Keefe, Bernard 1
Keen, Harold ‘Doc’ 1, 2
Kendrick, Tony 1
Kennedy, Malcolm 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Kenworthy, Harold 1, 2, 3, 4
Kesselring, Albrecht 1
Keynes, John Maynard 1
Kluge, Günther von 1
Knox, Dillwyn ‘Dilly’ 1 and Room 40 1
attempts to break Enigma messages 1, 2, 3
and move to Bletchley Park 1
and liaison with Deuxième Bureau 1
recruits Peter Twinn 1
description of 1, 2
and liaison with Bureau Szyfrow 1
and Bomby mechanism 1
starts work at Bletchley Park 1
and Zygalski sheets 1
works in the Cottage 1
on Alan Turing 1
breaks Italian Enigma 1
dissatisfaction with work 1
breaks Abwehr Enigma 1
later life and death 1
Kursk, Battle of 1, 2, 3
Last, Hugh 1
Lavell, Ann 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Leon, Herbert 1
‘letter frequency’ method 1
Levenson, Art 1, 2, 3
Lever, Mavis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Light Blue cypher 1, 2, 3
Lorenz machine 1, 2, 3, 4
Lucas, F.L. ‘Peter’ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Lydekker, Julie 1, 2
Maclennan, Morag 1, 2, 3
Mahon, Patrick 1, 2, 3
Martin, William 1
Mary Queen of Scots 1
Matapan, Battle of 1
Mayer, Stefan 1
Menzies, Stewart 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
MI1b 1
MI6 takes control of GC&CS 1
and move to Bletchley Park 1, 2
and decyphered messages 1
Michie, Donald 1
Millward, William 1
Milner-Barry, Stuart 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Mission Richard 1, 2, 3
Montagu, Ewen 1
Montgomery, Bernard 1, 2
Morgan, Charles 1
Morgan, Gerry 1
Muggeridge, Malcolm 1
Murray, Odette 1
Nasmith Shaw, Courtley 1
Naval Enigma 1, 2
Naval Intelligence Department (NID25) 1, 2
Newman, Max 1, 2, 3, 4
Newmanry 1, 2, 3, 4
Newton-John, Brin 1
Nicholls, Freddie 1
Nicholls, Joan 1, 2, 3
Norland, Selmer 1
Norman, Frederick ‘Bimbo’ 1
North African campaign and Bletchley Park 1, 2
Norton, Sarah 1
Norway invasion of 1, 2
Noskwith, Rolf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Offizier system 1
Op-20-G (US Navy codebreaking operation) 1, 2, 3
Operation Mincemeat 1, 2
Operation Ruthless 1
Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Owens, Arthur 1
Page, Denys 1
Paulus, Freidrich 1
Pearl Harbor 1
Petard, HMS 1
Petrides, Anne 1
Phoenix cypher 1, 2
Plumb, Jack 1
Porpoise cypher 1
Poste de Commandement Bruno 1
Powell, Lewis 1
Prestwich, John 1, 2
Primrose cypher 1
Pryce-Jones, Alan 1
Pugh, Sybil 1
Pujol, Juan García (Garbo) 1, 2, 3
Purple diplomatic cypher 1, 2, 3, 4
Quick, Barbara 1
Red cypher importance of 1, 2
broken due to John Herivel 1
and Hut 6 1
Rees, David 1
Rejewski, Marian 1, 2
Ridley, William 1, 2
Robertson, James 1
Robertson, Tommy ‘Tar’ 1, 2
Robinson machine 1
Robinson, Joyce 1
Rocket cypher 1 Rommel, Erwin 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Room 40 5
Rose, Jim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Rosen, Leo 1
Rosenberg, Alfred 1
Różycki, Jerzy 1
Ruge, Otto
Rundstedt, Gerd von 1, 2
Safford, Laurence 1, 2
Saunders, Malcolm 1
Schmidt, Hans Thilo (Asche) 1, 2
Scorpion cypher 1, 2
Secret Communications Units (SCUs) 1
Secret Decyphering Branch 1
Sedgewick, Stanley 1, 2
Seiichi, Ito 1
Senyard, Phoebe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Shark cypher creation of 1
breaking of 1, 2
Sibley, Bill 1
Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) 1
Sinclair, Evelyn 1
Sinclair, Sir Hugh 1 buys Bletchley Park 1
takes control of GC&CS 1
concern for welfare of staff 1
and move to Bletchley Park 1
and liaison with Deuxième Bureau 1
starts recruitment drive 1
death of 1
Sinkov, Abraham 1
Smith, Howard 1
Soviet Union and GC&CS 1
Spanish Civil War 1
Special Communications Unit (SCU) 1
