by Sven Beckert
steamships, itr.1, 5.1
steel, itr.1, 5.1, 13.1
Steinfeld, Robert
Sudan, 1.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2
Suez Canal
suffrage rights
sugar, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1
Supf, Karl E., 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Supreme Court, Georgia
Supreme Court, U.S.
Surat, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 11.1
Swadeshi movement
Swanton, William
Swiss Confederation
Switzerland, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
cotton imports of
labor organizing in
weavers revolt in
Sydney, Lord
Sydney Evening News
Syria, 1.1, 6.1
Christians in
Taiwan
Tanganyika
Tariff Act (1883)
tariffs, itr.1, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1
Tarleton, John, 4.1, 4.2
Tarleton brothers, 4.1, 4.2, nts.1
Tartary
Tashkent
Tata, Jamshetji Nusserwanji
Tata, Naval, 13.1
Tata, Ratanji Dadabhoy, 13.1, 13.2
taxation, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 13.1
forced
labor payments for
Taylor, John
tea
telegraphy
tenant farming, 10.1, 11.1
Tennessee
Teotihuacán, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1
Teotitlán
Texas, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 14.1
Textile Ordinance of 1824
Thackersey, Vithaldas Damodar, 13.1, 13.2
Thakurdas, Purshotamdas, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Thayer, William, 9.1, 9.2
Thirty Years War
Thorp, John
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 13.1, 13.2
timber
Timbuktu, 1.1, 1.2
Times (London)
Times of India
tobacco, itr.1, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
Tobago, 4.1, 4.2
Tocqueville, Alexis de
Togo, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 9.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5
cotton industry in, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 14.1
Tokat
Tokugawa samurai
Tokyo
Tomich, Dale
Tossizza Frères et Cie
Tove, 12.1, 12.2
Toyo Menka Kaisha Ltd., 11.1, 11.2
Trabulsi, Ayoub Bey
trade associations
trade embargoes, 6.1, 6.2
trade regulations
Tradesman
Trade Union Congress
Transcaucasia
Travancor, Rajah of
Treasury Department, U.S.
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), 13.1, 13.2
Trevelyan, Sir Charles, 9.1, 11.1
Trieste
Turkestan, 12.1, 12.2
Turkey, 1.1, 14.1, 14.2
Anatolia peninsula in, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1
see also Ottoman Empire
Turpin, Le Père
Tuskegee Industrial and Normal Institute, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5
Two Acts of 1795
Uganda, 12.1, 12.2
Ulm
unemployment, itr.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 13.1, nts.1
Union (U.S. Civil War), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
cotton production in
victory of, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
Union army, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1
Union navy
United States, itr.1, itr.2, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1
birth of
British wars with, 6.1, 6.2
cotton exports of, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
cotton imports of
cotton industry in, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 14.1
economic elites in
economy of
European settlers in
frontier of
global economic influence of
Indian territories in
industrial raw materials of
pastoral, 3.1, 3.2
slavery in, itr.1, itr.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 8.1, 9.1
Southern, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 13.1
territorial expansion in, 5.1, 12.1
Western
world cotton markets dominated by, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1, 12.1
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Upper Volta River
Ure, Andrew
Uzbekistan, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5
Vaishnav Vanias
Valladolid, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
van Dooren, Pieter
Varthema, Lodovico de
Vedic scriptures
vegetables, 1.1, 1.2
Venice, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2
Veracruz, 1.1, 1.2, 13.1
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie
Verein Süddeutscher Baumwollindustrieller
Vienna
Vietnam, 1.1, 14.1, 14.2
Vietnam War
Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, Juan de
Virginia, 2.1, 5.1, 9.1, 10.1
Vishnu
Visvesvaraya, Mokshagundam
Volkart, Lily
Volkart, Salomon, 8.1, 8.2
Volkart Brothers, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
Volkart family, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 13.1, 14.1
Volkskultur
Waddington, Frederic
Waddington, Thomas
Wakamatsu Tosaburo
Wales
Wal-Mart, itr.1, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
Waltham, Mass., 6.1, 6.2
Wang Zhen
Ward, Thomas
Warnings to a Seemingly Prosperous Age (Chenk Kuan-ying)
War of the Castes
Washington, Booker T., 12.1, 12.2
Washington, D.C., itr.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1
Washington, George
Waterhouse, Nicholas
waterwheels
Wätjen family, 8.1, 8.2
Watson, J. Forbes
Watt, James
Weaver, John C., 5.1, 12.1
weaving combs
weaving machines, see looms
West Indies, itr.1, itr.2, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 9.1
Westminster Review
Wetmore, William S.
