July Plot (1944), 378–80
Juno beach, 192, 197
Kaga, 49, 50–1
Kaiser, Henry J., 237
Kammhuber, General Josef, 135–6
Kammhuber Line, 135–6
Kanzler, Ernest, 239
Katyusha rocket-launcher, 93
Kawai, Kazuo, 367
Kazakhstan, 221
Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 104, 339, 341, 384
Kennan, George, 443
Khalkin-Gol, Battle of (1939), 86
Kharkov, 105, 118
Kiev, 118
King, Admiral Ernest: and invasion of Europe, 53, 174; and naval aviation, 46; Pacific strategy, 41; on Soviet Union as ally, 310; and submarine war, 59
Kleist, Field Marshal Paul von, 81
Kluge, Field Marshal Gunther von: and invasion of France (1944), 206, 207, 208, 212–13, 214, 217, 396; and Schlabrendorff’s attempt on Hitler, 378
Knudson, William, 235
Koenig, General Pierre, 183
Koller, General Karl, 396–7
Koltso, Operation (1943), 100–2
Konev, Ivan, 114
Konoye, Prince, 451
Korean War (1950–53), 405
Krushchev, Nikita, 312, 316
Kuibyshev, 225
Kursk, Battle of (1943), 106–17, 113, 260, 262, 263, 270
Kuwuhara, Commander, 280–1
landing craft, 170, 235
Lang, Cosmo, Archbishop of Canterbury, 348
Lang, Fritz, 292
Layton, Sir William, 232–3
Leach, Captain John, 33
leadership, 300–46: Allied administration, 329–36; Germany, 26, 313, 336–46, 387–8, 399; relations between Allied, 300–12; role in war’s outcome, 26, 313–29, 336–41, 342–6, 387–8, 399
League of Nations, 318
League of the Godless, 347
Leahy, Admiral William, 321
Leigh, Sir Humphrey de Vere, 61
Leigh Lights, 61, 69
Leigh-Mallory, Air Marshal Trafford, 182
LeMay, General Curtis, 154–5
Lend-Lease, 262–3, 304, 308, 309, 310, 311–12
Leningrad, siege of (1941–44), 104
Lexington, 42, 44, 46
Liberty Ships, 236–8
Lichtenstein radar, 144
Lille, 141
Lindbergh, Charles, 241
Lippmann, Walter, 355
Litvinov, Maxim, 311, 352, 388–9
Living Church, 347
Lloyd George, David, 324, 325
logistics, 257, 392
London Blitz, 132–3, 294
Loop, Albert van, 186
Lopatin, General Alexander, 89
Lorient, 141
lorries, 247, 250
Los Alamos, 296–7
Lucy spy ring, 111
Ludendorff, General Erich, 243–4
Luftwaffe see German air force
Luxembourg: German takeover (1940), 15
MacArthur, General Douglas, 41–2
Madagascar, Allied invasion (1942), 164–7
magnetrons, 62
Magnitogorsk, 227–8, 229, 232, 253
Mahan, Admiral, 180
Maikop, 279, 282–3
Maisky, Ivan, 309
Malaya, 18
Malta, 63
Manchuria, 10, 86
Manhattan project, 296–7
Mann, Thomas, 366
Manstein, Field Marshal Erich von: and Citadel, 106, 120; and German retreat, 117, 119; on Hitler, 337; and Kharkov, 105; on reasons for Soviet win of Barbarossa, 120; and Sebastopol, 81; and Stalingrad, 99
Mantes-Gassicourt, 215
Manteuffel, General Hasso von, 341
Marshall, General George C.: background and war role, 333–6, 397; on collaboration’s importance, 300, 344, 390; and invasion of France (1944), 53, 168, 169, 176; Japanophobia, 362; and Joint Chiefs-of-Staff Committee, 321; and Roosevelt, 322, 334, 336; at Teheran (1943), 301
Masset (governor of Madagascar), 166
material: Axis vs Allied, 2, 4–6, 222, 223; effect on war’s outcome, 399; German, 244, 245; see also oil and production, war
Maud committee, 295
mechanisation see tanks
media coverage, 360–1
Mediterranean: British strategy, 53–4, 328–9; effects of campaign on D-Day timing, 170–1; sea war, 63–4; see also Italy and North Africa
Mellenthin, General Friedrich von, 120
Metox, 62, 69
Middle East, 16, 18, 20
Midway, 40
Midway, Battle of (1942), 18, 44–53, 49, 368, 393
Milch, Erhard, 269, 270
military organisation see organisation
military technology see technology
Model, Field Marshal Walther, 112, 214, 215, 217
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 310, 323
Monroe Doctrine, 35
Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard: background and character, 177–8; and Churchill, 329; and D-Day plans, 178, 191–2, 194, 197; and Eisenhower, 203–5, 206, 208–9; and invasion of France (1944), 198, 201, 203–4, 206, 207–9, 213, 429–30
