Children of the City

by David Nasaw

  24. “Extracts from School Superintendents’ Letters Regarding Newsboy Law,” NYCLC, box 11, book 2; letters sent to George Hall on the enforcement of the newsboy law, NYCLC, box 31, folder 6.

  25. Report by Ethel Hanks, NYCLC, box 15, folder 12.

  26. “View of Situation,” NYCLC, box 31, folder 22.

  27. Philip Davis, Street-land: Its Little People and Big Problems (Boston, 1915), 199–201.

  28. Davis, Street-land, 202–11, 217–18; Lewis E. Palmer, “Horatio Alger, Then and Now,” Survey XXVII (December 2, 1911), 1276.

  29. Davis, Street-land, 202–5; Boston School Committee, “Superintendent’s Report, Appendix D,” in School Documents (1910), 137.

  30. Boston School Committee, School Documents, 135–37; Lyman Beecher Stowe, “Boy Judges in a Boys Court,” Outlook CIII (March 1, 1913), 495–96.

  31. Stowe, in Outlook, 496.

  32. Palmer, in Survey, 1276.

  33. Stowe, in Outlook, 496.

  34. Davis, Street-land, 221; Perry O. Powell, “Getting Hold of Milwaukee’s Newsboys,” Playground X (November 1910), 296–300; B. E. Kuechle, “Newsboys’ Republic,” Survey XIX (March 22, 1913), 859; Fleisher, “Newsboys of Milwaukee,” 61–62.

  35. “Milwaukee Newsboys’ Republic,” Outlook CIII (April 5, 1913), 743–44.

  36. Madeleine Appel, “Enforcement of the Street Trades Law in Boston,” American Child IV (August 1922), 104–6.

  Chapter Eleven

  1. Editor and Publisher, May 17, 1902, 7.

  2. Maurice Hexter, “The Newsboys of Cincinnati,” Studies from the Helen S. Trounstine Foundation I, no. 4 (January 15, 1919), 120; Alexander Fleisher, “The Newsboys of Milwaukee,” Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, State of Wisconsin (1911–12), 69.

  3. Anna Reed, Newsboy Service: A Study in Educational and Vocational Guidance (Yonkers, 1917), 16–17; Hexter, “Newsboys,” 120.

  4. Harry Bremer, “Street Trades Investigation” (October 9, 1912), NCLC, box 4, 12–13.

  5. David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870–1920 (Madison, Wis., 1983), 282, 292.

  6. Charity Organization Society papers. CSS. (To preserve confidentiality, further citation prohibited by rules governing use of this collection.)

  7. Illinois Humane Society, case no. 548 (February 25, 1910), IHS, record 60.

  8. William Hard, “De kid wot works at night,” Everybody’s Magazine XVIII (January 1908), 35.

  9. Jacob Riis, “The New York Newsboy,” Century Magazine LXXXV (December 1912), 252.

  10. Fleisher, “Newsboys of Milwaukee,” 69–70; Riis, “New York Newsboy,” 253; [Myron Adams] “Newsboy Conditions in Chicago,” JAP, 8.

  11. Investigators’ reports on Dominic Pavano and Harry Browne, NYCLC, box 31, folder 9.

  12. Mervyn LeRoy, as told to Dick Kleiner, Mervin LeRoy: Take One (New York, 1974), 20.

  13. “What a member of the Newsboy Law enforcing squad thinks about newspaper selling for young boys” (1914), NYCLC, box 33, folder 20.

  14. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 6, 1917, 1.

  15. See, e.g., Joe E. Brown, as told to Ralph Hancock, Laughter Is a Wonderful Thing (New York, 1956), 4.

  16. The Hustler I, no. 4 (November 1917), 3.

  17. Hexter “Newsboys,” 147.

  18. Robert Bruère, “Industrial Democracy: A Newsboys’ Labor Union and What It Thinks of a College Education,” Outlook LXXXI (1906), 879–83.

  19. Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955), 12.

  20. G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education, 2 vols. (New York, 1905).

  21. Allen F. Davis, “Introduction,” in Jane Addams, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909; reprint, New York, 1972), xii–xiii; Macleod, Building Character, 112–13.

  Chapter 12

  1. W. A. Swanberg, Pulitzer (New York, 1967), 144–45.

  2. Memos for Mr. Pulitzer on the newsboys’ strike (July 21, 22, 24, 1899), NYWP.

  3. Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism, A History: 1690–1960, 3rd. ed. (New York, 1962), 598.

