Imperial Spain 1469-1716
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Olivares, Conde Duque de, Gasper de Guzmán (1587–1645), favourite of Philip IV, 302, 318, 319, 323–49, 379
Oquendo, Antonio de (1577–1640), admiral, 341
Oropesa, Count of, Manuel Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo y Portugal (d. 1707), minister of Charles II, 363, 372, 373
Orry, Jean (1652–1719), minister of Philip V, 375
Ortega y Gasset, Jose (1883–1955), 386
Osuna, Duke of, Pedro Tellez Girón (1579–1624), 325, 326
Ottoman Empire, see Turks
Oudegherste, Peter van, 328
Ovando, Nicolás de (1460?-1518), Governor of Hispaniola (1502–9), 70
Padilla, Juan de (1484)–1521), Comunero leader, 150, 154–5, 158
Palacios Rubios, Juan López de, jurist, 84
Papacy,
relations with Spanish Crown, 100–103, 227–31, 247
taxes levied by papal concession, 103, 201, 286, 336
Parma, see Margaret of; and Farnese, Alexander
Patronage, see Art
Patronato, 101–2, 174
Paul IV, Pope, 227–8
Peasantry,
in Aragon, 278–9, 282
in Castile, 117–18, 154, 189–90, 294–5
in Catalonia, 37–8, 40, 81, 340, 344
Peñaranda, 3rd Count of, Gaspar de Bracamonte (d. 1676), 362
Pérez, Antonio (1540–1611),
secretary of Philip II, 30n., 259, 261, 262, 264–8, 280–82, 329
Pérez, Gonzalo (1500?–66), secretary of Philip II, 178, 259
Pérez, Juan, Franciscan, warden of monastery of La Rábida, 60
Peris, Vincenç (d. 1522), leader of Valencian Germanía, 156, 159
Peru, 62–6, 74–5, 175–6, 183, 199, 293
Peter III of Aragon (1276–85), 30
Philip, Archduke, the Fair, King Philip I of Castile (1504–6), 135, 136–9
Philip II (1556–98),
as prince, 165, 208–9
ideas and methods of king-ship, 170, 249–60, 273–6, 281–4;
and Court factions, 260–61;
and affair of Antonio Pérez, 265–7, 280–81
and heresy, 222, 230–31, 234; and Jesuits, 247, 273
and Turks, 231–2, 241; revolt of Granada, 238–40
and Dutch, 232–3, 250–51, 258, 262–4, 268–9, 290
and England, 264–5, 270, 276, 287–9, 290
and France, 270, 289–90
and Portuguese succession, 251, 171–5
imperialism of, 268–70, 285, 291
death of, 290, 301
Philip III (1598–1621), 290, 300–301, 312, 314, 323
Philip IV (1621–65), 323–4, 331–2, 349–50, 354, 356, 357
Philip V (1700–46), former Duke of Anjou, 373, 374–7
Pícaro, 246, 299, 311
Pizarro, Francisco (1476–1541), conquistador, 63–5
Plague, 37, 156, 298, 353, 361
Plateresque, 127, 253
Ponce de la Fuente, Constantino (d. 1559), canon of Seville, 225
Poor law, 190
Population, 24–5
of Castile, 118, 188, 293–4, 298; of Madrid, 315; of Seville, 186;
of Catalonia, 37, 337
of Indies, 185, 292
Morisco, 278, 307
Porreño, Baltasar, (1565–1639), writer, 251
Portocarrero, Cardinal Luis Fernández de (1635–1709), Archbishop of Toledo (1678–1709), 374
Portugal,
in Middle Ages, 20, 26, 27, 42–3
population, 25
overseas expansion and empire, 43, 56–7, 270–71, 321, 325, 355
trade, 182, 270–71, 355
origins and character of union with Castile (1580), 266–7, 270–77; government under Spanish Crown, 337–8
revolt of 1640, 346–7, 354, 356, 357
Posts, 123
Potosí mines, 183
Prices,
‘price revolution’, 192–6, 312–13
17th-century fluctuations, 333–4, 348–9, 356–7, 367, 372
estimated cost of living, 286
price-fixing, 118, 189, 334 see also Corn, Currency
Priego, 1st Marquis of, Pedro de Córdoba (d. 1517), 139, 141
Printing, 64, 215, 217, 225
