Page 119 Colombo recruitment of Temporary Women Assistants and Brouwer from PRO HW4/25
Page 119 Shaw on Brouwer from PRO HW4/25
Pages 119–120 Tiltman and course from Tiltman, Some Reminiscences; interview with Jon Cohen, December 1999
Pages 120–2 Tuck from interview with Maurice Wiles; interview with Jon Cohen; Denham, Bedford–Bletchley–Kilindini–Colombo; Stripp, Alan, Codebreaker in the Far East (Frank Cass, London, 1989)
Page 122 RAF course from Tiltman, Some Reminiscences; PRO HW14/27
Pages 122–3 Rochefort recruitment of bandsmen and quotes from Cryptolog, The Journal of the US Naval Cryptologic Veterans Association
Pages 123–4 US courses from PRO ADM223/496; HW4/31; correspondence with Phil Jacobsen, December 1999
Pages 124–5 Tiltman visit to USA and agreement on coverage and data exchange from PRO HW14/46 and HW14/31
Page 125 Progress of Colombo from PRO HW4/25
Pages 125–8 Barham description of how to break JN25 from PRO ADM223/496; additional information from Denham, Bedford– Bletchley–Kilindini–Colombo; NARA RG457 OD3645
Pages 128–31 Colombo interception of message indicating Japanese activity in Indian Ocean and subsequent attack on Ceylon from PRO HW4/24; HW4/25; Denham, Bedford–Bletchley–Kilindini–Colombo; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded; Elphick, Far Eastern File; interviews with Lillie Feeney (née Gadd) and Joan Dinwoodie (née Sprinks)
CHAPTER 11
Pages 132–3 Move to Kilindini and resultant problems from PRO HW4/24; HW4/25; interview with Joan Dinwoodie (née Sprinks)
Pages 133–42 Role of codebreakers in the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway from Parker, Frederick D., A Priceless Advantage: US Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, and the Aleutians (United States Cryptologic History, Series IV, World War II, Vol. 5) (National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, MD, 1993); Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded; Jacobsen, The Codebreakers; correspondence with Phillip H. Jacobsen, December 1999 to February 2000; Holmes, W.J., Double-edged Secrets: US Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific during World War II (Annapolis, MD, US Naval Institute Press, 1979); PRO HW4/25
Pages 139–40 Rochefort interviews from NCVA Cryptolog, The Journal of The US Naval Cryptologic Veterans Association
Pages 142–3 Newspaper leak of codebreakers’ Midway triumph from PRO HW14/47; HW14/61; HW4/24; Parker, A Priceless Advantage; Japanese order change to back-up codes from HW14/48; I am grateful to Phillip H. Jacobsen for drawing my attention to the Japanese communications history Operational History of Japanese Naval Communications – December 1941–August 1945 and for supplying extracts from it.
Pages 143–4 Treatment of Rochefort from Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence during World War II; Jacobsen, The Codebreakers
CHAPTER 12
Pages 145–7 Japanese naval section at Bletchley Park during 1942 from interview with Jon Cohen; Denham, Bedford–Bletchley– Kilindini–Colombo; Browning from Hawken, Recollections of Bletchley Park
Pages 147–8 Kilindini problems from PRO HW4/25
Page 148 Fabian attitude towards Nave and co-operation with the British from PRO HW4/25; Maneki, Sharon A., The Quiet Heroes of the Southwest Pacific Theater: An Oral History of the Men and Women of CBB and FRUMEL (United States Cryptologic History, Series IV, World War II, Vol. 7) (National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, MD, 1996); Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence during World War II
Page 148 OP-20-G July signal on progress made with JN25c from PRO HW14/47
Pages 148–9 Disagreement within Kilindini and with Bletchley Park over future of British efforts to read JN25 from PRO ADM223/496; HW4/25; HW14/40; HW14/61
Pages 150–1 Breaking of JN40, JN167 and JN152 from PRO HW14/57; HW14/58; HW4/25; Denham, Bedford–Bletchley– Kilindini–Colombo; Eachus on counter-productive FBI pinch from interview with Joe Eachus, December 2000
Pages 151–3 Negotiation of Holden agreement and its subsequent effects from Erskine, The Holden Agreement on Naval Sigint; Erskine, Churchill and the Start of the Ultra–Magic Deals; PRO HW14/55; HW4/24; HW4/25; ADM223/496; Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence
Pages 153–4 Birch on lack of US co-operation and British willingness to go its own way PRO HW3/93; HW14/142
Page 154 Bruce Keith replacement of Shaw from PRO HW4/25
Pages 154–5 Keith views on way forward from PRO ADM223/496
Pages 155–6 Burnett complaints and DNI rejection from PRO ADM223/496
Page 156 Laird on Fabian from PRO ADM223/494
CHAPTER 13
Page 157 Background to MacArthur/King disagreements from Drea, Edward J., MacArthur's Ultra: Codebreaking and the War against Japan, 1942–1945 (University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 1992); Dupuy and Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History
Pages 158–9 Breaking of JMA from Tiltman, Some Reminiscences; HW14/49
Page 159 Messages about Burma Railroad from Lewin, Ronald, The Other Ultra (Hutchinson, London, 1982)
Page 159 Japanese military section set up in May 1942 from PRO HW3/102; HW3/156
Pages 159–60 Interviews and correspondence with Maurice Wiles and William Sibley; Wiles, Maurice, Japanese Military Codes in Hinsley and Stripp, Codebreakers
Page 160 Japanese military attachés forced to use old books because new ones had not arrived from PRO HW14/142
Page 160 ‘Tokyo Circular’ from PRO HW3/156; HW3/157
Pages 160–1 Tiltman in India from Tiltman, Some Reminiscences
Page 161 Pre-war Indian signals intelligence sites from PRO HW3/90; HW3/102.