wheat, 8.1, 9.1
Whitnel Cotton Mill, 13.1
Whitney, Eli, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 7.1, 7.2
Whittier, John Greenleaf
Wigen, Kären
William & James Brown & Co.
William I, King of the Netherlands
Williams, Maurice
Wilson, Thomas
W. Nott & Co.
Wöhler, Conrad
Wood, Charles, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1
Wood, W. W.
wool, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1
clothing of, 1.1, 2.1
harvesting of
weaving of
“Worker Who Reads” (Brecht)
World War I, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5
Wu Shaoyun, 14.1
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
yams, itr.1, 1.1, 12.1, 12.2
Yangtze River, 1.1, 1.2, 13.1
yarn, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1
importing of, 6.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2
production of, itr.1, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1
quality of
Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, 5.1, 5.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 12.1
Yeatman Woods & Co.
Yellow Sea
yeoman farmers
<
br /> Yuan dynasty
Zaria
Zerbini, Jean D., 11.1
Zhang Jian, 13.1, 13.2
Ziegler, Greuter et Cie
Zollverein customs union, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
itr.1 Harvard Art Museum
1.1 Bodleian Library, Oxford
1.2 John Mandeville, The Travels of John Mandeville (c. 1356)
1.3 Wolfgang von Stromer, Die Gründung der Baumwollindustrie in Mitteleuropa [Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1978], 66
2.1 British Library Online Gallery, Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections
2.2 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Alfred P. Wadsworth and Julia De Lacy Mann, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1931), pp. 520–21, in Appendix G
3.1 Edward Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson, 1835), 211
3.2 © Sven Beckert
3.3 Courtesy of the National Trust, Quarry Bank Mill Archive, Styal, UK
3.4 Wang Chen, Nong Shu (Shandong [1313] 1530), ch. 20, 17ab
3.5 © Sven Beckert, based on figures in Tables X and XI in Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter and T. S. Ashton, English Overseas Trade Statistics, 1697–1808 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), 29–34
4.1 Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C.
4.2 © Sven Beckert, based on data referenced in chapter 4, note 15
4.3 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
5.1 American Cotton Planter 1 [November 1853]
5.2 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Stuart W. Bruchey, Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy, 1790–1860: Sources and Readings (New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1967), Table C
5.3 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1975), 517f
5.4 © Jupiterimages
5.5 Henry Koster, Travels in Brazil (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1816)
5.6 Thomas Affleck, Southern Rural Almanac and Plantation and Garden Calendar for 1854 (Washington, D.C.: Adams Co., 1854), 2
5.7 © Sven Beckert, based on data from John A. Todd, The World’s Cotton Crops, Section F, Prices (London: A. & C. Black, 1915), 429–32
5.8 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Levi Woodbury, Woodbury’s Tables and Notes on the Cultivation, Manufacture, and Foreign Trade of Cotton (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Treasury, 1836), Chart D, 24f
5.9 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Thomas Ellison, The Cotton Trade of Great Britain (London: Effingham Wilson, 1886), 86
5.10 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Roger Owen, Cotton and the Egyptian Economy : A Study in Trade and Development (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), 34, 45, 73
