The Emperor's Codes

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  Drea, Edward J., Were the Japanese Army Codes Ever Secure? (Cryptologia, Vol. 19, No. 2, April 1995)

  Dupuy, R. Ernest and Dupuy, Trevor N., The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 BC to the Present (Macdonald and Jane's, London, 1976)

  Elphick, Peter, Singapore: The Pregnable Fortress: A Study in Deception, Discord and Desertion (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1995)

  Elphick, Peter, Far Eastern File: The Intelligence War in the Far East 1930–1945 (Coronet, London, 1997)

  Elphick, Peter and Smith, Michael, Odd Man Out: The Story of the Singapore Traitor (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1993)

  Erskine, Ralph, Churchill and the Start of the Ultra–Magic Deals (International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Vol. 10, 1997)

  Erskine, Ralph, The First Naval Enigma Decrypts of World War II (Cryptologia, Vol. 11, 1997)

  Erskine, Ralph, When a Purple Machine Went Missing: How Japan Nearly Discovered America's Greatest Secret (Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1997)

  Erskine, Ralph, The Holden Agreement on Naval Sigint: The First BRUSA? (Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 14, No. 2, Summer 1999)

  Erskine, Ralph, Brigadier John H. Tiltman: One of BP's Finest (forthcoming, Global Intelligence Monthly)

  Ferris, John, From Broadway House to Bletchley Park: The Diary of Captain Malcolm D. Kennedy, 1934–1946 (Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 4, No. 3, July 1989)

  Filby, P. W., Floradora and a Unique Break into One-time Pad Ciphers (Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1995)

  Gascoine, Nourma, Memories of Moorabbin United States Naval Wireless Telegraphy W/T Station (NCVA Cryptolog, Vol. 9,No. 4, Spring 1983)

  Hawken, Elizabeth, Recollections of Bletchley Park (unpublished memoir, 1994)

  Hillier, Jean, No Medals in This Unit (Jean Hillier, Mundulla, 1996)

  Hinsley, F. H., British Intelligence in the Second World War (revised abridged edition) (HMSO, London, 1994)

  Hinsley, F. H. and Stripp, Alan (eds.), Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (OUP, Oxford, 1993)

  Hinsley, F. H., Thomas, E. E., Ransom, C. F. G., and Knight, R. C., British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vols. I–III (HMSO, London, 1979–1984)

  Holmes, W. J., Double-edged Secrets: US Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific during World War II (Annapolis, MD, US Naval Institute Press, 1979)

  Jacobsen, Phillip H., The Codebreakers (http://www.microworks.net/pacific/intelligence/index.htm)

  Jarvis, Sue, Japanese Codes (Bletchley Park Reports, No. 6, July 1997)

  Jarvis, Sue, Captain Oswald Tuck and the Bedford Japanese School (Bletchley Park Reports, No. 19, June 2003)

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  Keegan, John (ed.), Who's Who in World War II (Routledge, London, 1995)

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  Lewin, Ronald, The Other Ultra (Hutchinson, London, 1982)

  Lord, Walter, Incredible Victory (New York, Harper & Row, 1967)

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  Scott, Norman, Solving Japanese Naval Ciphers 1943–45 (Cryptologia, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 1997)

  Simson, Ivan, Singapore: Too Little, Too Late: Some Aspects of the Malayan Disaster in 1942 (Leo Cooper, London, 1970)

  Skillen, Hugh, Spies of the Air Waves (Skillen, Pinner, 1989)

  Slim, Field Marshal Viscount, Defeat into Victory (Pan, London, 1999)

  Smith, Bradley, The Ultra–Magic Deals: And the Most Secret Relationship 1940–1946 (Presidio Press, Novato, CA, 1993)

  Smith, Michael, New Cloak, Old Dagger (Victor Gollancz, London, 1996)

  Smith, Michael, Station X: The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park (Channel 4 Books, London, 1998)

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  Stripp, Alan, Codebreaker in the Far East (Frank Cass, London, 1989)

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  Weintraub, Stanley, Long Day's Journey into War, December 7, 1941 (Plume, New York, 1992)

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  Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne and Pope, Stephen, The Macmillan Dictionary of the Second World War (Macmillan, London, 1989)

  Winterbotham, Frederick, The Ultra Secret (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1974)

