strandings posted on, 72, 252, 253
Martin, David, 245–46, 270
Martin, Ricky, 139
Massachusetts General Hospital, whale heads examined in, 188–92
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 49, 141
May, Brian, 286
McBride, Arthur, 201
McCain, John, 143, 341
McCarthy, Cormac, Of Whales and Men, 195
McNally, Patrick, 284
McVay, Hella, 225
McVay, Scott, 226
“The Last of the Great Whales,” 224–25
Mead, Jim:
and Cuvier’s beaked whales, 7, 103
“Historical Mass Mortalities of Ziphiids,” 252–53, 254–55, 256, 299
and necropsies, 221
professional reputation of, 252, 253–54
and Smithsonian, 250–54
melon-headed whales:
panicked in Kauai during Navy exercises (2004), 308, 319, 339
stranded on Madagascar (2008), 351
Mexico:
environmental protection absent in, 93
grassroots support in, 97
and Mitsubishi, 94, 95, 97
MGM, 207
midfrequency sonar lawsuit (2006), 317–47
decision to sue, 315–16, 319, 321
discovery motions, 318, 345
dissenting opinion in, 343
endgame, 341–47
exemption issued to Navy, 326
female judges standing up to US Navy, 343
and future battle lines, 345–46
majority opinion in, 342, 345, 347
and national security, 323–24, 326, 334, 338, 339, 342
Navy actions off California coast, 321–22
Navy proceeding without safeguards, 321–22
and NRDC v. Winter, 328, 330–34, 336–40, 382–83n3
oral arguments, 336–40
and Pacific Fleet exercises, 319–23
politics dictating results in, 345
preliminary injunction against Navy, 322, 324, 327, 342
preliminary settlements in, 319–21
and the president, 347
public interest ruling of, 343
and right of judicial review, 326
and separation of powers, 326–27
settlement negotiations in, 345–47
Supreme Court appeal, 327–28
as war of attrition, 321–22
White House strategy meeting, 325–27
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 307
mining, threats to environment from, 349–50
minke whales:
migration of, 344
panicked by Navy sonar (2003), 309
stranded (2000), 13, 18
Mitsubishi Corporation:
consumer boycott of, 96–97
saltworks planned by, 93–97
Mitsubishi Group, 94
Mitsubishi Trust, 93
Moby Doll (orca), 212, 214
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 165, 167
Morgan (pilot whale), 237–38
Morgan, J. P., 60
Morrison & Foerster, 287, 293, 295–96
Mothers for Peace, 85, 368n1
Mullen, Mike, 317–18, 323
Munk, Walter, 154–61, 202–3
and Acoustic Thermometry, 164–69, 171, 175, 373n14
and acoustic tomography, 156–57
and climate change, 157, 167
in Cold War, 155–56
and Heard Island, 158–61, 159, 163, 166–67, 372n13
and the Jasons, 155–57, 314
and Magellan II, 169, 170, 173
and Navy research, 232, 314, 372–73n13
and Pittenger, 157–61, 171
and sonar causation of mass beachings, 314
“wind-driven gyres” of, 155, 370n5
in World War II, 154–55
Namu (orca), 214–15
Namu Inc., 215–16, 237
Namu the Killer Whale (movie), 215
Nancy’s Restaurant, marine mammal bodies stored in freezer of, 23, 32
Nantucket Island, sperm whale stranded on, 102–3
Narwhal (Monodon monoceras), 210
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 206, 234
Nassau Tribune, 100
National Aquarium, Baltimore, 104
National Environmental Policy Act, 172, 301–2, 320, 322, 325–26, 382n1
National Geographic, 225
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 39, 203–4
National Marine Fisheries Service, see Fisheries
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, see NOAA
National Research Council, 314
National Science Foundation, 161, 206, 208
National Stranding Response Network, 70