6.1 J. Pedraglio, Establissement Dollfus et Bieg et. Cie, Lithographie (1850), Bibliotheque de Mulhouse
6.2 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Michel Hau, L’industrialization de l’Alsace, 1803–1939 (Strasbourg: Association des Publications près les Universités de Strasbourg, 1987), 461
6.3 By Camille Schlumberger, 1819, Portraits mulhousiens de la fin du XVIe siècle au commencement du XIXe siècle
6.4 National Institute of Historical Studies of the Revolutions of Mexico
6.5 John Rylands Collection
6.6 Caroline Hövemeyer, 1889, Heimatmuseum Reutlingen
6.7 Colección Estéban de Antuñano Cortina
6.8 John Lossing, A History of the United States: For Families and Libraries (1859), 369
6.9 Auguste Couder, oil on canvas, 1841, Palace of Versailles, France
7.1 © Hulton Archive/Getty Images
7.2 Dover Public Library
7.3–7.4 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Payroll Account Books, 1823–1824, Dover Manufacturing Company, Dover, New Hampshire, Cocheco Manufacturing Company Papers, Baker Library, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA
7.5 © Sven Beckert, based on data from McConnel and Kennedy Papers, MCK/4/51, John Rylands Library, Manchester
7.6 Roy Westall, Wilmslow and Alderley Edge: A Pictorial History (Shopwyke Manor Bank, UK: Phillimore, 1994)
8.1 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
8.2 Franklin Elmore Papers, Box 4, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
8.3 Dictionnaire biographique comprenant la liste et les biographies des notabilités du Département de la Seine- Inferieure, 1892
8.4 Georges Dubosc, La Guerre de 1870–71 en Normandie, 1905
8.3–8.4 National Portrait Gallery, London
8.5 © Kanton Zurich.
9.1 Punch, or the London Charivari, November 16, 1861
9.2 © Sven Beckert, based on data from Government of India, Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of British India and Foreign Countries (Calcutta: Office of Superindendent of Printing, 1872, 1876), vol. 5 and vol. 9; Roger Owen, Cotton and the Egyptian Economy: A Study in Trade and Development (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), 90; Estatísticas históricas do Brasil: Séries econômicas, demográficas e sociais de 1550 a 1988 (Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geogralica e Estatística, 1990), 346
9.3 École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, Folio 10975
9.4 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
9.5 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
10.1 Volkart Brothers Archive
10.3 © Sven Beckert, based on data in Sven Beckert, “Emancipation and Empire: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production in the Age of the American Civil War,” American Historical Review 109 (5), 1437
10.4 State Library of Louisiana
10.5 Lewis Hines
10.6 Mississippi Department of Archives & History, Jackson, MS
10.7 Archivo de la Casa Guillermo Purcell, Casa Purcell, San Pedro de las Colonias, Coahuila, Mexico
11.1 © Volkart Brothers Archive
11.2 © Volkart Brothers Archive
11.3 Walter H. Rambousek, Armin Vogt, and Hans R. Volkart, Volkart: Die Geschichte einer Welthandelsfirma (Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag, 1990), 81
11.4 Dimitri J. Zerbini, Histoire d’un enterprise industrielle: The Kafr-El-Zayat Cotton Company, 1894–1956 (Alexandria: Sociéte de Publications Égyptienne, 1956)
11.5 Greater Manchester County Record Office, Manchester, B/10/10/3/719
11.6 Museum of the City of New York
11.7 © Sven Beckert, based on data referenced in chapter 11, note 19
11.8 Papers of B & S Astardjan, Manchester County Record-Office, Manchester, UK
11.9 © Volkart Brothers Archive
11.10 © Sven Beckert, based on data referenced in chapter 11, endnote 19