  INDEX

  Abbottabad, 161, 164, 165, 166, 223, 248

  Abernethy, Barbara, 58–9, 74–5

  Addu Atoll, 129

  Adelaide River, 174, 274–5

  Admiralty Islands, 254

  Afghanistan, 161

  Africa, 61, 194

  Aguila, SS, 84

  Aitape, 255–6, 257

  Aitken, Alexander, 190

  Akagi, 130, 141

  Akin, Brigadier-General Spencer B., 74, 166, 167, 256, 262

  Akyab, 230, 247, 249

  Alaska, 137

  Alaunia, AMC, 132

  Aleutian Islands, 137, 138, 141

  Alexander, Hugh, 190–1, 219, 220, 2
27, 267, 278

  Alexander-Sinclair, Sir Edwin Sinclair, 22

  Alice Springs, 113

  Alidina, 133

  Alphabetical Typewriter 91, 45

  Alphabetical Typewriter 97, 67

  Allen, Maurice, 175, 180

  Anand Parbat, 161, 232

  Andaman Islands, 268

  Anderson, 207–16, 227, 267, 268, 276

  Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 49, 51, 53

  Apsley Guise, 146

  Arakan, 230

  Archdale, Second Officer Betty, 63

  Archer, Henry, 172

  Argus, HMS, 64

  Arkansas, USS, 264

  Arlington Hall, 171, 175, 177–8, 179, 185, 186, 191, 193, 230, 231, 245, 246, 247, 253

  Army Entertainment Fund, 39

  Army Intelligence Corps, 202

  Asamu maru, 95

  Ashworth, George, 189, 190

  Assam, 243

  Atlantic, Battle of the, 214

  atomic bomb, 273–4

  Auckland, 79

  Augarde, Brian, 201–2

  Australia, 61, 82, 109–17, 134, 136, 171

  Australia: Air Force, 80, 81, 113, 116, 167, 168, 174

  Australia: codebreakers, 7

  Australia: Navy, 21–2, 27, 61, 80, 81, 142, 170

  Australian Imperial Force (Australian Army), 81, 166, 168, 172, 173

  Australian Security Intelligence Organization, 278

  Australian Special Intelligence Personnel Section, 173

  Australian Special Wireless Group, 112–14, 115, 172

  Australian Wireless Section, 257

  Australian Women's Army Service, 114, 172

  Auxiliary Territorial Service, 162, 164, 187, 189, 192, 231

  Bacon, Francis, 69

  Bako, 24

  Balcombe, 114

  Ballarat, 114, 115

  Ballard, Geoffrey, 112, 113, 261, 262, 263–4

  Ballet Rambert, 188

  Bandung, see Room 14

  Bangalore, see Western Wireless Signal Centre

  Bangkok, 10, 94, 245

  Banka Strait, 104

  Barbarossa, Operation, 86, 87–8, 90, 94

  Barham, Lieutenant-Commander Neil, 38, 59, 95–6, 125, 126, 128, 195

  Barrackpore, see Eastern Wireless Signal Centre

  Bartlet, John, 176

  Batavia, 106, 119

  Beck, General, 48

  Beckhough, Harry, 164

  Bedford training course, 120–2, 145, 159, 189, 196, 215, 223, 230, 236, 257

  Bee, HMS, 53

  Bennett, Edith, 220–2

  Bennett, Squadron Leader H. T. ‘Alf’, 56, 61, 102

  Bentley, Lance-Corporal Jimmy, 192

  Berkeley, Calif., 123

  Berryman, Felicity, 205

  Betrayal at Pearl Harbor (Nave/Rusbridger), 278

  Biak, 257, 262

  Biard, Lieutenant-Commander Forrest R. ‘Tex’, 213, 253–4

  Biggs, Bob, 234–6

  Birch, Frank, 151, 152, 153–4, 214, 218, 226–7, 227

  Birmingham, HMS, 61

  Bismarck Archipelago, 254

  Bismarck Sea, Battle of the, 182, 184–5

  BJs, 52, 89

  Blamey, Sir Thomas, 184

  Bletchley Park: age differences, 196–7; air intelligence, 122; amateurism, 2–3; bought, 2, 55–6; BRUSA, 198; ‘Burma Road’, 187, 239; class differences, 147; conference (1943), 230; eccentrics, 147; German section, 186, 219, 220; grounds, 2; growth in size, 247; Italian section, 186, 199–200; Japanese section, 62, 66, 92, 154, 159, 186–7, 189, 194, 199–206, 212, 214, 215, 219, 220–2, 227, 238, 239, 252, 267, 275; Kilindini and, 155–6; location, 1; mansion, 203; passes, 216; production line techniques, 2; reorganized, 119; social life, 206, 247; staff shortages, 149; Women's Committee, 204; see also GCHQ