NATO:
and Bosnian Civil War, 138
naval exercises of, 18
and other “unusual” strandings, 72
and US Navy, 138
and whale strandings in Canaries, 71, 72, 293–94, 308
and whale strandings in Greece (1996), 18, 71–72, 111, 178
and whale strandings in Madeira (2000), 254
Natter, Robert, 137, 138, 139–40, 147
Natural Resources Defense Council, see NRDC
Nature, 178, 252
Naval Research Lab, 141
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 19
Navy, US, see US Navy
Nelson, Cal, 35
Newman, Murray, 212, 214, 227
New York Times, 242, 293, 331
New York Zoological Society, 225
Nichols, George, 60
Nichols, Mike, 239
Nishiwaki, Masaharu, 40, 41
Nixon, Richard M., 120, 147
NOAA:
and administration change, 346
and climate change, 160
and Fisheries, 162–63, 284
and Heard Island, 161
and noise pollution in oceans, 372n13
and public relations, 267
and White House strategy meeting, 325
Noise Pollution and Abatement Act (1972), 287–88
Norfolk, Virginia, Fleet Cammand in, 131, 140
Norris, Kenneth, 202, 256–57, 264, 379n1
North Atlantic gray whales, hunted to extinction, 92
North Atlantic right whales:
as endangered species, 77
migration of, 76
ship collisions with, 76–77
Northern Bottle-nosed Dolphin (Tursipos truncatus), 307
northern bottlenose whales:
(Hyperoödon rostratus), 126
of Nova Scotia, 63
Northern Right-Whale Dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis), 269
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, 320
NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council), 81–83
and Acoustic Thermometry, 167–68
and Bahamas stranding, 97–99, 151, 283, 285–90
beginnings of, 82
corporate polluters targeted by, 82–83, 375n4
critics of, 321
environmental campaigns of, 95–97, 307–8
and environmental law, 82–83, 287, 327
and Fisheries, 172, 352
Freedom of Information Act lawsuit filed by, 308
funding sources of, 96
and future actions, 343, 345
and Humane Society, 114–15
and lawsuits against Navy, 287–90, 292–93, 304, 308, 314, 315–16, 321–23, 352, 382n2
and Magellan II, 171, 174–75
Marine Mammal Protection Project, 81, 87, 350
media attention to, 96, 151, 287, 308, 321, 331
and midfrequency sonar lawsuit, 318, 319–24
mission of, 286
and Mitsubishi, 93–97
and Navy, 98, 113–16, 121–25, 136, 149, 172–73, 177, 285–90, 313–16, 320–23, 326–28, 346, 351–52
NRDC v. Winter, 328, 330–34, 336–4
0, 342–45
and nuclear nonproliferation project, 167
and Office Depot, 177
and Patriot Act, 285
and press conferences, 222, 231, 343
recruiting partners, 307–8
reputation of, 177
and RIMPAC lawsuit, 382n2
and Scripps, 168–69
and settlement mediation, 303–6, 320–21, 324
and sonar hearing (2002), 297–306
Sounding the Depths, 179–80
staffing of, 87–88
and Vieques dumping, 139
whale issues in, 87, 88, 176
NRDC v. Winter, 328, 330–34, 336–40, 342–45
nuclear bomb tests, 227
Obama, Barack, 341, 345, 347
Ocean Beach, Tasmania, mass strandings on, 69
Ocean Bird, 91
Ocean Futures Society, 315, 382n2
oceans:
acoustic tomography in, 156–57, 158, 161
and climate change, 157, 158, 160, 161
Cold War research in, 17, 155–56, 156, 365n3
control of, 46
“death by debris,” 168
detonating explosives in, 48, 288
hydrostatic pressure in, 28, 31
industrial shipping in, 179, 180
inner space of, 234–35
internal wave gradients of, 159
midnight zone of, 26
Navy demand for unlimited access to, 287, 289, 300, 304–6, 351–52
pollution of, 168, 288, 350
ripples on, 370n5
sea battles in war, 198
sonogram of, 161
