The Field of Blood
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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS
Asbridge, T. The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land. New York, 2010.
Jotischky, A. Crusading and the Crusader States. 2nd ed. Abingdon, UK, 2017.
Phillips, J. Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades. London, 2009.
Riley-Smith, J. The Crusades: A History. 3rd ed. London, 2014.
Tyerman, C. God’s War: A New History of the Crusades. London, 2006.
NORTHERN SYRIA AND THE CRUSADER STATES
Asbridge, T. The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130. Woodbridge, UK, 2000.
Barber, M. The Crusader States. New Haven, CT, 2012.
Köhler, M. A. Alliances and Treaties Between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. Translated by P. M. Holt. Edited by K. Hirschler. Leiden, 2013.
MacEvitt, C. The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance. Philadelphia, 2008.
Phillips, J. Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations Between the Latin East and the West, 1119–1187. Oxford, 1996.
. The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom. New Haven, CT, 2007.
THE TURKISH, FATIMID, AND MUSLIM WORLD AT THE TIME OF THE CRUSADES
Azhari, T. el-. Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades: The Politics of Jihad. Abingdon, UK, 2016.
Christie, N. Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity’s Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources. Abingdon, UK, 2014.
Hillenbrand, C. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh, 2006.
Mallet, A., ed. Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks in the Levant. The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades 2. Leiden, 2014.
Mecit, S. The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty. Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Abingdon, UK, 2014.
Peacock, A. C. S. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh, 2015.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE CRUSADER STATES
Boas, A. J. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. 2nd ed. Abingdon, UK, 2017.
. Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to-Day Activities in the Crusader States. Medieval Mediterranean 84. Leiden, 2010.
Ellenblum, R. Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge, UK, 2002.
Major, B., Medieval Rural Settlements in the Syrian Coastal Region (12th and 13th Centuries). Archaeolingua Central European Archaeological Heritage Series 9. Oxford, 2015.
SOURCES IN TRANSLATION ON THE CRUSADER STATES AND THEIR NEIGHBORS
Albert of Aachen. Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem. Edited and translated by S. B. Edgington. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford, 2007.
al-Sulami. The Book of the Jihad of ‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106): Text, Translation and Commentary. Translated by N. Christie. Farnham, UK, 2015.
Anna Comnena. The Alexiad. Translated by E. R. A. Sewter. With an introduction by P. Frankopan. London, 2009.
Anonymous. “Syriac chronicle.” Translated by A. Tritton. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 65 (1933): 69–101.
Caffaro. Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth Century Crusades. Translated by M. Hall and J. Phillips. Crusade Texts in Translation 16. Farnham, UK, 2013.
Fulcher of Chartres. A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127. Translated by F. R. Ryan. New York, 1969.
Ibn al-Athir. The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh. Translated by D. S. Richards. 3 vols. Crusade Texts in Translation 13, 15, and 17. Aldershot, UK, 2006–2008.
Ibn al-Qalanisi. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Translated by H. A. R. Gibb. New York, 2002.
Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims, and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries. Translated by M. Barber and K. Bate. Crusade Texts in Translation 18. Aldershot, UK, 2010.
Matthew of Edessa. Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries. The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa. Translated by A. E. Dostourian. New York, 1993.
Niketas Choniatēs. O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs. Translated by H. J. Magoulias. Byzantine Texts in Translation. Detroit, 1984.
Odo of Deuil. De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem: The Journey of Louis VII to the East. Edited and translated by V. G. Berry. Columbia Records of Civilization. New York, 1948.
Orderic Vitalis. The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis. Edited and translated by M. Chibnall. Vol. 6. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford, 1978.
Revised Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani. http://crusades-regesta.com/. This website contains a searchable database of legal documents and letters concerning the Crusader States from 1098 to 1291. Summaries of each document are provided in English.
Usama ibn Munqidh. The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades. Penguin Classics. London, 2008.
Walter the Chancellor. The Antiochene Wars: A Translation and Commentary. Translated by T. S. Asbridge and S. B. Edgington. Crusade Texts in Translation 4. Aldershot, UK, 1999.
William of Tyre. A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. Translated by E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey. 2 vols. New York, 1943.
