If Rome Hadn't Fallen
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Orsini dynasty (Rome), 101
Osbert, king of Northumbria, 109
Oslo, 106
Ossetians, 145
Ostrava Gap, 60
Ostrogoths (East Goths), 25, 73, 102
Orthodox Church, theology of, 35
Otho, Emperor, 9
Ottoman Sultanate, 47, 65
Oxus, River, 153, 155
Pacific Ocean, 118
paganism, 37
Palestine, 143, 146–7, 151–4
Palladius, missionary to Irish, 89
Palmyra, 23, 56, 69
Pamphili dynasty (Rome), 101
Panama Isthmus, 118
Pannonia, 4
Papacy, 31–2, 36, 89, 92, 97–101, 122–3, 126–7, 130–1, 147
Papinian(us), Praetorian Praefect, 15, 18, 57
Parthia/Parthians, 3, 11, 15, 18–19, 65–6, 143, 147
Patriarchs of Alexandria, violent intolerance by, 121
Patrick, St., 89, 93
Paul, St., 120, 122, 127
Paulinus of Nola, St., 37, 102
Pavia, 92
Pechenegs, 152
Pelagianism, 98–9
Pelagius, ‘heresiarch’, 98–9, 129
Pelagius II, Pope, 92
Pembrokeshire, 88
Perennis, minister of Commodus, 8, 38
Pergamum, 133
Persia, xi, xiii, xv, 18–19, 21–3, 28–30, 34, 35, 40–1, 53, 55, 60, 62, 65–6, 69, 77, 101, 123, 138–48, 151, 153–5
Persian Gulf, 19
Pertinax, Emperor, 10–11, 13, 20–1, 67–8
Peter, St., 93, 122
Peter ‘the Great’, 37
Petronius Maximus, Emperor, 28, 32–3, 71
Phaedra, 64
Philip ‘the Arab’, Emperor, 17, 55, 57, 65
Philip II (Spain), 132
Philip V (Macedon), xi
Phocas, Emperor, 140–2
Picts, 84, 91, 93, 96, 100, 104, 109
Pilgrim Fathers, 111
Pilgrimages, 37
Piso (heir of Galba), 9
Pizarro, Francisco, 114
Plague, outbreaks of, 21–3, 34, 60, 88, 93, 119, 137–8
Plato, 123
Plautianus, Praetorian Praefect, 11–13
Plethon, George, 124
Po, River, 76, 92
Poland, 44, 124–5
Pompeianus, Tiberius, 10
Pompey (Cnaeus Pompeius), xii, 61, 145
Pontus, 115
Portchester fortress, 84
Postumus, Emperor 22, 56, 69
Powys, 82
Praetorian Guard, 8–10, 15–17, 19–20, 64–5, 67–8
Praetorian Praefects, 38
Prasutagas, 59
Predestination, doctrine of, 98
princeps, title of, 64
Priscillianists, C4th heretics, 129
Priscus, ambassador to Attila, 46
Priscus, Eastern aristocrat (AD 602), 142
Probus, Emperor, 23, 38, 51, 62
Procopius, rebel AD 365, 53
Procopius, historian 77, 101, 119–20, 137
Proculus (fl. AD 394), 39
Prosper, historian, 31
Protestantism, 132
Przeworsk culture, 44
Psellus, Michael/Constantine, 124
Pulcheria, Empress, 99
Pupienus, Emperor, 16–17
Qadisiyya, battle of, 144
Quadratus (fl. AD 182), 10
Quebec, 117
Quetzalcoatl, 113
Radagaisus (Goth), 31
Ravenna, 31, 36–7, 43, 47, 71, 81, 92, 100, 122, 146
Reading, 105
Red Sea, 148
Regni tribe, 85
Renaissance, the, 133; Twelfth-Century, 123, 129
Rhine, River, 4–8, 11, 18–20, 22–3, 25, 31, 41, 45–6, 50, 56–60, 69, 73–4, 76, 82, 86–7, 89–90, 97, 102–3, 136
Richomer, 53
Ricimer, 46, 48, 71, 74–5
Rio Grande, River, 118
‘Roma Aeterna’, 33
Roman Empire, xiii; Eastern, xiv, 25, 31–4, 37–40, 43–4, 46–7, 50, 52–3, 65, 69, 71–7, 99, 106–7, 114, 123–4, 128, 137–45, 147, 150–4; Western, xiv, 25, 27, 31–2, 37, 39–40, 43, 46–8, 50–3, 65, 69, 71–2, 74–7, 81–2, 87, 89, 92–3, 121, 124, 128–9, 135–6, 138–9, 142, 145, 147, 152–4; potential future of Western Empire, 97–107, 109, 111