sound pressure waves in, 171–72, 179, 277–78, 288–89, 350; see also sonar
storms and waves, 369–70n3
sunlight zone of, 26
temperature of, 157, 158, 159
twilight zone of, 26
underwater sound in, 48–49, 179–80, 193, 350
underwater storm systems, 154–55, 156
Office Depot, 177
Office of Naval Research (ONR), 14–19
and acoustic research, 366–67n9, 367n10
and Acoustic Thermometry, 166, 373n14
and active sonar, 153–54
animal behavior research, 199, 201–2
and Bahamas investigation, 74–75, 81, 98, 231
and Bahamas strandings, 152
budget of, 74
and climate change, 162
and Cory Chouest, 160, 162, 373n15
creation of, 17
dolphin research of, 201–2, 206–7
Environmental Impact Statement, 174–75
Fisheries permits issued to, 98, 147, 162, 175, 305
and Gaffney, 140–42, 147, 151, 265
and Gisiner, 14, 16, 17, 131
and Heard Island, 161–62, 372n13
inappropriate collaboration on permits, 305, 306
Littoral Warfare tests, 141
and Magellan II, 174–75
marine mammal division, 17, 138
and media stories, 130–33
oceanographic research in, 17, 244
plausible deniability of, 150
size and scope of, 17, 74
sonobuoy testing by, 107, 141, 150
and SOSUS, 49, 153
study of sonar impact on whales, 175, 346, 350
tagging expeditions funded by, 312–13
weapons testing by, 113–14, 141
and Whales ’93, 367n10, 373n15
and whale strandings in Greece (1996), 18, 147
and Woods Hole labs, 49, 71
oil and gas industry:
political backers of, 180
seismic surveys by, 375n4
underseas exploration by, 134
underwater noise pollution from, 179–80
whales stranded by sonar of, 351
Olmos, Edward James, 139
Operation Quickfind, 237
OrcaLab, 227
Orca Network, 347
ORCA—Observed Response of Cetaceans to Acoustics, 372n12
orcas:
(Orcinus orca), xi, 212, 213n, 221
and animal rights movement, 223
Balcomb’s surveys of, 4, 16, 60, 101, 210–11, 217–19, 220, 223, 229, 257, 308–9, 347
Blackfish documentary about, 352
echolocation by, 212
“endangered” designation of, 312, 350
as entertainers, 212, 214–17
hunting by, 69, 213
J Pod, 210–11, 218, 221, 230, 309, 353–54
K and L Pods, 210, 218
as killer whales, 213, 221
matrilineal society of, 220
media stories about, 214
migration of, 210, 269
panicked by Navy sonar (2003), 309–11
populations of, 212, 213, 218, 311–12, 350, 354
protection of, 312, 350
research without interference, 227
social complexity of, 220
Southern Resident Community of, 210–12, 213–14, 216, 218, 220, 308–12
surveys funded by Fisheries, 217–19, 353, 354
as toothed whales, 27
toxin concentrations in, 311–12
vocalizations of, 212, 227
and whale-watching trips, 220
wild captures of, 212, 214–17, 218, 237, 288, 311
O’Regan, Fred, 306, 315
Outer Banks, whales stranded in (2005), 308
owls:
acute night vision of, 224
spotted, 117
Paar, Jack, 207
Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E), 85–86, 290
Pacific Northwest:
as home to orca pods, 210–12, 213–14, 218, 308–11
marine mammals panicked by Navy exercises in (2003), 308–11, 313
orcas captured in, 212, 214–17, 218, 237, 288, 311
orca surveys in, 4, 16, 60, 101, 210–12, 217–20, 229, 257, 308–9, 347
spotted owl defense in, 117
whale research in, 4, 16, 211
Parsons, Chris, 114, 336
Patriot Act, 285
Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, 333, 340
Payne, Katy, 225, 374n17
Payne, Roger, 96, 174, 224–26, 367n10, 374n17
PCBs, 312
Peale’s Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis), 341
Pebble Mine, Alaska, 349–50
Pelagos Cetacean Research Institute, 71–72
Pentagon Papers, 371n6
