–12, 114, 116–17, 118, 119–22, 123, 126, 128–30, 132, 138, 139, 189, 250, 252, 267, 297, 319, 347, 468, 548, 578n, 579n–80n, 581n
starlight verification of (eclipses), 5, 191, 202–5, 218, 255–62, 267, 269, 275–76, 311, 316, 317
thought experiments (Gedankenexperiment) for, 2, 3–4, 5, 114, 121, 122–27, 138, 142, 145–46, 147, 190, 201, 267, 583n
time as concept in, 93, 113, 122, 123–27, 128, 130–35, 140, 148, 169, 223, 250, 251, 266, 277, 318, 333, 349, 510–11, 581n–82n
train analogies for, 123–26, 128–30
twin paradox in, 130
unified field theory and, 336–38
“uniqueness” argument in, 213
velocity in, 114, 192
wave theory and, 109–12, 578n
Zurich Notebook for, 196–98, 214, 592n, 594n
Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Einstein), 232, 256, 267, 355, 539, 577n
religion, 15, 16, 20–21, 29–30, 56, 163–64, 167–68, 182, 243, 282–83, 372, 384–93, 462, 536, 548, 550–51, 587n
Remembrance of Things Past (Proust), 280
Renard (St
ravinsky), 280
Renn, Jiirgen, 68, 196, 214, 573n, 592n, 594n
Rentenmark currency, 302
Rescuing Albert’s Compass (Oppenheim), 13
rest, 127–28, 133, 134
Reston, James, 532
Ricci-Curbastro, Gregorio, 195, 196, 197, 214, 215, 216, 220, 221, 589n
Riecke, Eduard, 60–61
Riemann, Bernhard, 193–94, 195, 196, 214, 215, 219, 253, 513–14, 589n, 594n
river flows, 276–77, 443–44
Riverside Church, 370
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 370–71
Rockefeller Foundation, 395
Rolland, Romain, 208, 378, 417
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 430–31, 501
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 5, 430–31, 437, 473–78, 483, 484, 485, 493, 504, n–30n
Rosen, Nathan, 450–53, 456, 458, 459–60, 549, 624n, n–26n
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 525–26, 528
Rosenfeld, Leon, 448, 449
Rosso, Henry, 440–41
rotation, 192, 199–201, 212, 213, 251–52, 318–20, 510–11, 593n–94n, 596n Rowe, David E., 633n
Royal Albert Hall, 423–24
Royal Astronomical Society, 261, 273
Royal Society, 261, 264, 301, 312
Russell, Bertrand, 267, 380, 389, 504, 529, 539, 541
Rutherford, Ernest, 168, 321, 322
Rynasiewicz, Robert, 580n
Sachs, Alexander, 473–76, 477, 630n
Samuel, Herbert, 307–8
Sauer, Tilman, 196
Savic, Helene Kaufler, 76–77, 86–87, 88, 143, 154, 174–75, 230, 232
Savic, Zorka, 87, 444
scarlet fever, 86, 87
Schneider, Use, 259
Schöpenhauer, Arthur, 52, 367, 391, 609n, 618n
Schrödinger, Erwin, 330, 331, 345, 349, 431, 432, 450, 453–60, 513, 626n
Schrödinger equation, 454–55, 626n
“Schrödinger’s cat,” 453–60
Schubert, Franz, 38
Schulmann, Robert, 86, 546, 633n
Schumann, Robert, 177, 178, 183
Schuster, Max, 465
Schwartz, Paul, 405
Schwarzschild, Karl, 249–52, 319
Schwarzschild radius, 250
Science and Hypothesis (Poincare), 81, 125
Scottsboro Boys, 380, 381
Second Law of Thermodynamics, 69–70
Seeley, Evelyn, 404
Seelig, Carl, 35, 516
segregation, racial, 445, 505
Seidel, Toscha, 426
separability principle, 329–30, 449–50, 453, 454, 461, 609n, 626n
Shadowitz, Albert, 530
Shakespeare, William, 423
