Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus), 256
Roberts, John, 332, 338, 342, 343, 345, 347
Rockefeller, Nelson A., 120
Rocky Point, whale beached at, 9–11
Roosevelt, Theodore, 342, 347
Rose, Naomi, 219, 336
and Bahamas strandings, 151
and Humane Society, 114, 121, 315
and letter to Navy Secretary, 114
and LFA sonar, 289, 297
and midfrequency sonar, 315
and NRDC protest, 114, 121
and press conference, 222, 248, 250
and ship shock test, 121
Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 154
Rothenberg, David, 398
Roughead, Gary, 323, 324
Rowles, Teri, 73–75, 77, 106, 267, 268
Royal Island, minke whales stranded near, 13
Royal Navy:
dolphins stranded by sonar exercises of (2008), 351
dolphins used by, 286
sonar study issued by, 305
whales stranded by sonar exercises of (2006), 308
Rumsfeld, Donald, 286, 319
Russia, whaling fleet of, 227
Sabey, Andrew, 287, 293, 295–96, 298, 299
salmon:
Chinook, 350, 354
wild, 349
San Diego:
Navy home port in, 117, 123
SeaWorld in, 121
Sandy Point, whale beached at (2000), 11–13
Sanes, David, 138–39
San Juan Island, see Pacific Northwest
Save the Whales, 93, 223
and humpback songs, 96, 224–26
and Navy researchers, 202, 209, 224
as never-ending quest, 344–45, 347
and ship shock test, 116, 121
saving the planet, 95, 119, 182, 347
Scalia, Antonin, 332, 338, 339
Scammon, Charles Melville, 91–92, 213
Scherr, Jacob, 93
and Mitsubishi, 94, 95–97
Schevill, William, 53–54, 201–2, 212, 234, 264
Science, 162, 225
Scientific American, 224
Scott, George C., 239
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 17
and Acoustic Thermometry, 164, 165, 166, 167–68, 175–76, 373n14
and Munk, 154–55, 157
and NRDC, 168–69
and nuclear nonproliferation project, 167
Sealab, Project Arion, 234–35
sea lions:
Navy collection of, 242
Navy threats to, 116
on recovery missions, 237
seals:
hunted in Canada, 96
Navy threats to, 116
Navy work with, 16
Sea Technology, 171, 173
Seattle Aquarium, 214–15
SeaWorld marine parks, 121, 215–17, 223
Secretary of the Navy:
as arbiter among Navy branches, 136–37
and Bahamas strandings, 136, 141–42, 267
conference call of, 142, 145, 146–49, 152–53
and Fleet Command, 136, 137
media statements by, 136
and midfrequency sonar lawsuit, 318, 324, 327, 345
NRDC inquiry about LFA sonar to (1995), 172–73
NRDC letter about Bahamas strandings to (2000), 98, 113, 114–16
public and political fallout handled by, 136–37, 141, 267
and settlement mediation, 305
temporary shutdown ordered by, 150, 152
and White House strategy meeting, 326
sei whales:
communications of, 54
killed by whalers, 375n1
September 11 attacks, 272, 285, 291
Shamu (orca), 215, 223
sharks:
cookie-cutter, 7
lemon, 11
and stranded whales, 11
tiger, 11
whale defenses against, 31
whales attacked by, 7
Sharpton, Al, 139
Shearman & Sterling, 122
shrews, echolocation by, 27
shrimp, snapping, 54
Sidenstecker, Maris, 116–17
Sikorsky Seahawks, 57
60 Minutes, 229, 231, 244–46, 270
The Six Million Dollar Man (movie), 240
Skinner, B. F., 376n3
Smith, Greg, 130, 131
Smithsonian Institution, 250–54
and investigative team for Bahamas strandings, 74
mammal specimens collected by, 251–52
US Army contract of, 42, 364–65n2
Smits, Jimmy, 139
Society for Marine Mammalogy, 77, 178, 220, 252
SOFAR channel, 49
Solomon Islands, black market in dolphins, 22
sonar:
acoustic cueing, 143
acoustic modeling, 265, 274, 299
and Acoustic Thermometry, 164–69, 171–72, 175–76
and acoustic warfare, 145–46
