Cooke, Sam, 300
Coolidge, Calvin (lynching, nonintervention), 252
coon shows, performing, 263
Cooper, Jesse (free/enslaved black), 119
Cooper, Nias (free/enslaved black), 119
Coors, Adolph, 343
Copland, Aaron, 265
Corea, Chick, 343
Corner Store (Bethune), 161–162
Cortelyou, George Bruce, 227
Cosby, Bill (Nixon enemy), 310
Costigan-Wagner Anti-Lynching Bill (1935), Roosevelt support (absence), 249
Costin, John T., 185
Cotton States and International Exposition. See Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition
Coulter, Ann (pro-McCarthy writer), 410
Council for Interracial Cooperation (CIC), 248
counterintelligence (COINTELPRO), 389
anti-Communist campaign (1956-1971), 309
black discredit/destruction attempts, 290
Black Panther surveillance, 420
Crandall, Reuben, 126
Crawford, Anthony, 258
Crawford, Thomas, 127
Crew, Spencer, 99
Crime Bill (1994), 323
criminal justice, racial disparities (continuation), 449–450
Crouch, Stanley, 344, 441
Crow, James, 219. See also Jim Crow
Crowell, Ramona, 383
Crowley, James, 462–463
Cuffee, Paul, 188
Custis, Daniel Parke, 37
estate, Washington reimbursement (absence), 46
Custis, G.W. Parke, 77
Custis, Martha (Washington marriage), 36
Czolgosz, Leon, 219–220
capture, Parker assistance, 220, 222
Daley, Richard, 392
Daley Jr., Richard, 424
D’Amato, Alfonse, 158–159
Daniel (White House black carpenter), 104, 108
Daniels, Ron, 381, 396–399
NRC executive directorship, 397–398
support, 398–399
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), 263
whites-only policy, 264
Davis, Jefferson, 127, 173–174
Davis, Miles, 384
Davis, Varina, 173–174
Davy (White House construction slave), 117
“Death of an Old Seaman” (Cohen), 265
Declaration of Independence, 56–64
drafting (Second Continental Congress), 58–59
early draft, rejected Jefferson clause, 60–61
Jefferson opening, 59–60, 122
original draft, 57–58
racism, relationship, 35
slavery perspective, 63
symbolic power, 63–64
tone/content/purpose, struggle, 55–56
Virginia Declaration of Independence, contrast, 60
Whipple, signer, 44
writing/signing, black presence, 48
Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Race (UNIA), 349–350
Deep Impact, 408–409
Delany, Martin, 188, 199
Liberia emigration, 189
Lincoln lobby, 204–205
de Lerma, Dominique-René, 156–157
democracy
U.S. Constitution, impact, 68
White House symbol, 18
Democracy Now! (Goodman), 474
Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), 373
National Rainbow Coalition, rival, 373
Democratic National Convention (DNC)
controversy (1964), 385
Obama speech (2004), 428
Democratic Party
anti-black agenda, implementation, 238
black candidates, 365
Brown appointment, 325
defections, 182
McKinley (Cynthia) exit, 400
proporitional delegate distribution, 435
stress, 301
democratic postracial society, 33
democratic rebellion, race issues, 51
Department of Homeland Security, creation, 432
Department of Peace, creation (McKinley idea), 400
DePass, Rusty, 447
De Priest, Jessie Williams (Hoover tea invitiation problem), 230–231
De Priest, Oscar, 230, 421
Deshler-Morris House, 98
Dickerson, Debra, 441
Dickinson, John, 64–65
Diggs, Charles, 396
Diggs, Judson (free black man), treachery, 138–139
Dinkins, David, 371–372
direct-action politics, launch, 279
discrimination, reduction (Obama opinion), 456–457
disenfranchisement, perpetuation, 70
District of Columbia Emancipation Act (1862), 128
disunion, rise, 131
Dixon, Thomas, 251
Dobbs, Lou, 380
Doing, Joshua (free/enslaved black), 119
Dolphy, Eric, 338
domestic slaves, manumission right, 41
domestic violence, suppression, 69
Donegan, Dorothy, 344
Douglas, Stephen, 166, 173
ACS member, 148
campaign debates, 182
North Star, 188
Douglass, Fannie Howard, 262
Douglass, Frederick, 63–64, 158, 175, 178
contradictions, examination, 202
death, 241
emergence, 203–204
Johnson antagonism, 217
leadership expansion, 242
Lincoln meeting, 198, 205, 207
Lincoln understanding, complexity, 209
mellowness, 208–209
mixed-race heritage, 417
opinion, Lincoln appreciation, 208
photograph, 200, 261
Rochester Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society speech, 201–203
slavery, 199, 201
violin, dedication, 260
Wells battle, 245
White House openness, 227–228
Douglass, John Thomas, 260
Douglass, Joseph Henry, 260–262
McKinley/Taft performances, 262
photograph, 261
Douglass, Kurt, 296
dower negroes, 42
dower slaves, 37
freedom, 46
Drayton, Daniel, 137
larceny charge, 139
Pearl captain, 138
prison term, 140–141
slavery racism criticism, 140–141
Dreams from My Father (Obama), 438–439, 442–443
Dred Scott. See Scott
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 26
D’Rivera, Paquito, 346
Du Bois, W.E.B.
