Page 58 Introduction of Type B from Friedman's Preliminary Report on the Solution of the B Machine, NARA RG457 OD2344; Rowlett, The Story of Magic. The main capitals were Washington, Berlin, London, Paris, Moscow, Rome, Geneva, Brussels, Ankara, Shanghai and Peking.
Page 58 Nave and Dockyard Code from Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career; HW14/48; Tiltman from Tiltman, Some Reminiscences; Erskine, Brigadier John H. Tiltman
Pages 58–9 Abernethy on Clarke and Tiltman from various interviews and conversations with Barbara Eachus (née Abernethy)
Pages 59–60 Tiltman break of JN25 from Johnson, The Evolution of British Sigint; Erskine, Brigadier John H. Tiltman; PRO ADM223/496; HW4/25. See Budiansky, Stephen, Too Late for Pearl Harbor, US Naval Institute Proceedings, December 1999 for a description of how the Americans broke JN25 in the autumn of 1940, more than a year after Tiltman.
Page 60 Kennedy on move to BP from Ferris, From Broadway House to Bletchley Park
Pages 60–61 FECB move to Singapore from PRO HW4/24; HW4/25; ADM233/494
Pages 61–62 DF network from PRO HW4/26; Smith, Station X
Page 62 Nave marriage from Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career
Page 62 Burnett to Singapore with JN25 recoveries from PRO HW4/25
Page 62 Break of new Dockyard Code from PRO HW14/48
Page 62 Recruitment of new staff from PRO HW4/25
Page 62 Status of General Code/Cipher (JN25) from PRO HW4/25
Pages 62–3 Training of Wrens from correspondence and interview with Joan Dinwoodie (née Sprinks) 19 November 1999
Pages 63–4 Training on kana Morse from correspondence and interview with Kirk Gill, November 1999; HW4/26
Pages 63–4 Wrens joining the FECB from correspondence and interview with Joan Dinwoodie (née Sprinks)
CHAPTER 6
Page 65 Background from Calvocoressi, Peter, Wint, Guy and Pritchard, John, The Penguin History of the Second World War (Penguin, London, 1999); Best, Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor; Elphick, Far Eastern File
Pages 65–6 Malcolm Kennedy from Ferris, From Broadway House to Bletchley Park.
Pages 65–6 Introduction of Type B machine from Rowlett, The Story of Magic
Pages 66–7 Harry Shaw on attempted pinch of Type B machine from PRO HW4/25
Pages 67–8 Operation of Type B machine from NARA RG457 OD3679; Rowlett, The Story of Magic; Deavours, Cipher and Kruh, Louis, Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis; Kelley, Steve, Big Machines (I am extremely grateful to Steve Kelley for his assistance and to Robert J. Hanyok for providing me with details of the OD3679 file)
Pages 68–73 Breaking of Type B/Purple machine from Friedman's Preliminary Report on the Solution of the B Machine, NARA RG457 OD2344; Rowlett, The Story of Magic
Pages 68–9 Friedman background from Clarke, Ronald, The Man Who Broke Purple (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1977)
Page 69 Rowlett background from Rowlett, The Story of Magic
Page 73 Oshima return to Berlin from Boyd, Hitler's Japanese Confidant
Pages 73–7 Co-operation with Americans see PRO HW14/45 (This file contains a copy of the undertaking signed by Currier not to reveal to anyone other than Safford what he had received from the British and an exchange of messages about the initial difficulty the Americans had understanding the British paper model of Enigma due to a missing document which was later found to have been mislaid in Washington); PRO HW4/25; ADM223/297; ADM199/1477; Currier, Prescott, My Purple Trip to England in 1941 (Cryptologia, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1996); Currier, Prescott, NSA Oral History OH-38-80 (November 1980); author's various conversations with Barbara Eachus (née Abernethy); Erskine, Ralph, Churchill and the Start of the Ultra–Magic Deals (International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Vol. 10, 1997); Erskine, Ralph, The Holden Agreement on Naval Sigint: The First BRUSA? (Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 14, No. 2, Summer 1999); Best, Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor
CHAPTER 7
Page 78 Full exchange with the Americans from PRO HW4/25; HW14/45; Erskine, Churchill and the Start of the Ultra–Magic Deals; Erskine, The Holden Agreement on Naval Sigint
Pages 78–9 British progress on JN25 from PRO HW4/25; ADM223/297
Page 79 Barham on Japanese error in changing JN25 codebook and not additive or indicator systems from PRO ADM223/496