Privados, 301, 324, 350
Protestantism,
in Spain, 212, 225
international, 227, 233, 277, 287–9 see also Calvinism; Heresy; Lutheranism
Puebla, Dr Rodrigo de, ambassador to England, 132
Pulgar, Hernando del (1430?–91), secretary and chronicler of the Catholic kings, 98, 218
Pyrenees, Treaty of (1659), 355, 357
Quantity theory, 191
Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco Gómez de (1580–1645), 320, 385
Quintana, Pedro de, Aragonese secretary of Ferdinand the Catholic, 143
Quiroga, Gaspar de (1512–94), Cardinal, Inquisitor-General (1573), Archbishop of Toledo (1577–94), 242, 243, 262, 265
Ramirez de Prado, Alonso, member of Council of Castile, 317–18
Reconquista, 26–7, 31–3, 45–76, passim, 187
Recruiting, in Castile, 119, 240, 294, 339
in Crown of Aragon, 82, 240, 330, 332 see also Union of Arms
Religious Orders, 154, 190, 215, 220, 247, 312
reform of, 103–4, 243, 247, 369–70
and mysticism, 213, 244
friars in America, 71–2 see also Jesuits
Remença peasants, 37–8, 40, 81
Renaissance, see Humanism
Requesens y Zúñiga, Luis de (1528–76), Governor-General of the Netherlands, 263, 264
Ribadeneyra, Pedro de (1527–1611), Jesuit writer, 245, 288
Ribagorza, Count of, Juan de Aragón (1544–73), 279
Ribagorza, county of, 278–9
Ribera, Juan de (1532–1611), Archbishop of Valencia, 306
Richelieu, Cardinal (1585–1642), 334, 335, 338, 342, 346, 349
Roads, 123
Rocroi, battle of (1643), 350
Rodríguez de Fonseca, Juan (1451–1524), Chaplain to Isabella and Bishop of Burgos, 174
Rojas, Fernando de (1465?–1541), author of La Celestina, 128
Ronquillo, Rodrigo (d. 1545), alcalde of Zamora, 158
Rosellón, county of (Catalan: Rosselló; French: Roussillon), 41, 131, 340, 349, 355, 365
Ruiz, Simón, (1525–97), banker, 198
Ruiz de la Mota, Pedro (d.1522), Bishop of Badajoz and Palencia, 151
Ryswick, Treaty of (1697), 373
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de (1500?–90), Franciscan missionary and historian, 72, 383
St John of God (1485–1550), 243
St Teresa of Ávila (1515–82), 116, 243, 247, 324, 384
Salamanca, university of, 129, 191, 242, 246, 251, 316, 384
Salinas, Francisco de (1514?–90), professor of music at Salamanca, 242
Salses, siege of (1639–40), 340
Salt, 291
Sánchez el Brocense, Francisco (1523–1600), scholar, 242
Santa Coloma, Count of, Dalmau de Queralt (d. 1640), Viceroy of Catalonia, 340, 343, 345
Santa Cruz, Alonso de, cosmographer, 383
Santa Cruz, 1st Marquis of, Álvaro de Bazán (1526–88), admiral, 287–8
Santángel, Luis de (d. 1498), secretary of Ferdinand the Catholic, 60
Sardinia, 27, 30, 31, 124
Sauvage, Jean (d. 1518), Grand Chancellor of Charles V, 146
Scholasticism, 245, 246, 368, 384
Schomberg, Marshal, 357
Science, 297, 342, 367–9, 372, 385
Sebastian, King of Portugal (1557–78), 266, 270
Secretaries, royal, 91, 178, 258–9
Senior, Abraham, treasurer of the Hermandad, 107, 109
Sentencia de Guadalupe (1486), 81
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de (1490–1573), theologian, 73
Servicios, 93, 145, 150–51, 202–3, 208, 285–90 see also Taxation
Seville,
in Middl
e Ages, 32, 39, 42, 57
in 16th and 17th centuries, 186–7, 296–7, 309, 361
and American trade, 79, 182–3, 185–8, 193–5, 231, 269, 291; decline of, 293, 307, 336, 343, 361
heretical communities, 212, 226n.