moral issues, 26–8, 347–85; atomic weapons, 364; bombing, 129–30, 156, 363–4; effect on war’s outcome, 398–9; hatred of Hitler and Germany, 352–7; Nuremberg Tribunal, 382–4; propaganda, 354, 357–63, 365, 368, 371, 376–7, 381; religion’s role, 347–51, 368; Soviet regime, 364–5
morale: Axis, 26–7, 161–2, 272–3, 367–82, 384–5; effect on war’s outcome, 398–9; Soviet, 26, 82–4, 122–3, 230–2; US, 360–3, 365
Morgan, General Frederick, 169, 171
Morgenthau, Henry, 133, 353
Mortain, 213
mortars: Hedgehog, 62
Moscow, defence of (1941), 85
Moscow meeting (1942), 124–5
motor-cycles, 247
motorisation: Allied superiority, 6, 257–8; eastern front, 258, 259, 262–3, 264–6, 267–8; Pacific campaigns, 271; see also trucks
Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 171
Mulberry harbours, 180–1, 202
Munich conference (1938), 14, 386, 387
Murrow, Ed, 133
Mussolini, Benito: assumption of office, 10; and Barbarossa, 103; and Catholic Church, 349; deposition, 26–7, 157, 368; description of the war, 21; Hitler on, 386; and outbreak of war, 367
Nagasaki, 154, 155
Nagumo, Admiral, 45, 48, 50
Nauru, 40, 44
navigation devices, 138–9, 143–4, 144–5, 146, 147
Nelson, Donald, 236
Neosho, 43
Neptune, Operation, 180
Nesov, Gregor, 227, 229
Netherlands: East Indies interests, 16, 39; German takeover (1940), 15
New Deal, 233, 236, 319
Nimitz, Admiral Chester, 42, 45, 47
Nineteen Eighty-four (Orwell), 365
Nishina, Yoshio, 287–8
NKVD, 83, 105, 175, 226, 358
Norden bomb-sights, 140
Normandy landings see France, invasion of
North Africa: air support, 276–7; El Alamein, 20, 271; Axis logistics, 63–4; British in, 124; German oil supplies, 283; Italy in, 270–1; Montgomery in, 177; strategic importance, 279; strength of German forces, 23; technological aids, 276–7; Tobruk (1941), 123; Torch landings (1942), 53–4, 64, 124, 177
North Korea, 404
Northampton, 136
Norway: Allied failed campaign (1940), 31, 131, 324–5; Allied phantom invasion (1942), 57; German takeover (1940), 15; and heavy water, 289–90; role in Allied D-Day deception, 185
Novikov, A.A., 95, 261–2, 332
nuclear weapons see atomic weapons
Nuremberg, 147
Nuremberg Tribunal, 382–4
Oak Ridge, 296
Oakington, 136
Oberth, Hermann, 291–2
Oboe navigation device, 144–5, 146
Oboyan, 114
Ocean Island, 40, 42, 44
O’Connor, General, 430<
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Office of Production Management, 235
oil, 279–87; synthetic, 280, 281–2, 282–3, 285
Okinawa, 52
Okinoshima, 44
Okita, Saburo, 405
Olkhovatka, 112
Omaha beach, 192, 196, 197–8
Opel, Wilhelm, 249
Opel company, 248, 249
organisation: role in war’s outcome, 329–36, 391–3
Oribi, 30
Orel, 117, 118
Orwell, George, 353, 365
Oschersleben, 148
output, industrial see production, war
Overlord, Operation (1944) see France, invasion of
Pacific campaigns, 17–18, 33, 39–53, 257, 271–3, 396
Papen, Franz von, 28
Paris, liberation of (1944), 215–16
Patton, General George S.: character, 211; and FUSAG deception, 185–6, 193; and invasion of France (1944), 210, 211, 212, 213–14, 215, 287
Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 81, 89–90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102
Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 18, 39, 305
Peenemünde, 146, 292–5
Pegasus bridge, 195–6
Perkins, Frances, 319
Persia see Iran
Philippines, 18
Phillips, Admiral Thomas, 33
Pius XI, Pope, 349
Pius XII, Pope, 350
Ploesti, 282, 284
Poland: German takeover (1939), 13, 14, 339, 372
Ponyri, 112
Porsche, Ferdinand, 248
Port Moresby, 40, 42, 43
Portugal, 71
Pound, Admiral Sir Dudley, 39
Pownall, General Henry, 28, 308
Pravda, 83, 123
Prince of Wales, 30–1, 32–3, 37
production, war, 220–54; Allied bombers, 133; Allied disruption of Axis, 5–6, 130, 131, 135, 137–8, 146, 148, 149, 151–2, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159–61, 162, 251–2; British, 243, 407–8; effect on war’s outcome, 388–9; gap between potential and actual, 2, 245–52; German, 5–6, 134, 151–2, 222–3, 243–54, 269–70, 275, 292–5, 407–8; Italian, 6, 271, 275, 433–4; Japanese, 6, 154, 222, 271, 275, 407–8; pre-war, 14; Soviet, 220–32, 243, 253–4, 407–8; statistics, 407–8; US, 5, 75, 170, 222, 232–42, 253–4, 275, 397, 407–8