Page 79 Details of British recoveries handed over to Americans from Stinnett, Robert B., Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor (Free Press, New York, 1999)
Page 80 Co-operation with Dutch from PRO HW4/25; HW14/18
Page 80 Nave to Australia from Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career
Page 80 Co-operation with Australians PRO HW4/25; HW4/27; HW4/28; HW4/29; National Australian Archives (Melbourne) MP1185 2021/5/529; MP1185/8 1945/2/6; Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career
Page 80 Wylie to Australia from PRO HW4/25; National Australian Archives (Melbourne) MP1185 2021/5/529; MP1185/8 1945/2/6
Page 81 Wylie to New Zealand from National Australian Archives (Melbourne) MP1185 2021/5/529; MP1185/8 1945/2/6
Page 81 Australian facilities from National Australian Archives (Melbourne) MP1185 2021/5/529; MP1185/8 1945/2/6; Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career; Central Bureau Technical Records, Part A: Organisation; Merrillees, R.S., Professor A.D. Trendall and His Band of Classical Cryptographers, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Canberra, 2001
Page 81 Shaw/Nave exchange agreement from PRO HW4/25; ADM223/296
Page 82 Shaw on modalities of exchange agreement with US codebreakers from PRO HW4/25
Page 82 Subsequent progress in co-operation with the Americans from PRO HW4/25; Budiansky, Too Late for Pearl Harbor
Page 82 Use of tabulating machines from PRO HW4/25; HW14/18. (Although by this stage Hollerith punch-card tabulators were being used constantly at Bletchley Park, the British codebreakers in Singapore were sceptical at the usefulness of such equipment until Burnett saw it in operation in Corregidor. Hollerith equipment was subsequently sent to Singapore but was never installed because of a lack of power and insufficient trained personnel.)
Page 82 Anglo-American army co-operation in Far East from PRO HW4/25
Pages 82–4 Sprinks and Gamlin from author's correspondence and interview with Joan Dinwoodie (née Sprinks); Gamlin, George, The Y Group at Kranji, Singapore, up to the Surrender to the Japanese, in Hugh Skillen (ed.), The Enigma Symposium 1998 (Hugh Skillen, Pinner, 1998)
Page 84 FECB capabilities against Japanese Navy from PRO HW4/25; WO208/892
Page 84 Introduction of radio-fingerprinting from PRO HW18/89; Elphick, Far Eastern File
Page 85 Direction of Japanese intelligence southwards from PRO WO208/896
Page 85 Background on Japanese political situation from Best, Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor; Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, The Penguin History of the Second World War
Pages 85–6 Military Attaché in Stockholm and War Office reaction from PRO WO208/96
Page 86 Warning to Japanese diplomats in London to be ready to leave at a moment's notice from PRO ADM223/792
Page 86 Intercepts of Matsuoka talks and first indication of Hitler turning on Stalin from PRO WO208/896; Boyd, Hitler's Japanese Confidant
Pages 86–7 German–Japanese military co-operation from PRO WO208/896
Page 87 Oshima and the codebreakers’ predictions of Barbarossa from Boyd, Hitler's Japanese Confidant; Hinsley, F.H., British Intelligence in the Second World War (revised abridged edition) (HMSO, London, 1994); Smith, Station X
Pages 87–8 Oshima messages revealing German attempts to draw Japan into war with Russia from Boyd, Hitler's Japanese Confidant
Page 88 Singapore Consul-General messages suggesting attack on Malaya from PRO WO208/896
Page 88 Imperial Conference details from Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, The Penguin History of the Second World War
Page 88 Purple message on occupation of Indochina from PRO ADM199/1474; ADM223/
792; WO208/896
Pages 88–9 Reaction in Britain to occupation of Indochina from PRO WO208/896; Ferris, From Broadway to Bletchley Park
Page 89 American decision to impose stiff trade embargoes from Best, Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor; Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, The Penguin History of the Second World War; Keegan, John, The Second World War (Viking, New York, 1990)
CHAPTER 8
Page 90 Oshima on German progress on Eastern Front from PRO HW1/259; WO208/896; Boyd, Hitler's Japanese Confidant
Pages 90–1 Hitler unhappy with Japanese attitude to war and promises to join Japan in war against US with Churchill comment from PRO HW1/25
Page 91 Churchill visit to BP from PRO HW3/16
Page 91 Tojo failure to railroad Cabinet into war from Keegan, The Second World War; Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, The Penguin History of the Second World War
