Bosyi (Soviet steel-worker), 231
Bourguebus Ridge, 207–8
Bradley, General Omar, 192, 203, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213
Braun, Eva, 75
Braun, Wernher Freiherr von, 292–3
Brest, 141
Brezhnev, Leonid, 403
Britain: atomic research, 295–6; bombing campaigns, 124–32, 134–9, 140, 141, 143–7, 152–3; civilian casualties, 360; end of European war, 217; fear of chemical warfare attacks, 131; fighting skills, 257; German bombing of, 132–3, 294; and German peace overtures, 326–7; invasion avoided (1940), 15, 16, 25; invasion of France (1944), 167–209, 212, 213; invasion of Madagascar (1942), 164–7; Mediterranean strategy, 53–4, 328–9; mid-war isolation, 15, 16; naval power’s importance, 33–4; in North Africa, 124; oil supplies, 286–7; and outbreak of war, 13–15; post-war, 401; pre-war strength, 9; propaganda, 354, 360–3, 365; and sea war, 35–6, 37–9, 41; and Second Front, 123, 124; soldiers executed, 361; Soviet relations, 107–8, 123–5, 304, 307–12, 437; supplies to, 32; US aid to, 236–7, 311–12; US relations, 304–7; war leadership, 323–9, 330–2; war production, 243, 407–8; see also Royal Air Force and Royal Navy
Britain, Battle of (1940), 15
British army units: 2nd army, 192, 197; 6th airborne division, 192; 50th division, 197
British Fleet Air Arm, 36
Brooke, Field Marshal Sir Alan see Alanbrooke, Viscount
Budenny, Marshal, 84
Bulge, Battle of the (1944–45), 216
Burma, 18, 279
Butt, D.M., 135
Cadogan, Alexander, 174
Caen, 178, 192, 197, 198, 200–1, 203, 204–5, 206–9, 212, 213
Caen canal, 195–6
Cairncross, John, 108
Cairo conference (1943), 174
Canadian forces: 1st army, 214; 3rd division, 197; Dieppe raid (1942), 166; invasion of France (1944), 197, 200, 207, 209, 212, 213, 214
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm, 375
Capra, Frank, 363, 365
car industry: German, 248–9; Japanese, 271; US, 238–9
Casablanca conference (1943), 142–3, 169, 363
Catholic Church, 349
Caucasus, 16, 18, 81, 82, 84, 279, 282–3
Chamberlain, Neville, 126, 131, 134, 324–5, 355
Chelyabinsk, 228
chemical warfare, 131, 295, 364
Cherbourg, 178, 201, 203
Cherwell, Lord, 135
Chiang Kai-Shek, 89, 404
China, 10, 89, 397, 404
Chrysler Corporation, 238, 241
Chuikov, General Vasili Ivanovich, 89, 90–3, 95–6, 122
Churchill, Lady Jenny, 323
Churchill, Lord Randolph, 323
Churchill, Winston: 1941 pessimism, 18; and air power, 328; on air war, 123; and Alanbrooke, 327, 329, 330–1; at Atlantic conference (1941), 30–3; background and character, 323–6; and Barbarossa (1941–43), 103; and bombing, 124–6, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 141–2, 145; at Casablanca (1943), 142–3, 169; and Hitler, 352, 353; and invasion of France (1944), 169, 174, 178, 182–3, 191, 192, 218; and Madagascar, 164–5; as Minister for War, 126; at Moscow meeting (1942), 124–5; pneumonia bout, 178; on production’s importance, 253; on reasons for Allied success, 393; role in war’s outcome, 26, 313, 323–9; and Roosevelt, 22, 32, 132, 306, 312; and sea war, 36, 38–9, 41, 58, 74; on shipping’s importance, 22; and Soviet Union, 307, 308, 309, 312; and Stalin, 301–3; at Teheran (1943), 119, 175–6, 287, 300–3, 326, 328–9; and Torch (1942), 54; and US, 304–6, 312, 328; and war’s moral issues, 351, 352; and World War I, 25, 31, 126, 324, 328
Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 367
Citadel, Operation (1943), 106, 110–17
Cobra, Operation (1944), 203, 208–16
codes and ciphers: British, 37, 57; Enigma (Ultra), 57, 107–8, 184, 192, 207, 213; German, 38, 57, 67, 107–8, 184; Japanese, 46–7
Cold War, 404–6
communications: eastern front, 260, 263; importance, 258; tanks, 109; see also radio
communism: Churchill on, 351; post-war spread, 403–4; prewar appeal, 8–9; role in Allied success, 3; Roosevelt on, 447–8; US hatred, 349, 351
Consolidated aircraft plant, 240
convoys: escort system and tactics, 59–60, 66; HX224, 66; HX229, 67–8; HX231, 69; merchant ships, 32–3; ON166, 67; ONS5, 69; SC118, 66–7; SC122, 67–8; SC130, 70; technological protection, 37, 60–2; WS17, 164
Coral Sea, Battle of the (1942), 18, 42–4, 43
Cotentin peninsula, 202–3
Coutances, 211
Cox, James, 318
Cripps, Sir Stafford, 311
Culin, Sergeant Curtis C. Jr, 209
Czechoslovakia, 13, 282
D-Day landings see France, invasion of
Daimler-Benz company, 248
Dardanelles see Gallipoli
Datsun, 271
Davies, Joseph E., 307–8
Deane, General John, 310
death ray, 287
democracy: role in Allied success, 2–3
Dempsey, General Miles, 192
Denmark: German takeover (1940), 15
Dieppe, Canadian raid (1942), 166
Dill, Field Marshal Sir John, 330, 444
dirty bombs, 295
Dneps river, 105, 118
Dollmann, General, 189
Don river, 84, 97
Donetz river, 105
Dönitz, Admiral Karl: as Hitler’s successor, 75, 343; at Nuremberg, 383–4; and sea war, 55, 56, 58, 60, 65, 70, 71
Dönitz, Peter, 70
Dornberger, Walther, 292, 294
Double-Cross System, 184
Doud, Harold, 272
Dykes, General Vivian, 306
Eaker, General Ira, 140
East Indies, 16, 18
eastern front, 77–122, 79; air power, 93–5, 110, 158, 258, 260–2, 263, 268–70, 396; Allied support for Russia, 24; German morale, 27; military technology, 6, 258–70; role in war’s outcome, 394–5; Soviet 1944 offensive, 203; tanks, 112, 114–16, 258–60, 263, 264–5, 279; see also Barbarossa, Operation
Eden, Anthony, 306, 309, 325
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 77, 121, 232
Eisenhower, General Dwight D.: on Alanbrooke, 331; appointed commander, 176; background and appearance, 176–7; and D-Day plans, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 187, 191–2; on effects of economic power, 389; Germanophobia, 354; and invasion of France (1944), 168–9, 176, 192–3, 194–5, 198–9, 203–4, 206, 208, 213, 217, 218, 219, 430; and invasion of Germany (1945), 216; and Montgomery, 203–5, 206, 208–9; on US entry into war, 321
Eliot, T.S., 356
Elizabeth, Tsarina, 344
‘Empire and Allies’ New Year pageant (1942), 309
Enigma (Ultra), 57, 107–8, 184, 192, 207, 213
Enola Gay, 155
Ensor, R.C.K., 354
Enterprise, 46, 51
Erickson, John, 299
Ethiopia (formerly Abyssinia), 10
explosives, 61
Falaise, 213, 214, 215
Far East: Japanese campaigns, 16, 18, 33, 39
fascism: pre-war appeal, 9
FBI, 186
Fedchikov, Metropolitan Benjamin, 348
Fieseler-103 flying bomb, 293
fighting skills: role in war’s outcome, 6–8, 25–6, 92–3, 256, 257–8, 389–91
Finland, 20, 23
First US Army Group (FUSAG), 185–7, 200–1, 219
First World War see World War I
Fitzmaurice, Colonel James, 128
Fleet Radio Unit, Pacific, 46–7
Fletcher, Rear-Admiral Frank, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50
food see agriculture and food