Persian Gulf:
dolphins clearing mines in, 242
Navy action in, 114, 139, 271, 286
war games in preparation for, 275
and War on Terror, 285–86
PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), 286
pigeons:
Navy work with, 16
in warfare, 200, 376n3
Pigmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps), 113
Piked or Lesser Rorqual (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), 68
pilot whales:
(Globiocephalus melas), 244
Navy work with, 16
social bonds of, 69
pinnipeds, 16
Pirie, Robert Jr., 137–38, 140, 149
Pittenger, Dick, 142–46
and Antisubmarine Warfare Division, 154, 156
and conference call, 142, 145, 147–49
and LFA sonar, 153
and Magellan tests, 171
and midfrequency sonar, 143, 145–46, 314
on military preparedness, 147–48
and Munk, 157–61, 171
and Supreme Court, 327
at Woods Hole, 142, 144, 145
Pliny the Elder, 212
Pliny the Younger, 1
Ponce de León, 370n5
porpoises, stranded by Navy sonar (2003), 309–11
Potter, Charlie, 108, 251–52
Powell Cay, stranded dolphin on, 20, 72
Preston, Stephen, 140
primates, brain studies of, 203–4
>
Project Ahab, 227
Project Arion, 234–35
Project Artemis, 153
Project Artichoke, 207
Project Caesar, 49
Project Jezebel, 49
Project Pigeon, 376n3
Proni, John, 263
Providence Channel, 132, 139–40, 265, 268, 275–76
Pygmy Right Whale (Neobalaena marginata), 24
Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps), 113
radar, 365n1
Redford, Robert, 349
Regina Maris, 60–62, 219, 220
Reville, Roger, 371n10, 372n13
Reynolds, Bill, 119
Reynolds, Joel, 83–88, 178–81
and Acoustic Thermometry, 165, 166, 167
and advocacy law, 84, 335, 344, 347, 349–50
and Bahamas stranding, 97–99, 151, 183, 268, 283, 285–90
and Balcomb, 352–55
and Center for Law in the Public Interest, 84, 335
and Diablo Canyon, 84–87, 181
early years of, 118–20
and Exxon seismic surveys, 375n4
and Fisheries, 165
and gray whales, 89–91, 95, 97
and Greek strandings, 178
lawsuit filed against Fisheries and Navy (2002), 292, 303, 308
and letter to Navy Secretary (2000), 98, 113, 114–16
and Magellan II, 169, 170–75
and media stories, 150–51, 283, 285, 287, 331, 334, 343–44
and midfrequency sonar case (2006), 313–16, 319–22, 327–28
and Mitsubishi, 93–97
and Navy, 115–16, 117–18, 121–25, 152, 165, 167, 174–75, 285–90, 303–6, 313–16, 324, 335, 346
and NRDC, see NRDC
and NRDC v. Winter (2007), 327, 328, 330–34, 336–37, 339–40, 342–45
preparation for lawsuits, 287–93, 295–97, 329
and press conference, 222, 248–50
saving the planet, 95, 119, 182
seeing blue, 117–18
and settlement negotiations (2002), 303–6; (2007), 324; (2008), 345–46
and sonar hearing (2002), 297–306
and Stringfellow Acid Pits (1980s), 330
and Supreme Court, 329–30
Reynolds, Linda, 181
Reynolds, Mary Lee, 118, 119
Reynolds, Sam, 336
Reynolds, Susan, 181–82, 335
Rice, Dale, 40, 41, 42
Richmond whaling station, 41–42
Richter scale, 171
Ridgway, Sam Houston, 178
and bionic drones, 240, 242
and dolphins in captivity, 234–35, 236, 240, 264
and Handbook of Marine Mammals, 123
and Navy-Fisheries strategy meeting, 264, 266
and Navy’s Marine Mammal Training Program, 123, 235, 311
and orcas in captivity, 237
and “safety threshold” for hearing loss, 264, 266
and settlement meeting, 123
and Shoup maneuvers, 311
right whales, 76–77
as endangered species, 77, 344
migration of, 344
RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific Exercise), 381n1, 382n2
Ripley, S. Dillon, 250
War of the Whales: A True Story Page 48