  4. Edwin Emery, The Press and America, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1962), 444.

  5. Memo to Pulitzer, July 27, NYWP, 3.

  6. New York Times, July 21, 1899, 2; New York Sun, July 21, 1899, 3.

  7. Times, July 22, 4; Sun, July 22, 3.

  8. Sun, July 22, 3.

  9. Times, July 22, 4; Sun, July 22, 3.

  10. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 21, 2.

  11. Sun, July 21, 3.

  12. New York Daily Tribune, July 26, 2.

  13. Sun, July 21, 3.

  14. Memo to Pulitzer, July 25, NYWP, 1–2.

  15. Memo to Pulitzer, July 27, NYWP, 2.

  16. Sun, July 21, 3, July 24, 3, July 25, 2, and July 31, 2; Tribune, July 26, 2, July 28, 2, and August 1, 3.

  17. Times, July 23, 3; Sun, July 23, 2, and July 24, 3.

  18. Sun, July 23, 2.

  19. Memo to Pulitzer, NYWP, July 24, 2, and July 25, 2.

  20. Sun, July 23, 2.

  21. Tribune, July 26, 2.

  22. Sun, July 23, 2.

  23. Sun, July 25, 2; Times, July 25, 3; Tribune, July 24, 1.

  24. Memo to Pulitzer, July 27, NYWP, 2.

  25. Tribune, August 2, 3.

  26. Mott, American Journalism, 598.

  27. Sun, July 27, 3, and July 28, 2; Tribune, July 31, 3.

  28. Tribune, July 26, 2.

  29. Times, July 22, 4, and July 23, 3.

  30. Sun, July 28, 2.

  31. Sun, July 25, 2.

  32. Times, July 25, 3.

  33. Sun, July 25, 2; Times, July 25, 3.

  34. Tribune, July 27, 2.

  35. Sun, July 25, 2, July 27, 3, and July 28, 2.

  36. Times, (1910), February 6, 16, July 22, 7, July 27, 5, November 24, 4, and November 25, 3; H. H. J. Porter, “The Strike of the Messenger Boys,” Survey XXV (December 1910), 431–32; Detroit Free Press, June 11, 1914, 8.

  37. Emery, The Press, 521.

  38. Editor and Publisher, December 9, 1916, 34, and February 24, 1917, 10.

  39. David Montgomery, Workers’ Control in America (Cambridge, England, 1979), 95, 97.

  40. The Hustler I, no. 4 (November 1917), 9; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 6, 1917, 1.

  41. Times, July 3, 1918, 8; Editor and Publisher, July 20, 1918, 37.

  42. Letter to editor, Minneapolis Journal, July 11, 1918, NYCLC, box 31, folder 15.

  43. Editor and Publisher, January 26, 1918, 1; Times, January 28, 1918, 7; Tribune, January 29, 1918, 11.

  44. Tribune, January 29, 1918, 11.

  45. James M. Hardin, “The History of the Little Merchant System,” ICMA, 22.

  46. Tribune, January 29, 1918, 1.

  47. Editor and Publisher, February 2, 1918, 5; Times, February 1, 18, February 2, 9, February 3, 4, February 4, 14, and February 8, 1; Tribune, February 3, 9.

  48. Editor and Publisher, July 20, 1918, 36; Tribune, August 24, 1918, 6.

  49. Tribune, (1918), August 17, 1, August 18, 1, August 20, 1, August 22, 1, and August 23, 1; see continuing coverage by the Tribune through January 25, 1919.

  Chapter Thirteen

  1. Confidential Report, “The Bootblack Industry of the City of New York,” prepared by Francis H. Nichols, special agent of the Child Labor Committee (February 2, 1903), NYCLC, box 33, file 20.

  2. Edward A. Steiner, On the Trail of the Immigrant (New York, 1906), 289–90; U.S. Immigration Commission, “The Greek padrone system in the United States,” Reports (1911), II: 387–408; North American Civic League for Immigrants, “Report of New York–New Jersey Committee, December 1909–March 1911,” 33–34; Leola Benedict Terhune, “The Greek Bootblack,” Survey XXVI, 852–54.

  3. Terhune, in Survey, 852–54; June Namias, First Generation: In the
Words of Twentieth Century American Immigrants (Boston, 1978), 20–25.

  4. Philip Davis, Street-land: Its Little People and Big Problems (Boston, 1915), 156.

  5. National Child Labor Committee, Child Welfare in Tennessee (New York, 1920), 381; National Child Labor Committee, Child Welfare in North Carolina (New York, 1918), 217–18, 230.