Shaky Game, The (Fine), 627n
Shankland, Robert, 116–17
Shaw, George Bernard, 279, 389
Siemens, Werner von, 32
Silberstein, Ludwig, 261, 262
Simon, Richard, 465
simultaneous events in (synchronicity), 83–84, 123–27, 129, 131, 134–35, 333, 346, 511, 548, 581n–82n
Sinclair, Upton, 373–74, 377
singularities, 250–52
Sitter, Willem de, 252, 256, 580n
skepticism, 67–72, 78–79, 100, 113, 125, 164, 169, 284, 333–34, 350, 460–61
Smith, Howard K., 519
Smolin, Lee, 549–50
Smyth, Henry DeWolf, 485
Snow, C. P., 21–22, 268–69, 325–26
Snyder, Hartland, 251
Social Democratic Party, 38–39, 150, 151, 159, 239–42
socialism, 4, 38–39, 205, 239–42, 373, 375, 378–81, 399–401, 420, 499, 504–5, 633n
Society for Ethical Culture, 38
solar eclipse (1914), 202–5
solar eclipse (1919), 5, 218, 255–62
solar mass, 250
Solovine, Maurice, 79–81, 85, 131, 141, 291, 304, 317, 401, 411, 462, 463, 467, 513–14, 536, 581n, 601n
Solvay, Ernest, 168
Solvay Conference (1911), 168–71, 178, 321
Solvay Conference (1921), 289–90, 291
Solvay Conference (1927), 336, 344–48, 450, 452, 453, 514, 538, 609n
Solvay Conference (1930), 348–49, 450, 452, 453, 514, 538
Sommerfeld, Arnold, 142, 193, 234, 287, 593n, 594n
Sommerfeld-Einstein quantum law, 234
Sophocles, 81
sound waves, 92, 109–10, 119, 224, 299
Soviet Union, 379–80, 420–21, 446–47, 478, 489–90, 494–503, 504, 524–25, 526, 633n
space, spacetime:
absolute, 2, 37, 84, 111, 125, 128, 169, 200, 223, 266, 277, 333, 460
curved, 3–4, 5, 83, 192, 193–96, 220, 250–62, 266, 341, 464, 548
as emptiness (void), 97, 99, 111n, 114, 157, 319–20
five-dimensional, 337–38
four-dimensional, 4, 132, 324, 338, 369
in quantum mechanics, 348–49, 450, 453, 455, 461–62
relativity and, 93, 125, 128, 131–35, 140, 169, 192, 193–96, 200, 218, 220, 223, 250–62, 265–66, 277, 278, 296, 318, 319, 333, 510–11, 548
three-dimensional, 252–53, 296, 339
two-dimensional, 4, 252–54, 296
in unified field theory, 337–38, 341, 512
Spanish Civil War, 478, 490
spectrum, light, 93, 322, 331
Spinoza, Baruch, 81, 84, 334–35, 387, 388–89, 391
Spinoza Society, 391
spiral nebulae, 254, 355
spiritualism, 374
spontaneous motion, 69–70
“spooky action at a distance,” 448–53, 454, 458
Stachel, John, 75n, 136, 196
Stalin, Joseph, 380, 399, 446–47, 526
Star Trek, 251
State Department, U.S., 399–401, 472–73, 500
statistical mechanics, 2, 67–70, 98, 99, 101, 103–6, 167, 255, 327–29, 333, 341, 345, 347–48, 629n
Stern, Max, 150
Stern, Otto, 407, 482–83, 484
Stevenson, Adlai, 532–33
Stimson, Henry, 401
Stone, Douglas, 328, 609n Stossel, Ludwig, 493
Strassman, Fritz, 469
Straus, Ernst, 466–67, 508
Strauss, Lewis, 531, 532, 534
Strauss, Richard, 38
Stravinsky, Igor, 3, 280
Stringfellow, George, 528–29
string theory, 339
Struck, Hermann, 362–63
Study Group of German Scientists for the Preservation of a Pure Science, 284–85
Sudoplatov, Pavel, 503
sugar solutions, 102
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 487, 631n
sum-over-histories approach, 515
Sunday Express, 422
Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS), 613