Special Liaison Units (SLUs) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Steiner, George 1
Strachey, Oliver 1, 2
Strong, George 1
Strong, Kenneth 1
Sweetland, Gladys 1
Sykes, Percy 1
Tandy, Geoffrey 1
Taylor, Telford 1, 2, 3
Tester, Ralph 1, 2
Testery 1, 2, 3
Thomas, Edward 1, 2
Thompson, J.H. 1
Thompson, Jean 1
Thrush cypher 1
Thurloe, John 1
Tiltman, John 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Tolkien, J.R.R. 1
traffic analysis 1, 2
Travis, Edward 1 and Enigma machine 1 1
and Hut 6 1, 2
and relations with Admiralty 1
differences with Denniston 1
and cultural life at Bletchley Park 1
and reorganisation of Bletchley
Park 1
sets up ‘Women’s Committee’ 1
and Robinson machine 1
and relations with Americans 1, 2
Travis, Valerie 1
Treasure (Natalie Sergueiv) 1
Trevor-Roper, Hugh 1
Tricycle (Dusko Popov) 1
Tunny cypher 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Turing, Alan 1 recruited by GC&CS 1
starts work at Bletchley Park 1
and Bombe mechanism 1, 2
at Mission Richard 1
tries to join Home Guard 1
and breaking of Naval Enigma 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
description of 1
writes to Churchill calling for
more resources 1
paper on computing 1
and Robinson machine 1
impact of work 1
Tutte, Bill 1, 2
Twinn, Peter recruited by GC&CS 1
on breaking Enigma messages 1, 2
starts work at Bletchley Park 1
and use of cribs 1
on decoding messages 1
on Alan Turing 1, 2
and breaking of Naval Enigma 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Type-X cypher machine 1, 2
U-Boats first campaign 1, 2, 3
and Shark cypher 1
and American entry into war 1
Ultra start of 1
and SCUs and SLUs 1
and North African campaign 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
and Operation Mincemeat 1
and Italian campaign 1
and D-Day landings 1, 2
United States and Bletchley Park 1, 2, 3
V-weapon launch sites 1
Vernam, Gilbert 1
VI Intelligence S
chool 1
Victory Bombe 1
Vincent, E.R.P. 1, 2
Violet cypher 1
von Ribbentrop, Joachim 1
Wallace, George 1
Walsingham, Sir Francis 1
Waterhouse, Gilbert 1
Wavell, Archibald 1, 2
Weeks, Robert 1
Welchman, Gordon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Wenham, Susan 1, 2, 3, 4
White, Dick 1
Wickham, J.V. 1
Wiles, Maurice 1
Wilkinson, Patrick 1
Willes, Edward 1
Willes, Francis 1
Williams, Bill 1, 2, 3, 4
Wilson, Angus 1
Winterbotham, Frederick 1, 2
Woodhead Hall 1
Wright, Pat 1, 2, 3
Wylie, Shaun 1, 2, 3, 4
Wynn-Williams, G.E. 1, 2
Y Service intercept stations 1, 2, 3
Yellow cypher 1
Yoxall, Leslie 1
Zimmermann Telegram 1, 2, 3
Zygalski, Henryk 1, 2
Zygalski sheets 1, 2
The three-rotor Enigma cypher machine used by the Wehrmacht with the lid open and the plugboard, or steckerboard, visible at the front of the machine. The three rotors or wheels can be seen at the top of the picture. The letters on the side of each wheel were used to indicate its precise starting position.
The Polish codebreaker Marian Rejewski (TOP LEFT) was the first man to break the ‘steckered’ Enigma machine. The Poles were assisted by information provided by Hans Thilo Schmidt (TOP RIGHT), codenamed Asche, a French spy inside the German Defence Ministry, who sold Enigma manuals and key settings to the French intelligence service. Gustave Bertrand (BELOW with wife Mary),
The codebreakers arrive at Bletchley Park in August 1939 (TOP). They include Dilly Knox (BOTTOM RIGHT), the only British codebreaker at this stage to have broken Enigma cyphers, and Alan Turing (BOTTOM LEFT), who was to play a key role in the breaking of the German Navy’s Enigma cyphers. Knox subsequently broke the German intelligence service Enigma cypher. That break was crucial to the Double Cross deception operations that helped ensure the success of D-Day.