active systems, 46–47, 143–46, 148, 153–54, 177, 277
audio evidence of, 310
and biological investigations, 268
coining of term, 365n1
documentation of threats to whales, 255, 270, 289–90, 293, 299, 314
and echolocation, 46
effects on human divers, 177
environmental laws breached by, 172
force field of sound produced by, 299
and Heard Island, 158–64, 372n13
international campaign against, 306
legal limits on, 296, 299, 302–3, 306
LFA program of, see Low Frequency Active (LFA) sonar program
and Magellan I and II, 169, 170–75
and marine mammal strandings (2003), 309–11
midfrequency active sonar, 143, 273, 284, 290, 310, 313–16; see also midfrequency sonar lawsuit
Navy investments in, 288
Navy’s court record in cases of, 327
and Navy’s “need to operate,” 305–6, 323–24
passive, 47, 276–77
public awareness of threats from, 308
and regulation process, 145–46, 289
and settlement mediation, 303–6
sonobuoys, 52, 107, 131, 141, 150, 276
sound levels increased in warm water, 265, 274, 277–78, 290
technical problems in, 300
testing of, 113, 116, 131, 140, 168, 269, 272, 273
transmission frequency 250 hertz, 170
whale sensitivity to, 142, 162, 163, 165–66, 176, 178, 255, 270–71, 273, 283–85, 287, 288–89, 293, 299, 302, 331, 350–51, 372n13
and whale strandings, see also specific sites
Songs of the Humpback Whale, 225–26
SOSUS, see US Navy
Sounding the Depths: The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean Noise on Marine Life (NRDC), 179–80
Souter, David, 332, 338
Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, 22, 72–73, 74, 122, 147
Southern California:
alternative arrangements for Navy in, 326
Exxon seismic surveys off coast of, 375n4
Marineland of the Pacific, 202
marine sanctuaries in, 116, 124, 321
offshore Navy training exercises, 321–25, 342, 352n
underwater Navy testing, 116–18, 122, 123–24
Southern Right-Whale Dolphin (Lissodelphis peronii), 283
South Pacific, nuclear bomb tests in, 155, 227
Soviet Union:
and Cold War, see Cold War
collapse of, 147, 242
and Cuban Missile Crisis, 50
dolphin research in, 235
marine mammals trained by, 379n5
Sputnik launched by, 205
submarines of, 46–47, 50–52, 143, 153–54
Sowerby’s Whale (Mesoplodon bidens), 136
Spain, whales stranded off coast of, (2006), 308
Spallanzani, Lazzaro,
199
sperm whales:
(Physeter catodon), 100
brain weight of, 204
deep-diving, 28
ear anatomy of, 104–5
killed by whalers, 227, 344
migration of, 344
Navy threats to, 116
sonar sensitivity of, 372n13
stranded on Nantucket, 102–3
as toothed whales, 27
whale oil of, 226
Splash (movie), 20
Spong, Paul, 227–28
spotted owl defense, 117
Sputnik, 205
squid:
evolution of, 27
as food source for whales, 27–28
Stalin, Joseph, 46
Stevens, John Paul, 333, 342
Stevenson, Adlai E., 118
Stewart, Brent, 121, 124
Stewart, Jimmy, 95
Stone, Frank, 75–77, 122, 130, 131, 149, 174
Stone, Harlan F., 334
Strait of Hormuz, Navy action in, 114, 139
Stringfellow Acid Pits case (1980s), 330
submarines, 45–55
acoustic signatures of, 51–52
and active sonar, 46–47
antisubmarine exercises, 130–31, 275, 288
antisubmarine warfare, 17, 57, 143–44, 148, 154, 156, 160, 161, 174, 199
and climate change, 160
and Cold War, 17, 46–47, 52, 143, 153–54, 267, 364n5
dive depths of, 28
“hunter-killer” attack subs, 51–52
and nuclear missiles, 47, 49, 51
and passive sonar, 47
quiet attack subs, 148, 153–54
rogue, threat of, 148
in “Silent Service,” 55
snorkeling, 46
Soviet, 46–47, 50–52, 143, 153–54
sperm whale oil used in, 226