INDEX
Acre, port city of, 29, 149–151, 157, 170
Adana, city of, 33
Adela, countess of Blois, 20, 24
Adelard of Bath, intellectual, 167
Ager Sanguinis. See Field of Blood, Battle of
Alawite mountains, 168
Albert of Aachen, First Crusade chronicler, 89
Aleppo, city of, 18, 31–32, 71–72, 85–86, 140, 153
as a Frankish strategic objective, 180, 193–199, 6–11, 30, 32, 57, 71, 83, 97–98, 116, 118, 123, 125, 145–147, 154, 160, 162, 172
as part of the Zangid empire, 161–162, 184
infighting and events following Ridwan’s death, 65–66, 70–71, 81, 92
later events, 201
relations with/conquest by Saladin, 186, 188
siege (1124–1125), 139–144, 194–195, 197
Turkish conquest/rule in the eleventh century, 51, 52, 62, 160
under Aqsunqur, 142–143
under Ilghazi and his heirs, 86–87, 94, 113–116, 121, 124, 129–130, 134, 136–137, 139–141, 155
under Ridwan of Aleppo, 33, 38–39, 54–55, 60, 63, 89
Alexander the Great, 158
Alexandria, city of, 30, 77, 180, 182
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor, 19–23, 25, 74
Alice, daughter of Baldwin II, 159
Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan, 15, 51, 62, 87
Alp Arslan, son of Ridwan of Aleppo, 65, 70
Amalric I, king of Jerusalem, 180–185, 195
Amanus, mountain range, 112, 166
Ana, town of, 127
Anatolia/Asia Minor, 10, 21, 27, 52, 64, 127, 166, 175
al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia), 53
Antioch, Principality/city of, 4, 79, 125, 131, 163, 166–167, 178
conquest/siege (1098), 21–26, 52, 63, 88, 160
invasion by Saladin, 192
relations with Zangi and Nur al-Din, 161–162, 172, 178, 183
under Baldwin II of Jerusalem, 113–116, 118–124, 128, 130, 136, 143–145, 147, 153, 155, 159
under Bohemond I, 4–5, 14, 18, 27–28, 31–37
under Bohemond II, 155–160
under Raymond of Poitiers, 3, 176
under Roger of Salerno, 66–76, 83–84, 86–87, 92–102, 106–107, 111–113, 153, 194
under Tancred, 32–50, 55–56, 65–66
Apamea, town of, 38, 55, 67, 98, 130
Aqsunqur, father of Zangi, 160
Aqsunqur, Turkish commander, 70–71, 91, 134, 142–145, 153–154, 160, 194–195
Armenia/Armenians, 9, 78–79, 117, 130–133, 141, 166
as Frankish allies/auxiliaries, 36, 107, 130, 146, 155, 158, 173, 194
in the Fatimid army, 30
under Frankish rule, 23, 39
<
br /> under Turkish rule, 22, 52, 63, 76, 135
Arnulf, seneschal of Marash, 117
Arsuf, town of, 29
Artah
battle of, 183
town of, 96, 98, 112
Ascalon, city of, 72, 148, 151, 172, 178, 181, 187, 195, 198
Asia Minor. See Anatolia/Asia Minor
Assassins, 54–55, 57, 125, 137, 154, 168
al-Atharib, town of, 39, 66, 98–99, 101–102, 112, 124, 126, 136, 143, 146, 162
Atsiz, Turkmen commander, 62
Ayaz, Ilghazi’s son, 91–92
Ayyub, father of Saladin, 185
Azaz
battle of, 145–146
town of, 39, 86, 98–99, 134, 136
Baalbek, city of, 16, 174, 185
Baghdad, city of, 10, 57, 62, 81, 90–92, 127–128, 139
Bagrat, Armenian crusader, 23
Balak, Turkmen commander, 126–136, 153, 155–157, 160
Baldwin I, count of Edessa, king of Jerusalem, 47, 79
early history and accession to the throne, 14–18, 20, 22–23, 27–28, 34, 127, 132
relations with other Frankish rulers, 14, 22–23, 28, 34, 41–43, 58–59, 67
wars to defend/expand the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 18, 29, 32, 34, 41, 83, 149
Baldwin II, count of Edessa, king of Jerusalem, 79, 111, 120
attempts to conquer Aleppo, 197
early history and accession to the throne, 32, 35–37, 84
relations with other Frankish rulers, 36–37, 43, 84, 95–96, 144
wars/policies to defend or expand the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 84, 100, 151, 154, 163, 173