Prokhorovka, 114–16
propaganda, 354, 357–63, 365, 368, 371, 376–7, 381
Quebec conference (1943), 171, 173
Queen Elizabeth, 64
Queen Mary, 64, 326
radar: and air war, 136, 144, 145, 147; and sea war, 45, 61–2, 69
Rader, Melvin, 357
radio: eastern front, 260, 263; HF/DF, 69; importance, 258; in tanks, 109, 260
radio navigation devices, 138–9, 143–4
Raeder, Gross-admiral Erich, 35, 55, 65
RAF see Royal Air Force
railways: Allied destruction of German, 153; Soviet, 221, 223
Ramsay, Admiral Sir Bertram, 180, 194
raw materials see material; oil
Rechlin research centre, 248
Red Army: appearance, 299; in China, 397; effectiveness, 25, 92–3; importance to Soviet post-war power, 397; see also Barbarossa, Operation and eastern front
Red Army units: 1st tank army, 114; 5th Guards infantry, 115; 5th Guards tank army, 114–15, 116, 260; 6th Guards army, 114; 62nd army, 88, 89, 92–3, 95, 102; 64th army, 88; 134th Guards division, 90–1, 102; St Dmitry Donskoi tank battalion, 348
Red Orchestra, 375
Regensburg, 148
Reichling, Sergeant Walter, 193–4, 195
religion: role in war, 347–51, 368–9
Repulse, 33, 37
resources see material; oil
Rhinoceros tanks, 209, 210
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 18, 344
Richthofen, Field Marshal Wolfram, 338
Roberts, Captain G.H., 30
Rochefort, Joseph, 46–7
rocket-launchers, 93
rocket programme, German, 291–5
Rodimtsev, Alexander, 91
Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin, 112
Romania: and Barbarossa, 17, 23, 86, 87, 96–7, 103; deserts Axis, 20; German trade treaty with, 244; oil fields, 282, 284
Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin: on Allied air power, 277; and Atlantic defences, 188–91; background and character, 188; and invasion of France (1944), 195, 197, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208; in North Africa, 123, 283
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: 1941 pessimism, 18; and air power, 276; at Atlantic conference (1941), 30–2; background and character, 318–21, 353; and bombing, 133–4, 141–2; and Britain, 305; call for Axis unconditional surrender, 362–3; at Casablanca (1943), 142–3, 169, 363; and Churchill, 22, 32, 132, 306, 312; death, 322–3, 343–4; Germanophobia, 134, 353–4; and Hitler, 28, 352, 353, 355; Hitler’s reaction to death, 343–4; and inevitability of war, 35; and invasion of France (1944), 169, 172, 175–6, 183; on Liberty Ships, 237; and Marshall, 322, 334, 336; Pacific strategy, 41; and Pearl Harbor (1941), 39; at Quebec (1943), 172; and religion, 349; role in war’s outcome, 26, 313, 318–23; and Second Front, 310, 335; and Soviet Union, 307–9, 310, 312, 365; and Stalin, 312; at Teheran (1943), 119, 175–6, 300–3, 322; and Torch (1942), 54; on treatment of defeated German leaders, 382; and US entry into war, 304–5, 357; and US production and rearmament, 220, 233, 234, 236, 253, 397; war priorities, 311; and war’s moral issues, 349, 350, 351
Roosevelt, Theodore, 318
Rosenberg, Alfred, 350
Rostov-on-Don, 81, 82–3, 100
Rotmistrov, General Nikolai, 114–16, 260
Rotterdam, 131
Rouen, 140–1
Roundup, Operation (1943), 169
Royal Air Force (RAF): attitude to civilian bombing, 129; Churchill’s early support for, 126; close-support tactics, 276–7; see also Bomber Command
Royal Navy: anti-submarine support groups, 69, 70; comparative strength, 33; and D-Day (1944), 179–80, 192, 194, 196, 428–9; invasion of Madagascar (1942), 164–7; losses, 74; and sea war, 35–6, 37–9, 41, 59, 63, 69, 70; ships in commission at end of war, 75
Ruge, Friedrich, 278
Ruhr, 130, 131, 135, 144, 162, 344
Rumyantsev, Operation, 118
Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von, 188, 190–1, 195, 205–6
Russian Civil War (1918–21), 77
Russian Revolution (1917), 8
Rutherford, Ernest, 288
Saffody, Tom, 242
Saigon, 281
St Lô, 255, 275
St Paul’s School, London, 191–2