Page 92 Oshima irritation at being kept in the dark from PRO HW1/32
Page 92 Denniston comments on US codebreaking from PRO HW14/45
Page 93 Codebreakers’ report on early Japanese fleet reorganization from PRO ADM223/321; ADM223/496
Page 93 Collapse of Konoye Government and appointment of Tojo as PM from Keegan, The Second World War; Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, The Penguin History of the Second World War; Best, Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor
Pages 93–4 Japanese consular messages on intelligence reporting and efforts of Japanese Consul-General in Singapore from PRO ADM223/321; HW4/30; HW1/235; HW1/303
Page 94 Oshima suggestion of synchronizing Japanese attack on Malaya with German invasion of Britain from PRO ADM223/321
Page 94 FECB tracking of Japanese Navy and start of move south from PRO ADM223/494
Page 94 Kennedy on indications of Japanese attack from Diary of Malcolm Kennedy, Kennedy Papers, University of Sheffield
Pages 94–5 Asamu maru to be last Japanese ship to call at Singapore from PRO ADM223/321
Page 95 Arrival of RAF unit in Singapore from PRO HW4/25
Page 95 Yamamoto/Terauchi agreement from Parker, Frederick D., Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence, 1924–1941 (United States Cryptologic History, Series IV, World War II, Vol. 6) (National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, 1994); Parker, Frederick, D., The Unsolved Messages of Pearl Harbor (Cryptologia, Vol. 15, No. 4, October 1991)
Page 95 FECB continued tracking of Japanese naval vessels south from PRO ADM223/494
Page 95 Japanese Embassy in London told to await coded Winds message from PRO HW1/303; ADM223/321; HW1/240
Page 95 Yamamoto messages from Parker, Pearl Harbor Revisited; Parker, The Unsolved Messages of Pearl Harbor
Pages 95–6 Barham on intelligence covering a wide field from JN25 from PRO ADM223/496
Page 96 FECB reports conversion of liners as destroyers from PRO ADM223/494
Page 96 ‘Hypo’ traffic analysis report on formation of task force and confirmation from FECB from Parker, Pearl Harbor Revisited; Parker, The Unsolved Messages of Pearl Harbor; PRO ADM223/494
Page 96 Japanese messages intercepted but not deciphered from Parker, Pearl Harbor Revisited; Parker, The Unsolved Messages of Pearl Harbor
Page 97 Breakdown of talks from Best, Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor; Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, The Penguin History of the Second World War
Page 97 Oshima told from PRO HW1/288
Page 97 Japanese missions ordered to destroy codes and ciphers from PRO HW1/290; HW1/294; HW1/296; ADM223/321
Page 97 Rowlett memory of destruction order from Boyd, Hitler's Japanese Confidant
Page 98 Oshima message on Hitler determination to declare war on US from PRO HW1/312; Boyd, Hitler's Japanese Confidant
Page 98 Callsign change from Parker, Pearl Harbor Revisited; Parker, The Unsolved Messages of Pearl Harbor
Page 98 British uncover composition and objectives of Japanese special task force from PRO ADM223/494
Page 98 Thai wish that Japan draw Britain into pre-emptive strike from PRO ADM223/321; HW1/244; HW1/277
Page 98 Operation Matador and Force Z from Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, The Penguin History of the Second World War; Elphick, Far Eastern File
Page 99 JN25 additive change from PRO HW4/25
Page 99 Oshima negotiates secret agreement with Germany and Italy from PRO ADM223/321
Page 99 British on full alert from PRO HW4/25 and Ferris, From Broadway to Bletchley Park
Pages 99–100 Winds alert message intercepted at Hong Kong from PRO HW4/25
Page 100 Messages intercepted but not deciphered from Parker, Pearl Harbor Revisited; Parker, The Unsolved Messages of Pearl Harbor
Page 100 Kennedy reaction to attack on Pearl Harbor from Diary of Malcolm Kennedy, Kennedy Papers, University of Sheffield
Pages 100–01 Nave on Japanese radio deception from Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career
Page 101 Destruction of British aircraft and capital ships from PRO HW4/25; Elphick and Smith, Odd Man Out
Page 101 Reaction to loss of Prince of Wales at BP from Ferris, From Broadway to Bletchley Park
Pages 101–02 Loss of stations in Penang, Kuching and Hong Kong from PRO HW4/27; HW4/28; HW4/29; ADM223/494
Page 102 Bennett capture from Elphick, Far Eastern File
Page 102 Various evacuations of FECB staff and families from PRO HW4/25.
