Douglass opinion, 240
Articles of Confederation, 64–66
Article IV, slavery concern, 65–66
debate, 65
drafting, 64–65
tone/content/purpose, struggle, 55–56
writing/signing, black presence, 48
Asians, organizing/breakthroughs, 299–300
Assassinations Records Review Board, 281
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL), 248
Assumption Act, 88
Atlanta Compromise, 223, 241
Atlanta Constitution, 222
Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition, Washington speech, 223–224, 241
Attucks, Christopher “Crispus,” 49–50
Atwater, Lee, 311–312
Avenging the Ancestors Coalition (ATAC), 100–102
Coard response, 101–102
Ayers, Bill, 447
Ayler, Albert, 338
Bacchus (slave), escape, 54
Bachman, Michelle, 453
tea party defense, 466–467
Backstrom, Fred, 284
Bai, Matt, 450–451
Baker, Bernard (Watergate burglar), 313
Baker, David, 344
Baker, Frazier B. (murder), 246
Bakke decision. See Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Ballad of Blind Tom, The (O’Connell), 159–160
Banna Ka (slave), 120
Banneker, Benjamin, 112, 119–123
Almanac, illustration, 124
death, 124
Ellicott, relationship, 120–121, 124
fame, growth, 124
letter/criticism, 123
Banneker, Mary/Robert, 120
Baraka, Amiri, 338, 396
Barbour, Haley, 459
Barnett, Ferdinand L., 246
Barnett, Ross (Kennedy deal), 283
Barrett, Harrison, 359
Basie, Count, 342, 384
Bassett Jr., Burnwell, 45
Battle of Manassas, The (Wiggins), 165
Battle of Wilson’s Creek, 176
Baumfree, Isabella, 209
Beall, William, 117
Beck, Glenn, 380
fear/paranoia, spread, 454
power/influence, 474–475
Beeman, Richard, 69–70
Begin, Menachem, 265
Behind the Scenes or Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (Keckly), 171, 178–179
condemnation/criticism, 179
Belafonte, Harry (youth march organization), 276–277
Belcher, Cornell, 441–442
Bell, Daniel, 136
Bell, John, 166–167
Ben (White House black carpenter), 104, 108
Benezet, Anthony
black children instruction, 92
slavery institution criticism, 92–93
Bennett Jr., Lerone, 27, 96, 181, 197
Lincoln examination, 212
speculations, 208–209
Benson, Romona Riscoe, 100
Bernstein, Carl, 313
Berry, Mary Francis, 359
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (1794), establishment, 96
Bethune, James, 159–160
Corner Store, 161–162
Bethune, Mary McCleod, 268
Biden, Joe, 463
bin Laden, Osama (capture/assassination failure), 430
Birch, James, 105
Birchtown, free black community, 80
birther movement (birthers), 380
Obama references, 453
Birth of Nation
movie still, 251
Wilson viewing, 250–251
“Black, Brown, and Beige” (Ellington), 334
Black Agents of the Secret Service (BASS)
class action lawsuit, 292–293
ruling, dismissal, 295
Writ of Mandamus (2004), 292–294
black Americans, anger, 479–480
“Black Consciousness” (SNCC paper), 306
black Democratic/Republican candidates, 365
Black Farmers and Agriculturalists Association (BFAA), 471
Black History, Ethnic Studies (relationship), 20–21
Black House, establishment, 356–357
black liberation
theology, vernacular (usage), 444–445
women liberation, Truth linkage, 209–210
Blackmon, Douglas A., 236–237
Black Panthers (Black Panther Party for Self- Defense), 279, 304, 310, 388
Chicago branch, COINTELPRO target, 420
march, 388
police raid, 420
revolutionary doctrine, advocacy, 388
Black Patti Troubadours, 263
Black Pioneers (Liberty to Slaves motto), 80
black politics
initiative, seizing (1980), 318–319
negation, Obama leadership (relationship), 480
black power, call/desire, 279
Black Power Movement, 381–382
black presidents, popular imagination, 404–412
Black Reconstruction in America: 1660-1880 (Du Bois), 240, 416–417
blacks
activism, 85–87
activists, government repression/attacks, 280
capitalism, Nixon (impact), 313
carpenters, White house ban, 109
cause, Lincoln White House (impact), 27
civil rights extension, white reaction (aggressiveness/violence), 287
codes, enforcement, 235
colonization, Lincoln advocacy, 203–204
communities, civil rights issues, 301
concerns, Obama administration response, 376
contrabands, photograph, 177
cooks, U.S. president (relationship), 83–85
demeaning, Roosevelt (writing/speeches), 226
discredit/destruction, COINTELPRO goal, 290