Ford, Henry, 240–1
Ford company, 162, 238, 239, 240–1, 248
fortifications: Kursk, 108–9
France: Allied bombing raids on, 140–1, 181–3; Dieppe raid (1942), 166; fall of (1940), 15, 36, 256; invasion of Madagascar (1942), 164–7; naval strength, 35; and outbreak of war, 13–15; post-
war, 401; pre-war strength, 9; Resistance, 191, 205
France, invasion of (1944), 167–216; air power’s effect, 395, 396; air support, 158–9, 181–3, 192, 196, 199, 202, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 218–19, 255–6, 277–8; Allied doubts of success, 217–18; Allies commit to, 119, 301–2; Anvil, Operation, 179, 214; choice of site, 171; commanders, 176–8; D-Day, 195–8, 199–201; deception of Germans as to site, 181, 183–7, 200–1, 219; eastern front’s effect, 395; final preparations, 192–5; German defences, 187–91; Normandy, battle for, 198–9, 201–9, 255–6, 275; Normandy breakout, 209–16, 210; oil supplies, 287; organisation, 179; plans, 178–9, 191–2; pre-requisites, 167–8; reasons for Allied success, 199–201, 218–19, 393; role in Allied success, 25; strategy arguments, 168–9, 171, 172–6; supplies, 202; technological aids, 180–1, 209, 277–9; transport across Channel, 170, 178, 179–81, 192, 195, 196; US forces in Britain, 169–70; weather, 194, 202, 218
Franco, Francisco, 10, 127
Frank, Hans, 384
Frederick II the Great, 344
French Frigate Shoals, 48
Frisch, Otto, 296–7
fuel, 279–87; synthetic, 280, 281–2, 282–3, 285
FUSAG see First US Army Group
Galland, Adolf, 151
Gallipoli (1915–16), 25, 31, 324
Gallop, Operation (1943), 105
Garmash (Soviet tractor driver), 232
GATT, 402
Gaulle, General Charles de, 215–16
Gee radio navigation device, 138–9, 143–4
Gehlen, General Reinhard, 96
General Motors Corporation, 236, 238, 239, 249
George VI, 119, 191, 192, 325
George, Colonel Hal, 397
German air force: Allied campaign to destroy, 149–52, 157–9; bombing campaigns, 132–3, 144; and D-Day (1944), 199; defence of Germany, 135–6, 144, 147, 148–9, 152; eastern front, 263, 268–70; leadership, 342–3; loss of air power, 157–9, 260–1, 342, 395–8; and oil supplies, 285; Paris raid (1944), 216; and sea war, 36; and Spanish Civil War (1936–39), 127; and Stalingrad (1942–43), 95, 98
German air force units: Air Fleet 3, 199; Air Fleet 4, 95
German army: age, 188; assassination attempts on Hitler, 212–13, 375, 377–80; Atlantic defences, 188, 189; Hitler’s control, 340–1
German army units: 1st Panzer army, 81, 82; 2nd Panzer division, 112, 203, 214; 3rd Panzer division, 116; 3rd parachute division, 189; 4th Panzer army, 81, 82, 97, 112–13; 5th Panzer army, 212–13; 6th army, 81, 82, 91, 97–102; 7th army, 188, 189, 195, 196, 210, 212–13, 215, 218; 9th Panzer division, 112; 9th SS Panzer division, 205; 10th SS Panzer division, 205; 11th Panzer corps, 116; 15th army, 186, 189, 194, 195, 200, 201, 212, 214, 218; 19th Panzer regiment, 116; 21st Panzer division, 190, 197; Panzer Lehr division, 203, 210, 255–6; SS Panzer division Das Reich, 114, 115–16; SS Panzer division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, 114, 115–16; SS Panzer division Totenkopf, 114, 115–16
German Faith Movement, 350
German forces: numbers executed, 374
German navy: comparative strength, 35; and D-Day, 199; and end of war, 75–6; and submarine war, 35–8, 54–63, 64–73, 74