Page 102 Norman Webb background from Ballard, Geoffrey, On Ultra Active Service: The Story of Australia's Signals Intelligence Operations during World War II (Spectrum, Richmond, Victoria, 1991); Elphick, Far Eastern File
Pages 102–03 Cooper recollections on Japanese naval air messages from PRO HW4/30
Page 103 Captured air–ground codebook from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part C: Army Air–Ground Communications
Page 103 Churchill quote from Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War, Vol. IV, The Hinge of Fate (Cassell, London, 1951)
CHAPTER 9
Pages 104–05 Departure from Singapore and arrival in Colombo from PRO HW4/25 and interviews with Joan Dinwoodie (née Sprinks) and Lillie Feeney (née Gadd)
Page 105 Hollerith equipment goes missing from PRO HW4/25
Pages 105–06 Purple machine goes missing from Erskine, Ralph, When a Purple Machine Went Missing: How Japan Nearly Discovered America's Greatest Secret (Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 12, No. 3, July 1997)
Page 106 Final evacuation of Singapore codebreakers to Java from PRO HW4/25; HW4/30; unpublished memoirs of Geoff Day kindly made available to the author by Mr Day
Page 106 Hypo codebreakers ordered to work on JN25 from Benson, Robert Louis, A History of US Communications Intelligence during World War II (United States Cryptologic History, Series IV, World War II, Vol. 8) (National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, MD, 1997)
Pages 106–07 Advance of American codebreakers and British problems from PRO HW4/25
Pages 106–07 Activities of US codebreakers from Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence during World War II; Jacobsen, Phillip H., The Codebreakers (http://www.microworks.net/pacific/intelligence); Prados, John, Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II (Random House, New York, 1995)
Pages 107–08 MacInnes on Colombo's limited operations against JN25 from PRO HW4/25
Pages 108–09 Rochefort biography supplied by Phillip H. Jacobson. Rochefort quotes from Cryptolog, the Journal of The US Naval Cryptologic Veterans Association published on its website at http://www.usncva.org/clog/index.html. See also Lord, Walter, Incredible Victory (Harper & Row, New York, 1967).
Page 109 Darwin raid from Cain, Frank, Sigint in Australia during the Pacific War, in Alvarez, David (ed.), Allied and Axis Signals Intelligence in World War II (Frank Cass, London, 1999)
Page 109 Background on progress of war in Far East from Elphick, Far Eastern File; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded; Davidson, Edward and Manning, Dale, Chronology of World War Two (Cassell, London, 1999);
Dupuy, R. Ernest, and Dupuy, Trevor N. The Encyclopedia of Military History (Macdonald and Jane's, London, 1974)
Pages 109–10 US codebreakers move to Melbourne from Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence during World War II; Jacobsen, The Codebreakers; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded; Chamberlin, Vince, The FRUMEL – Australia May 1942 (NCVA Cryptolog, Vol. 9, No. 1, Fall 1982); Biard, Forrest R., Wartime Melbourne – Heaven or Hell (NCVA Cryptolog, Vol. 19, No. 1, Winter 1998); Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career; Merrillees, Trendall and His Band
Pages 110–11 WRANS component at Moorabbin from Gascoine, Nourma, Memories of Moorabbin United States Naval Wireless Telegraphy W/T Station (NCVA Cryptolog, Vol. 9, No. 4, Spring 1983) (originally published in the ex-WRANs’ magazine Ditty Box, October 1978)
Page 111 Setting up of Central Bureau from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part A: Organisation; Ballard, On Ultra Active Service; NARA RG457 OD3431
Pages 111–12 Special Intelligence Bureau and role of Arthur Cooper from Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career
Page 112 Nave's early involvement with Central Bureau from Ballard, On Ultra Active Service; Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career
Pages 112–13 Australian intercept operators from unpublished memoirs of Geoff Day
Pages 113–14 Journey to Darwin and atmosphere there from the unpublished memoirs of Geoff Day and Ballard, On Ultra Active Service
Page 114 Work of 51 Section from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part J: Field Sections; Defence Signals Directorate obituary of Ralph Thompson; Ballard, On Ultra Active Service
Page 114 Joy Roberts memories from papers held by her husband Geoff Day
Pages 114–15 Further details of their romance from the unpublished memoirs of Geoff Day
Pages 115–17 Work of WAAAF operators from correspondence with Joy Linnane
CHAPTER 10
Page 118 Bletchley Park Japanese section from PRO HW14/30; Hawken, Recollections of Bletchley Park
Page 118 Flowerdown from Denham, Hugh, Bedford–Bletchley–Kilindini– Colombo in F.H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp (eds), Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park; letter from Juliet Tasker (née MccGwire) dated February 17, 2000
Page 119 Reorganization of Bletchley Park and move of diplomatic section back to London from Smith, Station X; diary of Malcolm Kennedy, Kennedy Papers, University of Sheffield
The Emperor's Codes Page 35