Alastair Denniston (TOP LEFT) was the first head of Bletchley Park. Professor E. R. P. ‘Vinca’ Vincent (TOP CENTRE) worked on Italian naval cyphers. John Tiltman (TOP RIGHT) was the chief cryptographer from early 1942, breaking numerous codes and cyphers.
Hugh Alexander (LEFT) another of the leading codebreakers and head of the Naval Enigma section Hut 8.
RIGHT: A rare photograph of German operators using the Enigma machine.
Photographs of the codebreakers working inside the Bletchley Park mansion before the moves to the wooden huts are very rare. Leslie Lambert (TOP), who worked in the Air Section, was better known as the popular BBC radio personality A. J. Alan. Joan Wingfield (RIGHT) was a 24-year-old Italian linguist who had joined GC&CS in 1937.
Codebreakers watching a game of rounders. Standing (LEFT TO RIGHT): Captain William Ridley, MI6 Chief Administrative Officer; John Barns, Naval Section; George McVittie, Head of Meteorological Cyphers in Air Section; Marjorie de Haan, Diplomatic Section; Alastair Denniston, Head of Bletchley Park. Seated (LEFT TO RIGHT): Edward Smith, Hut 3; Edmund ‘Scrounger’ Green, Naval Section; Barbara Abernethy, Denniston’s PA; Patrick Wilkinson, Naval Section; Alan Bradshaw, GC&CS Chief Administrative Officer.
Two thirds of the people working at Bletchley Park were women. They included around 2,000 members of the Women’s Royal Naval Service, or Wrens, most of whom operated the Bombes (shown here) testing possible solutions of the Enigma wheel orders and key settings.
Women worked in a wide variety of roles, including codebreaking. These woman are working on the Enigma cyphers in Hut 6. There is an Enigma machine on the table to test solutions.
Gordon Welchman, the Cambridge mathematician who set up Hut 6 to break the German Army and Luftwaffe Enigma cyphers.
The Hut 6 Registration Room, where encyphered Enigma messages were logged before decoding.
The codebreaking exchange deal with the Americans led to a number of US personnel working at Bletchley, in this case a US Army master sergeant.
Hut 6 dictated what links they needed the various British intercept stations to monitor via Bletchley Park Control, run by bright young men recruited from the main London banks.
The breaking of the Abwehr (German Intelligence) four-rotor Enigma cypher (TOP LEFT) by Dilly Knox was critical to the success of the Double Cross deception operations. Knox died in February 1943 and his role as head of the ISK section breaking Enigma cyphers was taken over by Peter Twinn (TOP RIGHT). Keith Batey (BELOW LEFT) led the breaking of new machines. Security was so tight that his wife Mavis Batey (née Lever) (BELOW RIGHT), who also worked in the ISK section, remained unaware of this work until 2011.
The cast of one of ‘Combine Ops’, the Christmas revues that made use of the many professional actors, actresses, musicians and writers working at Bletchley Park.
The Lorenz SZ42 Schlüsselzusatz attachment used to encypher German military teleprinter communications.
Robinson, the first computer used to help to break the Tunny encyphered teleprinter messages.
Tommy Flowers, the post office engineer who designed and created the Colossus computer.
Bill Tutte who, with the assistance of John Tiltman, broke into the Tunny system in a mix of sheer brilliance and good fortune.
Two Wrens, Dorothy du Boisson (LEFT) and Elsie Booker (RIGHT), operating the Colossus computer.
Max Newman, who was in charge of the Newmanry and devised the system of using computers to do the initial work on breaking the Tunny encyphered teleprinter messages.
Ralph Tester, who was in charge of the Testery, the section that broke the messages by hand after the effect of the chi wheels had been removed by the Newmanry.
The Newmanry, where the effect of the chi wheels was removed with the assistance of the Colossus, or initially the Robinson, computers.
Hugh Foss, who broke the Japanese Red diplomatic machine cypher before the war and was head of Hut 7, the Japanese section.
Frank Birch, the former actor who was head of Hut 4, the naval codebreaking section.
A US Navy WAVE operating one of the US Bombes, which from 1943 provided major support to Bletchley Park’s breaking of the Enigma four-rotor cypher machines.
Copyright
First published in Great Britain in 2011 by
Biteback Publishing Ltd
Westminster Tower
3 Albert Embankment
London
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Copyright © Michael Smith 2011
Michael Smith has asserted his rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the publisher’s prior permission in writing.
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition, including this condition, being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the copyright holders of material reproduced in the book, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers would be glad to hear from them.
ISBN 978–1–84954–262–3
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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The Secrets of Station X Page 34