  Blue papers, see BJs

  Bombay, 61, 105

  Bombe, 76, 220

  Bonegilla, 114, 115

  Booth, Wing Commander Roy, 166–7

  Borneo, 102, 172, 270

  Bougainville, 183, 184

  Boulder, Colo., 123

  Brett-Smith, Captain John, 192

  Bridgwater, Bentley, 200

  Briggs, Staff-Sergeant Asa, 237

  Brisbane, see Central Bureau

  Britain: Admiralty, 6, 15, 19, 20, 22–3, 24, 34, 56, 107, 149, 154, 194, 197, 227; co-operation problems with USA, 3, 6, 74–7, 124, 151–2, 153–4, 155, 169, 194, 197, 198, 218, 226, 269; empire, 4; Fleet Air Arm, 214; Foreign Office, 14, 15, 18, 19, 49, 51, 55–6, 89, 206, 220, 276; Four Power Treaty, 28–9; Japanese alliance ended, 43; Ministry of Information, 121; Naval Intelligence Bureau, 16, 21; Pacific Fleet, 266; Royal Air Force, 31, 56, 94, 99, 101, 104, 122, 164, 231, 232; Royal Navy, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 30, 31, 35–6, 4, 61, 102, 129, 132, 149, 154, 163, 231; Treasury, 14–15, 19; War Office, 14, 15, 40, 56, 186

  British Broadcasting Corporation, 121, 165, 236–7, 238, 269

  British Museum, 215

  Brooke-Popham, Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert, 9, 10

  Brora, 223

  Brouwer, Lieutenant-Commander Leo, 119, 195, 196

  Browning, Elizabeth, 51–2, 146, 214

  BRUSA Agreement, 198, 218, 226, 227, 231, 264

  Buckingham, 206

  Buick, Mr and Mrs, 204

  Bulgaria, 3

  Burckhardt, Colonel Valentine, 39

  Burma, 94, 102, 161, 162, 163, 191, 229–30, 232, 233, 241, 243, 251

  Burma Road, 229, 247

  Burma-Siam Railway, 159, 163

  Burnett, Lieutenant-Commander Malcolm ‘Bouncer’, 62, 148–9, 155–6

  Burroughs, Commander, 80

  Burrows, Captain John, 10, 11, 13, 192

  Bury St Edmunds, 236

  Byfield, Jack, 192–3

  ‘C’, see Menzies, Colonel Stewart and Sinclair, Admiral Hugh

  C Branch, 230

  ‘C’ (Indian) Special Wireless Group, 248

  Cable and Wireless, 16, 17, 43, 44, 88

  cables and telegrams (dendai), 16–17, 21–2, 31, 33, 43, 44, 66, 88, 190

  Calcutta, 164, 245, 249, 251

  Calder, Rosemary, 200, 274

  California, USS, 123

  California, University of, 123

  call signs, 24, 210

  Cambridge University, 1, 120, 121, 145, 159–60, 175, 201, 205, 214, 216, 236, 257

  Campbell, Professor, 198

  Canada, 61, 79, 199; air force, 261; navy, 223

  Canberra, 80, 81, 223

  Canberra, HMAS, 81

  Capital, Operation, 229, 247 ‘Captain Ridley's Shooting Party’, 2

  Carlton, Newcomb, 16

  Caroline Islands, 134, 255

  Carson, Tony, 270

  Cast (Corregidor), 78, 79, 92, 93, 95, 105, 106, 107–8, 109–17, 137, 198, 213

  Celebes Sea, 256 ‘censoring’, 14, 15, 16, 121

  Central Bureau, 111, 112, 113, 115, 148, 166–8, 169–80, 181, 183, 185, 186, 191, 213, 231, 234, 252, 253, 255, 254, 256, 258–9, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 269, 270–1, 277, 279