torpedo strikes, threat of, 148
US Navy, 45–55, 275–76
weaponry of, xvii-xviii, 47, 52, 57
worldwide navies, 148
supertankers, 179
Supreme Court, US:
amicus briefs submitted to, 331, 332–33
appeals to, 315, 327–28
conservative justices on, 330
decision of, 342–43
dissent in, 343
environmental cases decided by, 382n1
high drama of, 337
Korematsu v. United States, 334
legal precedent set in, 331, 343
and media stories, 331
and national security, 334
and Navy sonar case, 327–28
and negotiated settlement, 345–47
NRDC v. Winter, 328, 330–34, 336–40, 342–45
oral arguments before, 332, 336–40
political rulings of, 345
and solicitor general, 328, 337–38
and Stringfellow Acid Pits case (1980s), 330
Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik, 370n4
Tanzania, attack on US embassy in, 271
tectonic plates, shifting of, 69
Telemundo, Mexico, 97
Texaco, 83
Thomas, Clarence, 332, 339
Three Mile Island, 85, 290
tiger sharks, 11, 64
Tilloo Cay, Navy destroyer at, 32–33
Titanic, 46
The Tonight Show, 226
toothed whales:
echolocation of, 46
evolution of, 27
strandings of, 68
Tors, Ivan, 207
Totenberg, Nina, 337, 340
Trident missile submarine base, 242
Truman, Harry S., 17
Tuffy (dolphin), 236
Tunney, John, 118
turtles, 222
Twiss, John, 162–63, 218
Tyack, Peter, 372n13, 374n17
and Acoustic Thermometry, 173
and LFA sonar, 175, 176, 288, 289, 297, 300, 374n17
and Magellan II, 173–74
and ONR, 175, 312
and whale tagging, 312–13
UC Santa Cruz, 15–16, 114, 133, 202, 240, 257
UN World Heritage Commission, 96
US Air Force:
dumping toxic waste, 330
man-in-space program, 234
US Army, Smithsonian contract with, 42, 364–65n2
US Coast Guard, 309
US Endangered Species Act (1973), 92, 172
US Energy Department, 157
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 41–42
US General Accounting Office, 171
US Navy:
and accountability, 125, 132, 134, 315, 343, 346
and Acoustic Thermometry, 164–69, 171–72, 173, 175, 373n14
Antisubmarine Warfare Division, 154, 156, 174
astronauts trained by, 234
and AUTEC, 19, 58, 107, 110, 140, 262–63
AWACS, 43–44
Balcomb’s service in, 33, 43–44, 45, 50–55, 131–32, 230
budget of, 74, 76, 147, 160, 164, 242
and Cole bombing, 271
combat readiness in, 136, 138, 147–48
competing branches in, 136–38
and Congress, 74, 75, 76, 147, 160, 235, 307, 315, 320
and Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 325–26
Criminal Investigative Service, 172–73
Deep Ops recovery, 236–38
destroyer at Tilloo Cay, 32–33
destroyer in Great Bahama Canyon, 33, 56–57, 58–59, 107, 132
dolphin work of, 16, 232–43, 286
and echolocation research, 199–200, 202
and environmental laws, 75–77, 114, 116, 122, 124, 125, 138, 140, 172, 249, 289, 302–3, 307, 316, 320–22, 326, 327, 331, 333, 343, 346
Environmental Readiness Office, 122, 138, 174, 317–18, 325
espionage within, 154, 242
evidence denied by, 253–54, 262–63, 284, 289, 309–10, 311
exemptions to legislation for, 307, 315, 319–20, 322, 347
explosives testing by, 351–52
flag officers of, 75
Fleet Command, 131, 136, 137, 140, 174
fleet exercises, 76
Fleet Sonar School, 44, 45
as giant deployment machine, 323–24
interim report released by (2001), 272–73, 283–85, 289–90, 300, 304
investigations funded by, 134
investigations obstructed by, 73, 98, 273, 304–5, 314
Keyhole spy satellites, 274–75
lawsuits against, 115–17, 121–25, 176, 242, 285; see also Low Frequency Active sonar; midfrequency sonar case
“letter of cooperation” issued by, 267–68
Littoral Warfare Advanced Development, 98, 147