Sheep, 33–4, 119, 120, 188, 202 see also Wool
Shipbuilding, 56–7, 111, 121, 187, 199
Shipping, Spanish, 276
Atlantic, 185–6, 194–5, 343 see also Treasure fleet
Cantabrian, 33, 42, 121 see also Fleet
Sicily, 168, 169, 352, 362n., 365 as possession of Crown of Aragon, 27, 30, 31, 131, 134
Siliceo, Juan Martínez (1486–1557), Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo (1546–57), 221–2, 229
Silk industry, 122–3, 187, 199, 202, 237, 296
Silver, 183–6, 191–4, 291, 336, 367
imports of, 184, 233, 269–70, 286–7, 291, 333; decline of, 322, 343
Portuguese need of Spanish, 270–71, 273 see also Treasure fleet
Simancas, 158, 171
Slavery, 69–71, 73–4, 145
Solariegos, 68
Soto, Fray Domingo de (1494–1560), theologian, 190
‘Spanish Road’, 326, 341
Spices, 27, 38, 270
Spínola, Ambrosio (1571–1630), general, 326, 341
Subsidies, see Servicios
Talavera, Hermando de (1428–1507), Archbishop of Granada (1492–1507), 50–52, 103
Tamarit, Francesc de, Catalan Diputat, 344
‘Tanto monta, monta tanto’, device of Catholic kings, 85
Tasa del trigo, 118, 189, 294
Tavera, Juan (1472–1545), Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo (1534–45), 68, 208
Taxation,
in Castile, 34; under Ferdinand and Isabella, 92–3, 119; under Charles V, 145, 147, 150–51, 201–2, 208; under Philip II, 231–2, 237, 285–6; under Philip III, 303–4; under Philip IV, 327–9, 336–7; under Charles II, 356–7, 364
in Crown of Aragon, 29, 201–2, 283, 303–4, 332–3, 337
exemptions from, 99, 111, 115, 203–5, 286, 336
ecclesiastical, see Church see also Alcabala; Servicios
Tendilla, 2nd Count of, Íñigo López de Mendoza first Captain-General of Granada (1492), 50
Tendilla, 4th Count of, see Mondéjar, 3rd Marquis
Theologians, Juntas of, 250–51, 297
Tithes, 99, 102–3, 118, 201
Toledo, 147, 154, 158, 221, 296
Toledo, Archbishop of, 99 see also Carrillo, Alfonso; González de Mendoza, Pedro; Cisneros, Francisco Jiménez de; Croy, Guil-laume de; Fonseca, Alonso; Tavera, Juan; Siliceo, Juan Martínez; Carranza, Bartolomé; Quiroga, Gaspar de
Toledo, Francisco de (1515–82), Viceroy of Peru (1569–81), 176, 382
Toledo, García de (1514–78), naval commander, 232
Toledo, Juan Bautista de (d. 1567), architect, 253
Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 63
Toro, battle of (1476), 86, 100
Towns, in Castile, 22, 26, 87, 88, 93–7, 117, 197, 294 see also Comunetos; Cortes
in Crown of Aragon, 28, 40, 81, 156, 331
in Indies, 60, 67–8, 174–5 see also under individual towns
Trade,
Castilian, 33–4, 120–22, 136, 187, 188, 196–8 see also Netherlands; Wool Catalan, 27, 39, 124, 332
Portuguese, 182, 270–71, 354–5
with New World, see Seville see also Merchants
Trastámara, house of, 18, 19, 271
Treasure fleet, 185–6, 188, 206, 289, 343
loss of, 186, 335, 357 see also Silver
Trent, Council of (1545–63), 224, 225, 238, 243–4