  Central Telegraph Office, 44

  Ceylon: Japanese attack, 129, 132

  Chamberlain, Neville, 53

  Chaundy, Theodore, 201

  Cherat, 161

  CHESOR, 199

  chess, 190–1, 278

  Chiang Kai-shek, 229

  Chicago Tribune, 142, 143

  Chichijima, 24

  Chicksands Priory, 247

  China Station, 22, 29, 34, 220

  China, 49, 91, 97, 163; codes, 37; Japan and, 29, 53

  Chindits, 229–30

  Chindwin River, 230, 243, 244, 247, 248

  Chinese Post Office, 43

  Chittagong, 164, 249, 251

  Churchill, Winston, 14, 90–1, 98, 99, 103, 192

  Clark Air Base, 263

  Clark, Captain Larry, 178

  Clark, Captain Stan, 167, 174, 184, 261

  Clarke, William ‘Nobby’, 15, 17, 19–20, 22, 27, 29, 30, 47, 58, 91, 183

>   Cochin, 129

  codes, ciphers and cryptography

  additives, 55, 56, 59, 68, 79, 99, 107, 125, 126, 127, 135, 143, 150, 159, 176, 189, 202, 203, 221, 235, 237, 245, 256; literal, 158

  alphabet square, 179

  bisection, 55

  book-building, 38, 57, 128, 136, 209, 245, 266

  Bulgarian, 3

  Chinese, 37

  Chinese Telegraphic Code, 127, 180

  combined, 55

  contact analysis, 25–6

  cribs, 170, 180, 209, 234, 258

  depth, 176, 185, 202, 235

  difference between, 25

  digraph, 158

  dinome, 150

  discriminant, 175

  Dottery, 221–2

  doublets, 178

  forcing, 126

  French, 17, 19, 20

  German, 3, 74; Enigma, 1, 2–3, 4, 5, 44, 47, 55, 60, 66, 67, 68, 74, 75, 76, 87, 92, 113, 124, 151, 198, 214, 219, 220, 239; Fish, 3; Shark, 151, 219

  Hagi, 78

  Hungarian, 3

  indicators, 235, 237

  Italian, 3, 74, 124

  Japanese, 3, 17, 44–5; Air Safety Service (3636), 246; air-to-ground, 103, 168, 170, 174; Army Air Force General Purpose Code (3366), 177, 189, 233, 235, 238, 246; Army Air Force General Purpose Code, Burmese Area (6633), 233, 235; Army General Administrative System (7890), 231, 252, 257, 266; Army General Purpose Systems, 256; Army Ordnance System (2345), 252; Army Water Transport Code, (2468), 175, 176, 177–8, 180, 185, 186, 189, 278–9; BULBUL, 244, 245; CHI A, 173; commercial, 57–8; Coral, 125, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225; Dockyard Code, 57, 58, 62, 93; Flag Officer Code, 38, 57, 106, 108, 124, 125; General Army Administrative Code (7890), 177, 185, 186, 230; HI KE, 173; Jade, 218; JMA (military attaché code), 41, 158, 159, 191, 246, 252; JN11, 170, 191, 195, 201, 202–3, 207, 227, 267; JN147, 191; JN152, 151; JN16, 125; JN165, 233–4; JN166, 233–4; JN167, 151, 152, 153; JN25 (Navy General Operational Code), 4, 5, 26, 27, 29, 30, 38, 57, 58, 59–60, 62, 66, 67, 78–9, 82, 84, 92, 95–6, 99, 100, 101, 107, 108, 109, 118, 119, 124, 125, 130, 133–4, 141, 143, 145, 150, 151, 153, 158, 170, 174, 181, 182, 184, 186–7, 191, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 205, 207, 214, 215, 226, 227, 247, 267, 268, 269, 278; JN25b, 92, 93, 106, 110, 105, 125, 128, 134, 136; JN25c, 138, 148, 174; JN25d, 175; JN25e11, 195; JN25f, 182; JN39, 150; JN40, 146, 150, 153, 170, 191, 195, 204, 205, 207; JN49, 125; JNA10, 221; JNA20, 219, 224, 225; Kuibyshev, 221; machine ciphers, 34, 44, 45–6; Morse, 20, 23, 62–4, 105, 110, 114, 115, 118, 123; Navy Code D, 58, 60; North Pacific System (5555), 252; Orange, 35, 218, 220; Philippines System (6666), 252, 253; Purple, 3, 4, 6, 7, 58, 65, 66, 67–73, 74, 76, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 95, 97, 105–7, 125, 178–9, 219, 223, 267, 272, 277; Red, 45, 47, 58, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 218, 278; South-west Pacific System (7777), 252; submarine, 124; tasogare, 24, 38; WE, 181