LSD research of, 207
and Magellan II, 169, 170–75
marine mammals “harassed or harmed” by, 116, 162, 320, 321, 322, 331, 338, 351, 372–73n13
and marine mammal strandings, 111–12, 130–32, 136–37, 153, 175–76, 182–83, 223, 230–31, 253–55, 283–85, 308, 309–11, 351
marine mammal training and research, 16–17, 123, 138, 209, 232–43, 235, 284, 286, 311
and MARMAM postings, 72–73, 253
merit system of, 43
and midfrequency sonar lawsuit, 317–18, 321–28, 330–31, 337–40, 342–43
mine-detection training, 236
mine-warfare range, 350
and national defense, 146, 172–73, 202, 242, 249, 286, 323
and national security, 117, 148, 174, 284, 288, 289, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305–6, 307, 318, 319–20, 323–24, 326, 331, 334
and NATO, 138
Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS), 233
nighttime exercises conducted by, 59
NRDC v. Winter, 328, 330–31, 337–40, 342–43, 345
Office of Environmental Readiness (N-45), 75–77, 130, 136, 318, 323, 324
ONR, see Office of Naval Research
Pacific Fleet, 117, 319–21, 323, 381n1
pilot rescue
systems of, 16, 49
political clout in, 74, 266, 285–86, 315, 345
and press conference (2000), 229, 252
public opposition to actions of, 116–17, 138–39, 149, 175–77, 183, 285, 286, 327, 352
and public relations, 116, 125, 146, 149, 230–31, 267–68, 273, 284, 327, 331
research programs funded by, 178–79, 198, 201, 266, 284, 312, 346, 350, 374n1
restraining orders/injunctions against, 303, 320–21, 322–23, 326–27, 342
retired admirals in, 145
and RIMPAC, 381n1
safety measures of, 346
SEALs, 238–39
secrecy in, 33, 45, 50, 55, 111, 134, 160, 170, 172–73, 176, 230, 235, 253, 266–67, 308, 314, 318, 346, 366–67n9
Secretary of, see Secretary of the Navy
and separation of powers, 326–27
and settlement negotiations, 303–6, 324, 345–46
“ship shock” program of, 116–18, 121–25, 152, 165, 167, 171, 173, 174, 288, 315, 335
and sonar, see sonar
SOSUS (Sound Surveillance System), 44, 45, 47, 49–55, 143, 145, 153–54, 159, 173–74, 263, 366n5, 373n15
“stovepiping” in, 137–38
submarines of, see submarines
and toxic waste dumping, 125, 138–39, 265
training exercises (map), 322
Undersea Warfare Training Ranges, 351–52
underwater biological sounds catalogued by, 53–55
underwater testing by, 15, 113–14, 116–18, 122, 152–53, 350, 351
unlimited access to oceans demanded by, 287, 289, 300, 304–6, 351–52
unusual mortality events (UMEs) of, 18, 71, 73
victory vs. surrender in, 327
vulnerability to attack, 271
war games of, 57, 98, 139, 148–49, 265, 268, 270–71, 274–80, 285, 368–69n1
and White House strategy meeting, 325–27
women in, 366n5
USS Buckley, 48
USS Caro, 275
USS Caron, 57, 59, 66, 249
USS Cole, 271, 272, 275, 276
USS Donald Cook, 271, 275, 276
USS George Washington, 49–50, 139, 271, 274–75
USS Hawes, 271, 275, 277
USS John Paul Jones, 116, 125
USS Saluda, 47, 48, 49
USS Shoup, 309–10, 311, 353
USS Simpson, 275
Vancouver Aquarium, 212, 214, 227
Vieques, Puerto Rico:
Navy waste dumped in, 138–39, 140
out of bounds for Navy exercises, 265, 322–23
public protests in, 139, 150
Vieques Fishermen’s Association, 138
Vietnam, Navy dolphins in, 238–39
Vietnam War, antiwar movement, 42
Voyager I, 226
Walker, John Jr., 154, 242, 369n2
Wall Street Journal, 382–83n3
Walsh, Mary, 245
War Manpower Commission, 203
war on terror, 271, 272, 285–86, 287, 288, 291
Washington, George, 342
Washington Post, 273, 283, 287, 331
Water Cay, beached whale on, 59, 64–65
War of the Whales: A True Story Page 49