superposition, 456–60
surface tension, 57
“SwabianTale” (Uhland), 53n
Swing, Raymond Gram, 489, 497–98
Swiss Patent Office, 1, 3, 36, 62–63, 72, 74, 76, 77–79, 84, 85–86, 89, 90, 92–93, 113, 122, 126, 128, 137–38, 140, 141, 142–43, 149, 150, 151, 154–55, 159, 250, 255, 266, 424, 444, 517, 551
synthetic propositions, 82–83
Szilárd, Leo, 407, 471–76, 471, 480, 484, 485, 490, 491, 492–93, 629n–30n
Talmud, 386
Talmud (Talmey), Max, 18, 19–20, 23, 82, 294–95
Tanner, Hans, 159, 160–62
Taurus, 257
Teller, Edward, 407, 473, 476, 480, 500, 531, 534, 629n
temperature, 105–6, 165
Theorie Physique, La (Duhem), 158
thörmodynamics, 69–70, 98, 105–6, 141–42, 576n
Thomas, Norman, 375, 504
ThomsonJ. J., 261, 279, 321
Thorne, Kip, 133, 222, 251
thought experiments (Gedankenexperiment)’, 2, 3–4, 5, 26–27, 78, 79, 114, 121, 122–27, 138, 142, 145–46, 147, 190, 201, 267, 322, 345–46, 348–49, 448–60, 468, 512, 514, 583n
Tiger (Einstein’s cat),
438
time:
absolute, 2, 37, 82, 84, 124–25, 128, 169, 223, 266, 277, 288, 333, 460
duration of, 130–32
as fourth dimension, 132
local, 134
in relativity theory, 93, 113, 122, 123–27, 128, 130–35, 140, 148, 169, 223, 250, 251, 266, 277, 318, 333, 349, 510–11, 581n–82n
travel in, 511
Time, 342, 369, 430, 485, 624n, 633n
Time Machine, The (Wells), 132
Times (London), 263–64, 267, 273, 281, 421
Tinef (Einstein’s sailboat), 435, 472, 479
Today with Mrs. Roosevelt, 501
Treatise of Human Nature, A (Hume), 81, 82
Trotsky, Leon, 446–47
Truman, Harry S., 484, 491, 492, 493, 500, 504, 507, 525–26
Tummler (Einstein’s sailboat), 360
twin paradox, 130
Uhland, Ludwig, 53n ultraviolet light, 65, 111
Ulysses ( Joyce), 280
uncertainty principle, 124, 331–33, 349, 449, 452–53, 510
unified field theory, 336–44
affine connection in, 339, 344
bivector fields in, 512
complexity of, 339–44
distant parallelism in, 341, 343–44
Einstein’s formulation of, 4, 13–14, 67, 316, 320, 336–44, 350–53, 358, 368, 371, 410, 423, 466–69, 508–9, 511–14, 537–39, 542, 543
electromagnetism in, 338–41, 466, 512–13
experimental verification of, 351, 352
gravitation in, 338–41, 385, 466, 511, 512–13, 538
Kaluza-Klein formulation for, 337–39
mathematical approach of, 67, 337–44, 351–52, 358, 363, 368, 423, 466–67, 511–14, 538–39, 542, 543, 591n
metric tensors in, 340–41, 512–13
non-symmetric tensors in, 512–13
papers published on, 338, 339–44, 357, 363, 513
physical reality of, 337–38, 340, 342, 343–44, 511–12, 513, 537–39
press coverage of, 339–44, 467, 468, 513
quantum mechanics vs., 4, 315–16, 320–21, 336–38, 340, 341, 349, 453, 468–69, 538
relativity and, 336–38
scientific validity of, 316, 343–44, 511–14, 537–39, 628n–29n
spacetime in, 337–38, 341, 512
for subatomic particles, 463–64, 512, 538
unified concept of, 3, 4, 13–14, 67, 70–71, 148, 342, 550
Union Theological Seminary, 390–91
“uniqueness” argument, 213
United Jewish Appeal, 445
United Nations, 489, 496
Universal Studios, 374
universe:
alternative histories of, 459–60
Big Bang theory of, 355