Pages 161–3 WEC from PRO HW3/90; HW3/102; Smith, W.C., Wireless Experimental Centre, Hill of Happiness, Anand Parbat, Delhi 1943–6 (The Rose and the Laurel, Ashford, 1986). See also Stripp, Codebreaker
Page 163 WE code broken from PRO HW4/25
Pages 163–4 WEC outposts from PRO HW3/102; NARA RG457 OD3645
Page 164 Beckhough on WEC outposts from Beckhough, Harry, Secret Communications: The Hidden Sources of Information through the Ages, from the Sumerians to the Cold War (Minerva Press, London, 1995)
Pages 164–6 Abbottabad information from correspondence with Dennis Underwood, December 1999; correspondence and conversation with Dorothy Ratcliffe April 1999 and January 2000. See also Brighty, Roy, Teaching Japanese Morse to the Royal Indian Air Force, in Skillen, Hugh (ed.), The Enigma Symposium 1997 (Hugh Skillen, Pinner, 1997); Cartwright, Richard L., They Did Not Fail (New Millennium, London, 1997); Stripp, Codebreaker; Strip, Alan, Japanese Army Air Force Codes, in Hinsley and Stripp, Codebreakers.
Pages 166–7 Setting up of Central Bureau and general organization from Technical Records of Central Bureau, Part A: Organisation; PRO HW3/102; HW14/142; Drea, MacArthur's Ultra
Pages 167–8 Early difficulties with high-grade army ciphers from correspondence with Joseph E. Richard
CHAPTER 14
Pages 169–70 Fabian on lack of co-operation between FRUMEL and Central Bureau from Maneki, The Quiet Heroes
Page 170 Fabian burning document from Drea, MacArthur's Ultra
Page 170 Fabian arguments for no co-operation with Central Bureau from Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence
Page 170 Value of navy messages for military codebreakers from PRO HW3/102; HW14/142
Page 170 Naval air traffic predominant off north-east Australia from NARA RG457 OD 3431
Page 171 De Grey on creation of black market with 7th Fleet from PRO HW3/102. This black market mirrored the position in other areas where overzealous security prevented those who should have received Ultra material from receiving it, most notably those involved in the British double-cross system where German agents arriving in Britain were played back to their controllers. See Smith, Michael, Foley: The Spy Who Saved 10,000 Jews (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1999).