wars/policies to defend or expand the Principality of Antioch, 96, 113–121, 123–126, 129–130, 133, 136, 139–140, 143–148, 155–159
Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 181
Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, 185–187, 191
Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 191
Baldwin of Beauvais, first crusader, 1–4, 9
Bales, town of, 71, 126, 142
Balikh River, 35
Baniyas, 178, 183
Banyas, 50
Banu Kilab, Arab dynasty/clan, 52
Banu Mazyad, Arab dynasty/clan, 136–141
Banu Munqidh, Arab dynasty, 50–60, 67, 118, 136
Banu Shayban, Arab dynasty/clan, 64, 89
Banu Uqayl, Arab dynasty/clan, 70, 127, 134, 140, 193–194
Basra, town of, 39
Bedouin, 5, 89, 172–173, 188
Beirut, city of, 15, 29, 149, 168
Berkyaruq, Seljuk sultan, 62–63, 88, 91, 137
Bernard of Valence, patriarch of Antioch, 96–97
Bertrand, count of Tripoli, 41–43
Bilbeis, town of, 182–184
Biqa Valley, 185
Black Mountain region, 112, 166
Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, 20–25, 27–28, 32–33, 35, 37, 95, 113
Bohemond II, prince of Antioch, 95, 113, 147, 155, 159–160
Brindisi, city of, 158
Bursuq of Hamadhan, Turkish commander, 65–70, 87, 92
Byzantine Empire/Byzantines, 15, 29, 99–100, 131
relations with Crusading armies en route to the Holy Land, 4, 19–23, 41, 176
relations with the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 79, 111, 120, 183
relations with the Principality of Antioch, 33, 36–37, 72, 76, 111, 162–163
relations with the Seljuks/Turks, 10, 62, 128, 131
Caesarea, city of, 29
Cairo, city of, 6–10, 30–32, 165, 182, 184, 193–199
Carmel, Mount, 170
Cecilia, daughter of Philip I of France, wife of Tancred, 38
Charles, count of Flanders, 144
Cilician Armenia. See Armenia/Armenians
Civetot, Battle of, 1, 20
Clermont, town of, council of, 19
Conrad III, king of Germany, 175
Constance, daughter of Philip I of France, mother of Bohemond II, 38, 159
Constantinople, city of, 19–20, 131, 158, 180
Coptic Christians, 30, 76
Corbaran, the Turkish ruler of Oliferne, 1–3, 9
Crusades
First, 1–3, 13–27, 38, 42, 60, 73, 93, 104, 119, 127, 135
Second, 175–178
Third, 193
Daimbert, patriarch of Jerusalem, 14
Damascus, city of, 18, 30–32, 62, 126
as a Frankish strategic target, 6–8, 30, 48, 72, 85, 98, 154, 161–163, 165, 173–177, 176–177, 180, 193–199
relations with Saladin, 186, 188
relations with Zangi and Nur al-Din, 174–177, 181, 184–185
under Duqaq and Tughtakin, 15, 63–64, 69, 71, 86–90, 151
Damietta, city of, 30
Dashlu, Battle of, 63
David, King (Old Testament), 46
David the Builder, king of Georgia, 53, 124
Dead Sea, 171
Demetrius, Saint, 25, 47
Dirgham, Egyptian vizier, 181
Dog River, 15–17
Domenico Michiel, Venetian doge, 150
Dorylaion, city of, battle of, 21
Dubays ibn Sadaqa, “king of the Arabs,” leader of the Banu Mazyad, 136–140, 160, 194–195
Duqaq, ruler of Damascus, 15, 63, 75, 87
Eastern Christians. See Armenia/Armenians; Coptic Christians
Edessa, County/city of, 131
fall to Zangi and later history, 172–173, 175, 176
foundation and earlier history, 4–5, 27, 127
under Baldwin of Boulogne, 14, 18, 23, 127, 132
under Baldwin of Bourcq (and Tancred), 34–39, 43, 57, 58, 65, 67–68, 84, 91, 102, 114
under Joscelin of Courtenay, 118, 121, 124, 128–129, 136, 152, 155, 162
Egypt. See Fatimids/Fatimid Egypt; Nile delta
Ernoul, brother of Baldwin of Beauvais, 1–3
Eschiva, wife of Raymond of Tripoli, 190
Eugenius III, pope, 175
Euphrates River, 23, 31, 37, 65, 70, 72, 102, 133, 139, 143, 155
Eustace III, count of Boulogne, 84
Eustace Grenier, constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 148