German–Soviet Pact (1939), 3, 14, 15, 282
Germany: agriculture and food, 245; air power, 157–9, 257, 258, 260–1, 263, 268–70, 342, 395–8; Allied attitude to Nazis, 27–8; Allied bombing campaigns, 24, 131, 133–53, 156, 157–63, 251–2; Allied disruption of production, 146, 148, 149, 151–2, 153, 156, 159–61, 162; Allied fears of chemical warfare, 131; Allied view of as foremost enemy, 394; anti-bomber defences, 135–6, 143–4, 147, 148, 152, 160; atomic research, 288–91, 295; end of war, 381–2; fear of Soviet Union, 381; fighting skills, 7–8, 92, 256, 257–8; Germanophobia, 353–7; invasion of (1945), 216–17, 344; and invasion of France (1944), 187–91, 195–216, 255–6; invasion of Soviet Union see Barbarossa, Operation and eastern front; material resources, 4, 5–6; military organisation, 391–3; military technology, 6, 219, 258, 263–70, 275, 278–9, 297–8; morale, 26, 367–8, 371, 375–7, 380–2; morality of war’s conduct, 371–5; oil supplies, 279, 281–5; opposition to Nazis, 350, 375, 377–80; and outbreak of war, 13–15; post-war, 404–6; pre-war, 10, 11–13; propaganda, 371, 376–7, 381; religion in, 349–50; rocket programme, 291–5; Soviet aid to, 3; as threat to west, 14, 27–8; war leadership, 26, 313, 336–46, 387–8, 399; war production, 5–6, 134, 151–2, 222–3, 243–54, 269–70, 275, 292–5, 407–8
Goebbels, Joseph: on Barbarossa, 252, 376; and German science, 297; on Germanophobia, 375; and invasion of France (1944), 200; on morality of German conduct of war, 373; and propaganda, 371–2, 376–7; and Roosevelt’s death, 344
Gold beach, 192, 197
Goldsmith, Raymond, 388
Gomorrah, Operation (1943), 145–6
Goodwood, Operation (1944), 207–8
Gooseberry breakwaters, 180–1
Gordov, General, 84
Göring, Hermann: and aircraft development, 127, 251, 269; and Allied bombing operations, 151; background and war role, 342–3; and German bombing operations, 144; at Nuremberg, 383; reaction to war’s outbreak, 28; and rocket programme, 292–3; and Stalingrad (1942–43), 98, 104; and Udet, 269; on US production methods, 248
Gosplan, 225
Great Crash (1929), 8
Great War see World War I
Greece: Italian attack, 16, 270
Greenland, 304
Gretton, Commander Peter, 70
Grigg, James, 331
Grigorenko, Petro, 359
Groves, General Leslie, 297
Guderian, General Heinz, 117, 346
H2S navigation device, 144–5, 147
Hahn, Otto, 288
Halder, General Franz, 82, 338, 340, 375
Halifax, Lord, 319, 323, 325, 326, 354
Halsey, Admiral William, 46
Hamburg, 145–6
Hanford, 296
Hardy, General Thomas T., 425
Harriman, Averell: on Atlantic conference (1941), 30, 32; and Churchill, 30, 38–9, 192, 326; on D-Day (1944), 192; in Moscow, 310; on Moscow meeting (1942), 125; rights and privileges, 321; and Roosevelt, 304; and Stalin, 164
Harris, Air Marshal Arthur, 136–9, 147, 181–2
Harteck, Paul, 288, 291
Hassell, Ulrich von, 377
hedgecutters, 209
Hedgehog mortars, 62
Heisenberg, Werner, 289, 290, 291
High Frequency Direction Finding (HF/DF), 69
Himmler, Heinrich: assassination attempts, 379; and atomic research, 298; and Barbarossa, 372; death, 382; and rocket programme, 293, 294, 295
Hirohito, Emperor, 155, 367, 368, 370, 451
Hiroshima, 154–5
Hiryu, 49, 51