Roman Republic, xi– xii, 4, 60–2, 66, 118
‘Romanization’, 7, 11, 60
Romanus IV, Emperor, 152
Romaioi, 47
Rome, city/ polity of, xiv, 3, 5, 7–8, 19–20, 27, 32, 35, 37, 45, 47, 59, 61–3, 66, 68–9, 74, 86, 92, 98, 100–1, 113, 115–16, 133, 146; sack of (AD 410), 27, 31, 47, 49 ; sack of (AD 455), 28, 32–3, 48, 71; Circus Maximus at 121; ‘Domus Aurea’ at, 63;
Forum of, 63; Palatine Hill, 63; Senate House, 98; Temple of Castor, 63
Romulus, ‘founder’ of Rome, 113
Romulus ‘Augustulus’, Emperor, 29, 46
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, 132
Rufinus, minister of Theodosius I, 38–9, 49, 52
Rumelia, 47
Russia, 37, 106, 111, 114, 125, 151–2
Ruthenia, 8
St. Lawrence River, 117–18
St. Petersburg, 16
St. Severinus, 33
Sacred Palace, the (Imperial), 35, 62, 128, 140
Sallustius, Seius (fl. AD 228), 20
Samnites, x–xi
Saoterus, chamberlain of Commodus, 8, 67
Sardica (Sofia), Church Council of, 128
Sarmatians, 30, 34, 60
Sassanids (Persia), 10, 20, 22, 34–5, 43, 56, 62, 65–6, 76–7, 151, 154
Saturninus (rebel AD 88), 7
Saxo Grammaticus, 91, 97
‘Saxon Shore’ fortresses, 84, 86, 91
Saxons, 82, 84, 86–7, 89–91, 104, 123
Scandinavia, 104, 111, 132
Scania, 91
Schleswig, 90
Scipio Africanus, 74
Scots, Scotland, 84, 93, 95, 115, 135
Scilly Isles, as ‘gulag’, 129
Scribonianus, rebel (AD 42), 68
Scylding dynasty (Denmark), 91
Sebastian, general, 53
Sebeos, Armenian historian, 144
Sejanus, 3, 12, 13, 38, 66
Selim I, Ottoman Sultan, 65
Senate, 12, 17, 20, 33, 61, 63–4, 68, 93, 98, 100–1
Serapio (Alemanni), 45
Serapion, Egyptian god, 45
Sergius, Pope, 100
Seven Wonders of the World, 22
Severan dynasty, 11–17, 56
Severin, Tim, 112
Severus, Septimius, Emperor, 10–19, 57, 63, 67, 85, 96, 147
Shahbaraz, Persian general, 144–5
Shahin, Persian general, 143
Shapur (I), ‘Great King’ (Persia), 22, 56, 69
Shetland Isles, 109
Shrines, pagan, 120
Siberia, 126
Sicily, 150
Sidonius Apollinaris, 27
Silvanus, rebel (AD 355), 68
Singidunum, 139
Sirmium, 139
Skaggerak, 92
‘Skraelings’ (Native Americans), 110
Slaves, open gates of Rome to Goths, 33;
and question of colour; 116
Slavs, 25, 76, 103, 114, 119, 139, 141, 145–6
Slovakia, 44
Soissons, 27, 75, 86
Sol Invictus, the sun-god, 35
Sophia, Empress, 140–1
Spain, 25–6, 31, 36, 47–8, 50–2, 56, 71–2, 74–5, 114, 118, 123, 129, 136–7, 149
Spanish America, 118
Sparta, 31, 124
Spoleto, 92
Stalin, Josef 35, 123
Stilicho, xiv, 31–4, 39, 49–50, 52, 71, 73, 103, 121, 138
Strathclyde, 96
Suevi, 31, 72, 102
Suez, Isthmus of, 147
Sulla, 12, 61, 68
Sussex,
85
Sweden, 91
Syagrius, 75, 86
Syracuse, 118
Syria, 3, 10, 16–17, 19–20, 22–3, 26, 29, 31, 35, 40, 42, 56, 77, 129, 142–8, 150–2
Syrian Desert, 148
Tacitus, 44
Taleban, 121
Tara/Temhair, 94
Tarsus, 33
Tatars, 154
Tatianus, Praetorian Praefect, 39
Tatrids, 8
Tbilisi, 144
Tenochtitlan, 113
Teotihuacan, 113
Teutoburg Forest, battle of the, 57
Teutones, 5, 154
Theiss, River, 58
Themistius, 26
Theodora, Empress, 36, 73, 121–2, 129, 140
Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, 33
Theodoric the Amal (East/Ostrogoth), 26, 33, 36, 73, 101, 103
Theodoric ‘Strabo’ (East/Ostrogoth), 26
Theodoric II (West/Visigoth), 27
Theodosiopolis, 142
Theodosius ‘the Great’, Emperor xiv, 37–9, 41, 43, 49, 52, 70–2, 81, 98, 100, 103, 114, 119, 121, 128, 130, 136, 138
Theodosius II, Emperor, 35, 39, 50, 99, 128, 138
Theodosius, Count (father of Emperor
Theo. ‘the Great’), 41, 94, 110
Theodosius, son of Maurice, 141–2
Theodosius, pretender (AD 602), 141–2
Theophilus, Emperor, 99, 151
Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria, 121–22
Thermopylae, 137
Theseus, 64
Thessalonica, 120
Thrace, 18, 20, 25, 30, 49, 55, 136–7, 139–40, 149
Tiberius, Emperor, 3, 12–13, 38, 58, 64, 66
Tiberius II, Emperor, 76, 139–41
Tiberius Gemellus, 64
Tigellinus, Praetorian Praefect, 13, 38
Tigris, River 40, 144
Timesetheus, Praetorian Praefect, 17, 21
Tintagel, 87
Titus, Emperor, 13
Totila (Goth), 76
Toulouse, 27, 103
Tournai, 46
Tours, 27, 33, 37, 102, 129
Trajan, Emperor, xiv, 9, 19, 58–9, 145, 147,
Trajan, epithet of Decius, 17
Transrhenus, potential province of, 58–9
Trebizond, 153
Trier, 41, 63, 68
Tripolitania, 11, 148–9
Triumvirate, the Second, 4
Trondjheim, 106
Trojans, 113
Troy, 113
Tula (Tollan), Mexico, 113, 115
Tunisia, 74, 148
Turkey, 40
Turkistan, 126
Turks, 125, 138, 152
Ui Cennselaig dynasty (Munster), 95
Ui Dunlainge dynasty (Munster), 95
Ui Niall dynasty (Ireland), 94, 96
Ukraine, 46, 125, 137, 152
Ulfilas, Bishop, 36, 89
Ulpianus, Praetorian Praefect, 16, 20
Ulster, 95–6
Umbria, 92
United States, 115–16
Urach, 45
Ural Mountains, 126
Valens, Emperor, xiv, 29–31, 35, 37, 40–1, 43, 52–3, 65, 70, 128, 132, 149
Valens, Bishop of Mursa, 35
Valentinian I, Emperor, xiv, 38, 41, 52, 65, 70, 94
Valentinian II, Emperor, 41, 44
Valentinian III, Emperor, 28, 32, 39, 48, 71, 75, 136
Valerian(us), Emperor, 18, 22, 37, 56, 60
Vandals, 27–8, 32–3, 36, 44, 48–51, 71, 73, 75, 102
Varangian Guard, 106
Varus, Publius Quinctilius, xiv, 3–6, 59
Venice, government of, 61
Venus, 113
Vercingetorix, 6
Vespasian, Emperor, 5, 13, 16, 21, 60
Vestal Virgins, 19
‘vicars’, office of, 41
Vigilantia, sister of Justinian, 140
Vikings, 119, 123, 129, versus Rome, 104–7; in America, 109–12; American wars with Rome 115–18
Vinland, 110
Visigoths, see Goths
Vistula River, 104
Vitalian, Eastern general, 73, 129
Vitellius, Emperor, 5, 7, 58–9
Volga, River, 126, 154
Volga Bulgars, 125
Vortigern, king of Britain, 82, 94
Vortipor, king of Dyfed, 88
Wales, 82
Wallachia, 44, 60, 77, 126, 138
Wallia (Goth), 103
Wareham, 105
Welsh royal genealogies, 88
Wessex, kindom of, 105
Whitby, Synod of, 93
Wijter, 45
Wilfred, St., 93
Xerxes, ‘Great King’ (Persia), 56
Yarmuk, battle of the, 146–7
Yazdagerd III (Persia), 144–5
Yemen, 147
York, 85, 105
Yorkshire, 81
Yucatan, 115
Zagros Mountains, 146, 151
Zebergan, Utrigur Khan, 137
Zeno, Emperor, 26, 47
Zenobia, ruler of Palmyra, 56, 69
Zosimus, historian, 31, 39