Fakhr al-Mulk, ruler of Tripoli, 40, 50
Fatimids/Fatimid Egypt, 18
events pre–First Crusade, 26, 30, 45, 52, 62–63, 90, 137
infighting and decline, 121, 180–186
wars/relations with the Franks, 34, 40, 72, 84, 148–152, 172, 178, 180–184
wars/relations with Turkish leaders and Saladin, 76, 84, 152, 180–186
Field of Blood, Battle of, 9–10, 32, 114, 116, 150
later significance and impact, 8, 117–121, 123–124, 150, 163, 194–199
passage of the battle, 98–112
First Crusade. See under Crusades
Fulcher of Chartres, First Crusade chronicler, 16, 36
Galilee, region of, 169
Gargar, town of, 129
Gaza, town of, 187
Genoa, city of, 29, 41, 44, 149, 169
Geoffrey the Monk, Antiochene nobleman, 109, 157
George, Saint, 25, 47
Georgia, kingdom of, 52–53, 62, 124
Godfrey of Bouillon, ruler of Jerusalem, 14, 20, 26–27, 32
Guy Fresnel, Antiochene nobleman, 109
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, 191–192
Haifa, town of, 28, 170
Hama, town of, 40, 67, 161, 174, 186
Harim, fortress of, 162, 167, 178
Harran, Battle of, city of, 35–38, 43, 97, 161
Hasanun, Kurdish warrior, 56
Hassan, ruler of Manbij, 134–135
Hattin, Battle of, 191–192
Hawran region, 29, 173, 175
al-Hilla, town of, 137, 139
Hisn al-Akrad. See Krak des Chevaliers
Hittan, cousin of Usama ibn Munqidh, 108
Holy Sepulchre, Church of, 78–79, 163
Homs, town of, 85, 161, 168, 174, 186
Horns of Hattin, Iron Age fort, 192
Hospital, military order of. See Knights Hospitaller
Hugh, Norman knight, 29
Hugh of Vermandois, First Crusade commander, 20
Ibn al-Athir, historian and writer, 102
Ibn Fadlan, explorer and writer, 104
Ibn al-Khashshab, Aleppan qadi, 103
Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascene author, 112, 174
Ilghazi, Turkmen leader, 130, 136, 138
as ruler of Aleppo, 71, 86–87, 92, 94, 96–97–98, 101–121, 123–128, 153, 160
early career (before taking control in Aleppo), 66–69, 71, 85, 90–92, 139, 161
later memory, 93, 117
Jabala, town of, 50, 89, 167
Jaffa, port of, 14, 18, 148–149, 170
Janah al-Dawla, ruler of Homs, 15
Jawuli, lieutenant of Mohammed al-Isfahani, 35
Jawuli, Turkish commander and ruler of Mosul, 64
Jazira region, 10, 37, 49, 65, 85, 88, 90–92, 102, 124, 128, 161–162, 188
Jerusalem, Kingdom/city of, 26–27, 45, 78–79, 168–172
as a crusading target, 2, 4, 5, 10, 13, 19, 21, 25–26, 29, 48, 73, 78, 131
events before the First Crusade, 62–63, 90
internal affairs and relations with Frankish powers, 14–18, 23, 27–28, 34, 37, 42–44, 54, 58, 66, 68, 84, 95–96, 113, 119, 121, 129, 144–148, 159
relations with Byzantium, 111
wars/diplomacy with Damascus, 32, 65, 71–72, 84–85, 88, 90, 92, 98, 173–174,194
wars/diplomacy on the Egyptian frontier, 30, 84, 148–155, 172, 178, 181–184, 194
wars/diplomacy with Nur al-Din and Saladin, 175–193
Jews, 19
Jokermish, Turkish commander, 35
Jordan region, 29, 171, 184
Jordan River, 27, 154, 158, 190
Joscelin of Courtenay, lord of Tiberias, count of Edessa, 85–86, 95, 102, 118, 128, 133–136, 140, 152, 155–156
Judas Maccabaeus (Old Testament), 46
Justinian, Roman emperor, 167
Kafartab, town of, 68, 98, 145, 160
Karbugha, Turkish ruler of Mosul, 23–25, 47, 63, 93, 160
Kerak, fortress of, 171, 191
Khalaf ibn Mulaib, ruler of Apamea, 55
Kharput, town of, fortress of, 128–134, 155, 158
Khotlogh, governor of Azaz, 39
Khurasan region, 68
Knights Hospitaller, 178–180, 183
Knights Templar, 120, 170–171, 179–180, 183, 191, 195
Krak des Chevaliers, fortress of, 50, 168, 178–179
Latakia, port of, 15, 27, 33, 36, 38, 167
Lebanon, Mount, 168