Page 171 Sandford passing material to FRUMEL with no return from Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence;
BP concerns and attempts to intervene from PRO HW3/102
Page 171 Richard on Nave's usefulness to Central Bureau from correspondence with Joseph E. Richard
Pages 171–2 Diplomatic unit using former British Consuls from National Australian Archives A6923/3 37/401/425
Page 172 Location of various intercept units from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part J: Field Sections; Ballard, On Ultra Active Service
Pages 172–3 Bob Edwards's description of life at Port Moresby intercept unit from Ballard, On Ultra Active Service
Page 173 Role of field stations from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part J: Field Sections; Ballard, On Ultra Active Service
Pages 173–4 Details of traffic analysis methods from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part H: Traffic Analysis and Part J: Field Sections; PRO HW3/156
Pages 174 FRUMEL interception of Japanese Milne Bay landing plans and MacArthur reaction from Drea, MacArthur's Ultra
Page 174 Details of air interception methods from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part B: Naval–Air Ground Communications; Part C: Army Air Ground Communications; and Part J: Field Sections
Pages 174–5 Guadalcanal pinches from Jacobsen, The Codebreakers
Page 175 Milne Bay pinch from PRO HW14/53
Page 175 Delhi attack on 2468 and production of decodes in April 1943 from PRO HW3/156; Skillen, Hugh, Spies of the Air Waves (Skillen, Pinner, 1989); Lewin, The Other Ultra; Stripp, Codebreaker
Pages 175–6 Townend also breaking 2468 from PRO HW4/25
Pages 176–80 Richard break into 2468 from correspondence with Joseph E. Richard; Central Bureau Technical Records, Section G: Mainline Army Systems; Maneki, The Quiet Heroes; NARA RG457 OD2719
CHAPTER 15
Pages 181–2 Central Bureau and FRUMEL contribution to Allied campaign to counter Japanese attempts to build up forces in New Guinea from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part A: Organisation, Part H: Traffic Analysis, and Part J: Field Sections; Drea, MacArthur's Ultra; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded
Page 182 Difficulties with JN25f from PRO HW14/68; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded
Page 182 Battle of Bismarck Sea from Drea, MacArthur's Ultra; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded
Page 182 Ultra codeword introduced for all high-level signals intelligence in September 1942 from PRO HW14/52
Pages 182–3 Description of Lasswell at work from Holmes, Double-edged Secrets
Page 183 Gill Richardson on low-level Yamamoto message from Maneki, The Quiet Heroes
Page 183 W.E. ‘Nobby’ Clarke on 51 Wireless Section interception of low-level Yamamoto message from CB News: The Journal of the Central Bureau Intelligence Corps Association, September 1997
Pages 183–4 Yamamoto shootdown from Drea, MacArthur's Ultra; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded
Pages 184–5 Contribution of Central Bureau, 55 Wireless Section and No. 1 Wireless Unit to New Guinea campaign in second half of 1943 from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part A: Organisation, Part H: Traffic Analysis, and Part J: Field Sections; Ballard, On Ultra Active Service.
Page 185 David Mead on breaking indicator system for main Japanese Army Administrative Code 7890 from Mead, David, The Breaking of the Japanese Army Administrative Code (Cryptologia, Vol. 18, No. 3, July 1994)
Page 186 Tiltman calls UK conference to co-ordinate attacks on Japanese high-level code systems from PRO HW3/102; Central Bureau Technical Records, Part A: Organisation
Pages 186–7 Expansion of Bletchley Park Japanese military section in May 1943 from PRO HW3/102; HW3/156
Pages 187–8 Gladys Sweetland memories from interview dated 1 February 2000
Page 189 Details of 3366 code from PRO HW3/102; Drea, Edward J., Were the Japanese Army Codes Ever Secure? (Cryptologia, Vol. 19, No. 2, April 1995)
Page 189 Central Bureau early work and difficulties from Central Bureau Technical Records, Part A: Organisation, and Part G: Mainline Army Systems
Page 189 Bletchley break from Drea, Were the Japanese Army Codes Ever Secure?; Stripp, Codebreaker
Pages 189–91 Maurice Wiles memories from interview, 22 December 1999. See also Wiles, Japanese Military Codes, in Hinsley and Stripp, Codebreakers
Pages 189–90 Elsie Hart memories from interview with Elsie Griffin, 1 February 2000
Page 191 Material used by Japanese military intelligence section from PRO HW3/156
Pages 192–3 Betty Vine-Stevens on paraphrasing and colleagues in Japanese military section from correspondence and interviews with Betty Webb (née Vine-Stevens), July 1999 to January 2000
Page 193 Maurice Wiles on competition with Arlington Hall from interview, 22 December 1999
CHAPTER 16
Page 194 Discovery of undisclosed US collection of pinches from PRO HW14/55; HW14/58; HW14/61
Pages 194–5 Reinforcement of Kilindini and decision to move back to Colombo from PRO ADM223/496; HW4/25; interview with Jon Cohen
Page 195 Kilindini revival from PRO HW4/25; HW1/61; ADM223/496
Page 195 Cohen and Denham's journey to and arrival in Kilindini from interview with Jon Cohen; Denham, Bedford–Bletchley–Kilindini– Colombo
Pages 195–6 Codebreaking organization at Kilindini PRO HW4/25; ADM223/496
Pages 196–7 Cohen work from interview with Jon Cohen; PRO HW4/25
Page 197 Improvement in OP-20-G attitude to Kilindini from PRO HW14/68; HW14/70; HW14/71; HW14/73
Page 197 Fabian still holding material back and recall to Washington from PRO ADM223/496
Page 198 BRUSA Agreement from Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence
Page 198 Meetings with Redman, Wenger and promise of new cipher link/US liaison officer at Colombo from PRO HW14/74; ADM223/497; Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence
Page 198 Eastern Fleet starts receiving US Navy intelligence from PRO ADM223/496
Pages 198–9 New Zealand Navy signals intelligence operation from PRO ADM 223/494; ADM223/497; HW14/74. A New Zealand Army codebreaking and interception unit was formed in 1942. It was part of the Army Signal Company based at Nairnville Park, Ngaio, Wellington, and had an intercept site at Johnsville in a building that for security reasons was made to look like an old farm shed. The staff included members of the New Zealand Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. Material was sent to Central Bureau and at least one New Zealand Army Japanese interpreter/codebreaker was sent to Central Bureau to work. See Lord, Cliff, The New Zealand Y Service in WW2, in Skillen, Hugh (ed.), The Enigma Symposium 1995 (Hugh Skillen, Pinner, 1995).