emigration, 188
movements, 189
equality, movement (intensification), 304
exclusion, codification, 221
expatriation
advocacy, 184
Monroe support, 148
farmers (assistance denial), racism (impact), 469–470
farm organizations, number (increase), 470–471
freedom movement, 298–317
general strike (Du Bois), 26–27
history, future, 32–34
leaders, government repression/attacks, 280
mobilization (1960s), 279
mob violence deaths, 247
nationalist organizations, demands, 280
newspapers, development, 95
opera performers, Roosevelt support, 263
organizations, FBI destruction/neutralization attempts, 309
political channel lockout, 231
political inclusion, South (obstacle), 255–256
political leaders, White House openness, 227–228
presidential aspirations, 362–364
progress, white hostility (intensification), 351–352
race, accountability, 186
racial subjugation, 137
refugee welfare, Truth interest, 212
resistance
growth, 352
impact, 30
Roosevelt Great Depression projects, impact (absence), 255
senators/representatives (41st/42nd Congress), photograph, 242
sharecropping, impact, 236
slavery, 131
social movement, progressiveness (necessity), 478–479
South-North migration, 256, 422
troops
Confederate troop slaughter, 205
murder, 205
Tubman liberation, 212–213
voters, disenfranchisement strategies, 243–244
votes, controversy, 237–238
voting rights, Civil Rights Movement targeting, 363
white disenfranchisement, 235
women, white men sexual attacks, 416
black slave<
br />
labor, impact, 48
labor, tradition (establishment), 89–90
Washington pursuit, possibility, 85
black soldiers
enemy abuse, 206
Lincoln promotion, 206–207
pay/promotion, 205
Black Star Steamship Line, creation, 357
Blake, Eubie, 342
Blakey, Art, 343
Blind Tom. See Wiggins
Blockson, Charles L., 100
Blumrosen, Alfred/Ruth, 52, 61
Boggs, James, 308
Bolden, Abraham, 279, 297–298
accusations, 280–281
bigotry/personal pressure, intensity, 286
frame-up charge, credibility, 289–290
Jim Crow housing, 285
Kennedy appointment (1961), 280, 283–284
Kennedy encounter, 284–285
racist antics, 284
segregation, 285–286
trial, Perry (prejudicial intervention), 289
Warren Commission testimony denial, 289
White House training, 285
Bolles, John (Nancy captain), 39
Bolton, Susan, 461
Booker, Cory, 450
Book of Negroes, 80–81
Boone, Ignatius, 117
Booth, John Wilkes, 28, 197–198
Boston Massacre (1770), 49
bounty hunters, restrictions, 413
Bowen, Arthur, 125–126
Boynton v. Virginia (1960), 282–283
Bradley, Joseph, 137
Bradley, Tom (Bradley effect), 371–372
Brady, Bob, 99
Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) nations, 475
economic influence, increase, 476
Breckinridge, John C., 166
Breitbart, Andrew, 465–466
record, discredit, 472
Brent sisters, slave hiring, 117
Briggs, Cyril, 352
Brockson, Charles, 99
Brooder, Jack, 386
Brooke, Edward, 363
Nixon enemy, 310
Brown, H. Rap, 304
Brown, Jesse, 323
Brown, John
capture, 173
Harpers Ferry raid, 166
insurrection, 154
Brown, Ron, 323, 325, 369
Brown, Scott, 477–478
Brown v. Board of Education, 316
Brubeck, David, 339
Jazz Ambassador, 337
Bryan, Helen, 39, 43
Bryan, William Jennings, 228–229
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 315
Buchanan, James, 26
Blind Tom performance, 165–166
separation of powers principle violation, 162–163
slave ownership, avoidance, 145, 154
Buchanan, Pat, 47–48, 395
Bumbry, Grace, 266
Bunel, Joseph, 228
Bureau of Investigation (BOI), 361
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land (Freedmen’s Bureau), establishment, 215
Burke, Thomas, 65
Burleson, A.S., 360
Burnham, Margaret, 472
Burris, Roland, 421
Bush, George H.W.
administration
excesses, impact, 429–430
force, politics (limits), 476
tax cuts/economic collapse, 432
anti-drug war, 321–322
callousness, perception, 432
civil rights advances, 41
civil rights attacks, 320
civil rights record, 326–327
defeat, 368
discriminatory policies, impact, 322–323
jazz performances, absence, 343
McKinley criticism, 400
Public Law 108-72, 346
Rice, closeness, 327
staff, African American scarcity, 328–330
tax increases, 323
war powers measure, vote, 430–431
Bush, George W.