  6. Ernest Poole, Child Labor—The Street (New York, n.d.), 24; Harry Bremer, “Street Trades Investigation” (October 9, 1912), NCLC, box 4, 14; Nichols, “Bootblack Industry,” 3; Anthony Sorrentino, Organizing Against Crime: Redeveloping the Neighborhood (New York, 1977), 50–51.

  7. Harpo Marx with Rowland Barber, Harpo Speaks (New York, 1974), 56; Joe E. Brown, as told to Ralph Hancock, Laughter Is a Wonderful Thing (New York, 1956), 13; George Burns, The Third Time Around (New York, 1980), 30.

  8. Herbert Newton Casson, The History of the Telephone (Chicago, 1910), 178–82; Sam Levenson, Everything but Money (New York, 1966), 84.

  9. Editor and Publisher, July 14, 1917, 12, and December 8, 1917, 26.

  10. James M. Hardin, “The History of the Little Merchant System,” ICMA, 21; William R. Scott, Scientific Circulation Management (New York, 1915), 90–96; Editor and Publisher, April 20, 1918, 4; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism, A History: 1690–1960, 3rd ed. (New York, 1962), 597–98.

  11. Scott, Circulation, 136–37; Editor and Publisher, October 13, 1917, part II, 5, and December 22, 1917, 25; Anna Reed, Newsboy Service: A Study in Educational and Vocational Guidance (Yonkers, 1917), 73; Margaret Kent Beard, “A Study of Newsboys in Yonkers—1920,” NYCLC, box 31, folder 27, tables 9, 10, 14, 15.

  12. Scott, Circulation, 98.

  13. Harry Shulman, Newsboys of New York: A Study of Their Legal and Illegal Work Activities During 1931 (New York, 1931), 6.

  Epilogue

  1. Daniel Bell, Work and Its Discontents (Boston, 1956), 31.

  2. Jerre Mangione, Mount Allegro (New York, 1972), 223.

  3. Harry Golden, Only in America (Cleveland, 1948), 53.

  4. Leonard Covello, The Heart Is the Teacher (New York, 1958), 41. See also, for attitudes of Italian immigrants on the education of their children, John Briggs, An Italian Passage: Immigrants to Three American Cities, 1890–1930 (New Haven, 1978), 191–244.

  5. Jean-Paul Sartre, Search for a Method, translated by Hazel Barnes (New York, 1963), 85–89.

  6. See Chapter 4.

  7. Gilbert Seldes, The Movies Come from America (New York, 1937).

  8. Philip French, The Movie Moguls (Chicago, 1971), 21–49.

  9. Edward G. Robinson with Leonard Spigelgass, All My Yesterdays (New York, 1973), 112.

  10. Bosley Crowther, Hollywood Rajah: The Life and Times of Louis B. Mayer (New York, 1960), 235–41; French, Movie Moguls, 40.

  11. Robert Sklar, Movie-made America: A Cultural History of American Movies (New York, 1975), 161.

  12. Ibid., 179–80.

  13. Jack B. Warner, My First Hundred Years in Hollywood (New York, 1964), 199–201; Hal Wallis and Charles Higham, Star Maker: The Autobiography of Hal Wallis (New York, 1980), 23; Mervyn LeRoy, as told to Dick Kleiner, Mervyn LeRoy: Take One (New York, 1974), 93–94.

  14. Robinson, Yesterdays, 116–17.

  15. Robert Warshow, The Immediate Experience: Movies, Comics, Theater, and Other Aspects of Popular Culture (Garden City, N.Y., 1962), 131.

  16. Sidney Kingsley, Dead End: A Play in Three Acts (New York, 1936), 150.

  17. Sklar, Movie-made America, 196–97.

  18. Andrew Bergman, “Frank Capra and Screwball Comedy,” in Richard Glatzer and John Raeburn, eds., Frank Capra: The Man and His Films (Ann Arbor, Mich. 1975), 75.

  19. John Raeburn, “Introduction,” ibid., ix.

  20. Joe Adamson, Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Sometimes Zeppo (New York, 1973), 285.

  21. Ibid., 90–91.

  22. Seldes, quoted in Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made (New York, 1976), 566.

  23. Howe, ibid., 566.

  24. Patrick McGilligan, “Introduction: The Life Daddy Would Have Liked to Live,” Yankee Doodle Dandy, screenplay (Madison, Wis., 1981), 16.

  25. June Namias, First Generation: In the Words of Twentieth Century American Immigrants (Boston, 1978), 27.

  26. Jerre Mangione, An Ethnic at Large (New York, 1978), 175–76.

  27. Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time (New York, 1978), 67–98.

  28. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (New York, 1957), 1.