Page 199 Canadian signals intelligence operation from PRO HW14/47; NAC RG24 Vol. 3806, 1008, 75.20. A Canadian Army intercept unit, No. 1 Special Wireless Group, comprising 300 Royal Canadian Signals and Canadian Intelligence Corps personnel was sent to Australia in early 1945 to take over air defence and mainline army intercepts tasks from 51 Australian Wireless Section, thereby allowing Australian intercept operators to be posted into the forward zones (Yolleck, Ben Y., Canadian Walkabout, Ink Emma Ink, Magazine of the Australian Special Wireless Group, 1960).
Page 199 Mauritius signals intelligence operation from PRO ADM223/297
Pages 199–200 Calder on Hut 7, Angus Wilson from correspondence and conversations with Rosemary Merry (née Calder), July 1999, February 2000
Pages 200–01 Ann Petrides on Hut 7 from letter to author, 20 November 1999
Pages 201–03 Norman Scott on Hut 7 and Colombo from Scott, Norman, Solving Japanese Naval Ciphers 1943–45 (Cryptologia, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 1997). I am grateful to Mr Scott for permission to use extracts from this article.
Pages 203–05 Olive Humble on Hut 7 from letter to author from Olive Hirst (née Humble), 11 July 1999
Page 204 Women's Committee from PRO HW14/139
Pages 205–06 Elizabeth Ross on Hut 7 from correspondence and conversations with Elizabeth Davis (née Ross)
CHAPTER 17
Page 207 Return to Colombo, setting up of Anderson station and problems there PRO HW4/24; HW4/25
Pages
207–08 Interception and DF operations at Anderson from Longrigg, Paul, HMS Anderson and Far Eastern Direction Finding Network in World War II, unpublished memoir kindly provided by the TEL(S) 1942–1945 Association
Page 209 Description of operations complex at Anderson from interview with Jon Cohen; PRO HW4/3
Page 209 Production process at Anderson from PRO HW4/24; HW4/25
Pages 209–10 Cohen on details of set-up at Anderson from interview with Jon Cohen
Page 210 Large numbers of Wrens sent out to assist the codebreakers from PRO HW4/25
Pages 210–12 Robertson from correspondence with Dorothy Smith (née Robertson)
Page 212 Influx of Royal Navy Japanese interpreters from PRO HW14/25
Pages 212–13 Saunders on US sites and Fabian refusal to co-operate from PRO ADM223/496
Page 213 Biard on Fabian from Biard, Forrest R., Wartime Melbourne – Heaven or Hell (NCVA Cryptolog, Vol. 19, No. 1, Winter 1998)
Page 213 Hinsley sent to Washington PRO HW3/93; Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence
Page 214 Foss sent to Washington from Nave, An Australian's Unique Naval Career; PRO HW14/142
Page 214 Browning on Foss home problems from Hawken, Elizabeth, Recollections of Bletchley Park
Page 214 Hut 7 access to tabulating machinery from PRO HW14/142
Pages 214–15 Laslett from interview with Peter Laslett, 17 February 2000
Pages 215–16 Sandison on language course, cryptographic references from letter from Isobel Sandison
Page 216 Laslett from interview with Peter Laslett, 17 February 2000
CHAPTER 18
Page 217 Row over Fabian's appointment as USLO Colombo from PRO HW14/90; HW14/92; HW14/142
Pages 217–18 Hinsley trip from PRO HW3/93; HW14/142; Benson, A History of US Communications Intelligence
Pages 218–20 Joint Anglo-American attack on Coral/JNA20 from PRO HW14/50; HW14/67; HW25/1; NARA RG457 SRH206; RG457 HCC Nr 4424; Hinsley, F. H., British Intelligence in the Second World War (abridged edition) (HMSO, London, 1993); Deavours and Kruh, Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded. I am particularly grateful to Ralph Erskine for material which he very kindly shared with me on Hugh Alexander's involvement in the break into the Coral/JNA20 cipher.
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