Saipan, 370
Salmuth, General Hans von, 189
Saratoga, 46
Saudi Arabia, 20
Saur, Karl-Otto, 423
Schlabrendorff, Fabian von, 378
Schweppenburg, General Geyr von, 190, 197
Schweinfurt, air battle of (1943), 148–9
sea war, 30–76: air support, 36–7, 60–1, 68, 69, 70, 71–2, 141, 280–1, 396; Atlantic, 30–9, 54–63, 64–73, 74, 141, 393, 396; Mediterranean, 63–4; oil transports, 280–1, 286; Pacific, 39–53; reasons for Allied success, 393; significance, 21, 22; technological aids, 37, 60–2, 69
searchlights, marine, 61, 69
Sebastopol, 81
Second Front: Allied reluctance to start, 123, 124, 142, 310; bombing’s contribution to, 24–5, 125, 126; see also France, invasion of
Second World War see World War II
Seine river, 215
Sergei, Metropolitan, 347, 348
Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 344
ships: production statistics, 407; US production, 75, 170, 235, 236–8; see also landing craft
Shirer, William, 367
Shoho, 43
Shokaku, 42, 44
Shtemenko, General Sergei, 332
Siberia, 221–2
Simonov, Konstantin, 354
Singapore, 18, 33
Singleton, Judge John, 126
Sledgehammer, Ope
ration (1942), 169
SN2, 144
Solomon Islands, 42, 52
Sorenson, Charles, 240
Soryu, 49, 50–1
Soviet air force, 260–2, 263
Soviet air force units: 5th air army, 108; 8th air army, 93–5
Soviet Union: 1944 offensive, 203; agriculture and food, 223, 229–30, 231; air power, 258, 260–2; attitude to old imperial states, 9; British relations, 107–8, 123–5, 304, 307–12, 437; effects of war on, 388, 397–8; and end of European war, 217; fighting skills, 25, 257, 391; Five-Year Plans, 225, 230; German fear of, 381; German invasion (1941–43) see Barbarossa, Operation; German–Soviet Pact (1939), 3, 14, 15, 282; heavy-bomber development, 127; invasion of Germany (1945), 344; and Japan, 86; material resources, 5; military technology, 6, 258–63, 279, 298–9; and Nuremberg, 383; oil supplies, 282, 283–4, 286–7; patriotism and morale, 26, 82–4, 122–3, 230–2; post-war, 403, 404–6; propaganda, 354, 357–60; punishment of retreaters and deserters, 358; railways, 221, 223; regime as moral issue, 364–5; religion in, 347–8; role in war’s outcome, 1–2, 3, 397–8; supplies to, 22; technical achievement, 6; US economic aid to, 309, 310, 311–12; US relations, 304, 307–12; war casualties, 120; war leadership, 313–18, 332–3; war production, 220–32, 243, 253–4, 407–8; west’s mistrust, 3–4; see also eastern front and Red Army
Soviet War News, 365
Spaatz, General Carl, 139, 181–2, 183
Spain, 20
Spanish Civil War (1936–39), 10, 86, 127
Speer, Albert: on Allied bombing campaign, 163; and atomic research, 290; and German production, 153, 160, 250–1, 254; on Hamburg air raid, 146; and Hitler, 343; and Hitler’s death, 216; at Nuremberg, 383; and rockets, 293–4
Spruance, Rear-Admiral Raymond ‘Electric Brain’, 46, 47, 49, 50
SS (Schutzstaffel), 252, 372, 380
Stagg, John, 194
Stalin, Josef: admiration for Hitler, 312; on air power and armour, 257; and Allied bombing, 123–5, 158; and Antonov, 332–3; background and character, 314–15; and Barbarossa, 17, 23, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 87, 100–1, 103, 104, 105, 106–7, 111, 307, 315–17; blamed by Hitler for loss of war, 387; and Britain, 123–5, 309, 312; and Churchill, 301–3; confidence in Allied victory, 366; and end of European war, 217; and German rout, 118, 119; and heavy-bomber development, 127; hopes of Allied support, 24; and invasion of France (1944), 124–5, 164, 172, 175–6, 217–18; at Moscow meeting (1942), 124–5; and Nuremberg, 382; on old imperial states, 9; Orwell on, 450; on production’s importance, 253; and propaganda, 347–8, 357–8, 359; public popularity, 359; and religion, 347–8; role in war’s outcome, 26, 313–18; and Roosevelt, 312; and Russian Civil War (1918–21), 77–8; at Teheran (1943), 119, 175–6, 287, 300–3; and US, 309, 312; war priorities, 311; western attitude to, 352–3; on winning wars, 386; and Zhukov, 85, 86, 316
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