11.11 Rylands and Sons Archive, John Rylands Library, Manchester
11.12 George Lambert, India, the horror-stricken empire: containing a full account of the famine, plague, and earthquake of 1896–7, including a complete narration of the relief work through the Home and Foreign Relief Commission (Elkhart, IN.: Mennonite Pub. Co., 1898), 51
12.1 Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Kommittee, “Baumwoll-Expedition nach Togo, Bericht, 1901,” aus Beihefte zum Tropenpflanzer 3, 2 (1902), 338
12.2 Annual Report on Reforms and Progress in Chosen (Korea), 1912–13, compiled by Government-General of Chosen, Seoul, December 1914, Illustration 15, opp. 154
12.3 Imago Mundi, Dictionnaire biographique, “Faidherbe”
12.4 S. Ponjatovskij, Opyt Izucˇenija Chlopkovodstva v Turkestaneˇ i Zakaspijskoj Oblasti (Saint Petersburg: Tipografija V.Y. Kiršauma, 1913)
12.5 Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde, R 1001, file 8223
12.6 Photograph by A. Vogt, Universitaetsbibliothek Frankfurt, Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft/Bildarchiv, Nr. 101, 3–3501017
12.7 E. M. Mirzoev, “Agriculture,” poster, 1937, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands
; 13.1 Arno S. Pearse, Brazilian Cotton: Being the Report of the Journey of the International Cotton Mission (Manchester: International Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ & Manufacturers’ Associations, 1921)
13.2 © Sven Beckert, based on data in “World’s Consumption of All Kinds of Cotton,” in Statistics of World Consumption of Cotton, 1910–1931, MD 230/44, Papers of John A. Todd, Liverpool Records Office, Liverpool
13.3 The Spinner Photographic Collection
13.4 Lewis Hine
13.5 © Armada Business Park
13.6 Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
13.7 © Sven Beckert, based on data in Stephen Haber, ed., How Latin America Fell Behind: Essays on the Economic Histories of Brazil and Mexico, 1800–1914 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press: 1997), 162
13.8 Kinsei Meishi Shashin, vol.2 (1934–35), National Diet Library, Tokyo, Japan
13.9 © Sven Beckert, based on data in Hikotaro Nishi, Die Baumwollspinnerei in Japan (Tübingen: Verlag der H. Laupp’schen Buchhandlung, 1911), 55; The Department of Finance, 1912: Annual Return of the Foreign Trade of the Empire of Japan (Tokyo: Insetsu Kyoku, n.d.), 554; The Department of Finance, 1915: Annual Return of the Foreign Trade of the Empire of Japan, part 1 (Tokyo: Insetsu Kyoku, n.d.), 448; The Department of Finance, 1917: Annual Return of the Foreign Trade of the Empire of Japan, part 1 (Tokyo: Insetsu Kyoku, n. d.), 449; Hikotaro Nishi, Die Baumwollspinnerei in Japan (Tübingen: Verlag der H. Laupp’schen Buchhandlung, 1911), 84; The Department of Finance, 1895, Annual Return of the Foreign Trade of the Empire of Japan (Tokyo: Insetsu Kyoku, n.d.), 296; The Department of Finance, December 1902: Monthly Return of the Foreign Trade of the Empire of Japan (Tokyo: Insetsu Kyoku, n.d.), 65; Tōyō Keizai Shinpōsha, ed., Foreign Trade of Japan: A Statistical Survey (Tokyo: 1935; 1975), 229–30, 49
13.10 © Sven Beckert, based on data in Ownership of Spindles in Chinese Cotton Production; Peter Duus, “Zaikabō: Japanese Cotton Mills in China,” in Michael Smitka, ed., The Textile Industry and the Rise of the Japanese Economy (New York: Garland, 1998), 82f
13.11 Photo by Vithalbhai Jhaveri at GandhiServe, 1925
13.12 © Times of India
13.13 Bombay Industries: The Cotton Mills: A Review of the Progress of the Textile Industry in Bombay from 1850 to 1926 and the Present Constitution, Management and Financial Position of the Spinning and Weaving Factories (Bombay: Indian Textile Journal, 1927), 487