BASS case delay, 296
civil rights advances, 31
Bush, Jeb, 326
Butler, Isaac (free black laborer) (Free Butler), 125
Byrd, Charlie, 339
Caldwell, James, 49
Calhoun, John (states’ rights advocacy), 413–414
Cameron, James, 258
Campbell, Mary (White House rule), 83
capital
bricks, usage, 118–127
commissioners, 112
women/black/white payment records, absence, 118
construction
enslaved/free labor, usage, 110–117
labor shortage, impact, 111
task, enormity, 117
establishment, bargain, 88–89
labor commissioner resolution (1792), 114
labor policy adjustment, 114
location, 87–88
rebuilding, enslaved black people/free workers (usage), 143–144
stones
quarry movement, 118
usage, 118–127
Capitol Hill, trees (clearing), 115
Card, Andrew, 330
Carlos, John, 304
Carmichael, Stokely, 279, 304
Carr, Patrick, 49
Carroll, Daniel, 112
Carswell, G. Harrold (Supreme Court nomination failure), 309
Carter, Jimmy, 342, 453
African Americans, appointment, 314–315
jazz performances, 342–343
Price performance, 266
racial issues, 31, 314–316
white vote, minority, 312
Carter, Stephen, 318
Castro, Fidel, 291
government, Operation AmWorld, 290–291
Central American Land Company, 158
Chaney, James, 393
Charles (White House construction slave), 117
Cheatham, Henry P., 358
Cheney, Dick, 329, 379
excesses, impact, 429–430
McKinley criticism, 400
Powell, conflicts, 404
Cheney, Mary, 379
Chicago, black politics, 419–420
Chicago Art Ensemble, 338
Chiriqui, 185
plans, 187
failure, 191
Chisholm, Shirley Anita St. Hill, 365–367
Black Panther Party endorsement, 367
photograph, 366
Church Arson Task Force, 294
Churchill, Ward, 310
Cinque (Sengbe Pieh), 153
city politics, African American involvement, 421
Civil Rights Act (1866), 216
Johnson veto, 217
Civil Rights Act (1875), unconstitutionality (Supreme Court decision), 240–241
Civil Rights Act (1964), 307, 317, 427
Civil Rights Act (1968), anti-lynching law (inclusion), 257–258
civil rights march, photo, 307
Civil Rights Movement
“big six,” 287
black voting rights targeting, 363
Communist infiltration, Kennedy investigation, 302–303
militant wing, confrontational politics (marginalization), 451
victory crisis, 381–382
Civil War, 24, 169
chaos, impact, 214
Douglass support, 204–205
goal, 191–192
winning, military imperatives, 27
Claiborne, Clement, 164
Clansman, The (Dixon), 251
Clark, Cornelius, 185
Clark, Mark, 420
Clarke, Edward M. (KKK Imperial Wizard), 360
Class conflicts, number (increase), 67
Clay, Henry
ACS member, 148
eulogy, 183–184
Clay-Clopton, Virginia, 164
Cleaver, Eldridge, 381, 386–391
legal issues, 390
photograph, 387
Clemente, Rosa, 400–401
Clephane, Walter C., 105
Cleveland, Grover, 238
> blame-the-victim philosophy, 241–242
transition, 241
Clinton, Bill, 371
AFDC reform, black opposition, 324–325
black Cabinet members, appointment, 323
black opposition, 323
jazz performances, 343–344
Monica Lewinsky scandal, 344
Race Initiative, 31, 325
white vote, minority, 312
Clinton, Hillary, 344, 370, 431
campaign
priority, 435
strategy, 433–438
white working-class voter appeal, 445
Clooney, Rosemary, 344
Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, 394
Coard, Michael, 99, 100
response, 101–102
Cohen, Rose Ella, 422
Cold War, 335–347, 405
jazz, usage, 335
segregationist challenge, 233
Coleman, J. Marshall, 371–372
Coleman, Ornette, 338, 342
collective independence, passion, 51
Collins, Addie Mae (murder), 287
Colman, Lucy (Keckly relationship), 210–211
colonization, Walker’s Appeal argument, 198–199
“Colonization of People of African Descent, The” (New York Tribune), 185–186
“Colorblind” (Dickerson), 441
Colored Farmers National Alliance and Cooperative Union, 470–471
Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison (Jennings), 131
Coltrane, John, 338
Committee on Economic Security (Roosevelt administration), 256
Communication Workers of America, 394
Communist Manifesto (Marx), 137
Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (1986), 319–320
Confederate History Month, revival, 459
Confiscation Act (1861), 192
opposition, 192
Confiscation Act (1862), 192
confrontational politics, marginalization, 451
Congressional Black Caucus, 243
formation, 363
Nixon, relationship (acrimony), 310–311
Congressional Progressive Caucus, McKinley leadership, 399
Congressional representation, allocation, 68
Congress of African People, black demands, 280
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 384
bus rides, 282–283
Connecticut, slavery (importance), 55
Connell, William J., 357–358
Conover, Willis, 335
conservatism, Obama election (repudiation), 455–456
Constitution. See U.S. Constitution
Constitutional Congress, displacement, 87
Constitutional Convention, 69, 95
anti-slavery advocacy, 73
Articles amendment, 67
Madison, slaves (exclusion), 48
constructive engagement policy, Reagan policy, 317–318
Contraband Association, 177–178
Contras, Reagan/CIA relationship, 324
Convention of Colored Men, Johnson antagonism, 217
convict-leasing system, Du Bois perspective, 237
Conyers, John, 343, 344
Cook, Cheryl, 467
Cook, John F., 185
Cook, Vietta (White House chef), 83
The Black History of the White House Page 53