Tromp, Admiral, 341
Tunis, 53–5, 169, 241
Turks,
Charles V and, 54–5, 163, 168–9, 199 Philip II and, 55, 231–2, 239–40, 241–2 see also Islam; Moriscos
Uceda, Duke of, Cristóbal Sandoval y Rojas (d. 1624), son of Duke of Lerma, 322, 323, 324
Union of Arms, 330–33, 337, 340, 341
United Provinces,
trade with Spain and colonies, 290–92
Twelve Years' Truce (1609–21), 290, 304, 321, 325
war with Spain (1621–48), 341, 342, 350–51 see also Flanders; Netherlands
Universities, 104, 128, 316, 368–9, 377
foreign study at prohibited, 227, 234 see also Education
Urriés, Ugo de, Aragonese secretary of Ferdinand the Catholic, 143
Utrecht, peace settlement of (1713–14), 375
Valdés, Alonso de (1490?–1532), humanist, and secretary of Charles V, 217, 259
Valdés, Hernando de (1483–1568), Inquisitor-General (1547–66), 224, 226, 229, 247
Valdés, Juan de (1500?–41), brother of Alonso de Valdés, humanist, 162, 217
Valencia,
in Middle Ages, 26–7, 28, 29, 36, 42
under Habsburgs, 303, 330, 331, 332, 370;
Gerinanías, 156–7, 159;
Moriscos, 305–8
under Bourbons, 376
Valenzuela, Fernando de (1636–89), favourite of Mariana of Austria, 365
Valera, Diego de (1412–87?), chronicler, 86
Valladolid, 171, 212, 294, 305 see also Cortes
Valtelline, 325
Vargas, Alonso de, army commander, 282
Vasconcellos, Miguel de (d. 1640), secretary in Government of Portugal, 346
Vázquez, Mateo (1542–91), secretary of Philip II, 250, 266, 275
Vázquez de Arce, Rodrigo (1529–99), President of Council of Castile, 301
Vázquez de Molina, Juan, secretary of Charles V and Philip II, 178, 237
Velázquez, Diego Rodríguez de Silva y (1599–1660), 320, 341, 367, 385–6
Vélez, 1st Marquis of los, Pedro Fajardo (1477?–154?), 156–7
Vélcz, 2nd Marquis of los, Luis Fajardo (1508–74), 237, 240
Vélez, 3rd Marquis of los, Pedro Fajardo y Córdoba (1530?-80), minister of Philip II, 262, 263, 265, 267
Vélez, 5th Marquis of los, Pedro Fajardo Zúñiga y Requesens (d. 1647), 346, 347
Vellón, 304, 333–4, 349, 356, 357, 367, 372
Vergara, Juan de (1493–1557), professor of Greek at Alcalá, 217
Viceroys, 31, 39, 83, 174–7, 352, 377
Villafranca, 5th Marquis of, Pedro de Toledo (d. 1627), governor of Milan (1615–18), 325
Villahermosa, Duke of, Martín de Gurrea y Aragón (1526–81), 279
Villahermosa, Duke of, Hernando de Gurrea y Aragón (d. 1592), 282
Villalonga, Count of, see Franqueza, Pedro
Villanueva, Jerónimo de (d. 1653), Protonotario of Council of Aragon, 335, 344, 350
Villars, Marquis of, French ambassador in Madrid, 366
Villaviciosa, battle of (1665), 357
Villena, 2nd Marquis of, Diego López Pacheco (d. 1529), patron of Illuminists, 213
Vitoria, Francisco de (1480?–1546), Dominican theologian, 384
Vives, Juan Luis (1492–1540), humanist, philosopher, 162, 190
Vizcaya, 121, 188, 303–4, 336
Wages, 196, 298
Wales, Prince of (Charles I), 327
Women, 309