Hitler, Adolf: and alliances, 344–5; Allied attitude to, 27–8, 352–7; assassination attempts, 212–13, 375, 377–80; and atomic research, 290; background and character, 11–13, 216, 337–8; and bombing, 132, 133, 144, 146; and cars, 248, 249; death, 75, 216; on failure to win the war, 386–7; on German fighting skills, 7; and German morale, 376; and invasion of France (1944), 185, 186, 187, 190–1, 200, 205–6, 208, 212, 214, 215; and oil supplies, 282; and outbreak of war, 13–15; popularity in Germany, 26; and religion, 349–50; and rocket programme, 292, 293, 294; role in war’s outcome, 26, 313, 336–41, 342–6, 387–8, 399; and Roosevelt’s death, 343–4; and sea war, 36, 55, 65; and Soviet Union, 16, 17, 23, 80, 81–2, 95, 96, 97–8, 99, 103–4, 106, 110–11, 117, 118, 252, 386; Stalin’s admiration for, 312; and tanks, 266; and ‘total war’ concept, 243–4; and US, 252, 390, 397; and war production, 146, 153, 244–5, 246, 247, 249–50, 251, 253, 254; and war’s moral issues, 371–2
Hobbs, General Leland, 256
Hochne, Otto, 249
Hoffmann, Wilhelm, 100
Holland see Netherlands
Honda, 271
Hopkins, Harry: on Churchill, 253; in Moscow, 308; rights and privileges, 321; on Roosevelt, 18, 133, 142; at Teheran (1943), 312
Hornet, 46
horses, 97, 100, 265, 271, 282, 283
Horton, Admiral Sir Max, 65–6, 68–70, 71, 74
Hoth, General Hermann, 99, 112, 114
Hughes-Hallett, Commodore J., 180
Hungary: and Barbarossa, 23, 86, 100, 103; German trade treaty with, 244
hydrogenation, 281–2
Iceland, 304
Ickes, Harold, 15, 286, 287
IG Farben, 282
Illustrious, 164
IMF, 402
India, 16, 18
Indo-China, 16
Indomitable, 164
intelligence: Allied attitude to sharing, 310; and invasion of France (1944), 184–7, 191, 192, 195, 207, 213, 219; and Kursk (1943), 107–8, 111; and Midway (1942), 46–7; and Stalingrad (1942–43), 93, 96; and submarine war, 59
inventions see technology
Iran (formerly Persia), 20
Ironclad, Operation (1942), 164–7
Ismay, General Hastings, 39, 322, 331
Italian air force, 36
Italian navy, 36–7
Italy: Allied bombing campaign, 24, 157; Allied sea blockade, 63–4, 74; attack on Greece, 16, 270; and eastern front, 23, 86, 100, 103; enters war (1940), 16; German military strength in, 395; military technology, 270–1, 275; morale, 26–7, 367–8; post-war, 404–6; prewar, 10–11, 14; religion in, 349; as threat to west, 14, 16, 27; war production, 6, 271, 275, 433–4
Jackson, Judge Robert H., 383, 384
Japan: Allied bombing campaign, 24, 153–5, 157, 161–2; Allied sea blockade, 76; atomic research, 287–8; end of war against, 281, 381–2, 397; enters war (1941), 18; expansion (1931–42), 19; Far East campaigns, 16, 18, 33, 39; fighting skills, 7–8, 256; and Madagascar, 164–5; material resources, 4–5; military organisation, 391–3; military technology, 271–2, 275; morale, 27, 367–71, 380–2; oil supplies, 279, 280–1; Pacific campaigns, 17–18, 33, 39–41, 42–53, 271–3; popular view of reasons for failure, 399; post-war, 404–6; pre-war, 10–11, 14; religion in, 368–9; and Soviet Union, 86; supplies, 257; as threat to west, 14, 27; war production, 6, 154, 222, 271, 275, 407–8; western attitude to, 27, 362
Japanese forces: morale and commitment, 272–3
Japanese navy, 273, 287–8
Java, 279
Jeschonnek, General Hans, 146
Jews: blamed by Hitler for loss of war, 387; origin of Hitler’s hatred, 12
Jodl, General Alfred, 96, 342
Johnston, Eric, 227, 229, 232
Jones, C.F., 279
Jones, R.V., 145
Why the Allies Won Page 59