Atlanta Compromise, 223
black general strike, 26–27
criticism, 224–225
death, 287
education perspective, 240
Garvey, opposition, 353
mixed-race heritage, 417
Negro honesty, 248
Republican Party criticism, 231–232
Wells battle, 245
Dukakis, Michael, 312, 320
defeat, 370
nomination, 371
Duncan, Todd, 265
Dunham, Stanley Ann, 439
Dunmore, Lord, 80
Durban Review Conference (Durban II), Obama attendance/participation refusal, 460
Dust Bowl drought, impact, 29
Duvall, Mary, 441
Dyer, Fred, 357
Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
Harding, support (weakness), 250
support, absence, 249
Dyson, Michael Eric, 376
Easley, Alice, 418
Easley, Bolus/Mariah, 418
Eason, J.W.H., 350, 355–356
easter, egg-rolling tradition (initiation), 17
Echo from Dealey Plaza, The (Bolden), 280
economic authority, resolution, 28–29
economic reparations, Freedman’s Bank (impact), 28
Edmonson, Samuel, 136
>
Education Equality Project, 376
Edwards, G. Franklin, 139
Edwards, John, 445
Egerton, Douglas, 48–49, 61, 81
Eisenhower, Dwight, 232
Civil Rights era impact, 30–31
jazz diplomacy, 336
Jim Crow, impact, 29
King Jr./Granger/Randolph meeting, 275–276
Morrow, E. Frederic
appointment, 272–273
interaction, 271–278
photograph, 272
re-election, 275
Eldridge Cleaver for President Fund, 390
(Elizabeth) free black shipment, 148
Ellicott III, Andrew, 112
Banneker, relationship, 120–121, 124
wage payments, 114
Ellington, Duke, 333–334, 384
Jazz Ambassador, 337–338
White House performance, 340–342
Ellington, James Edward (“J.E.”), 340
Emancipation Proclamation, 27
Greeley decision, 195
information, Lincoln distribution, 207
Lincoln, signing, 180–181, 191
military dimension, undermining, 207
problem, 180–185
Emanuel, Rahm, 22
embryonic political cell, 96
Emerging Republican Majority, The (Phillips), 312
Emerson, Eliza Irene, 172
Emerson, John, 162
England, political bonds, (dissolution), 59
enslaved blacks
dehumanized status, challenge, 69–70
electoral/political voice, absence, 70–71
importation, term, 73
rights (denial), Virginia Declaration of Rights (impact), 58
such Persons, term, 73
enslaved individuals, supply (U.S. Constitution guarantee), 71
enslaved people
capital construction involvement, 110–117
Franklin & Armfield, impact, 105
environmental hazards, racial disparities (continuation), 449–450
Epicurean Eating House, 125–126
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 302
equality, organization (increase), 232–233
“Ernani, involami” (Verdi), 262
Espy, Mike, 323
“Ethiopia, Thou Land of Our Fathers” (anthem), 350
ethnic barriers, pushing, 298–299
ethnic cleansing plan, 184
Ethnic Studies, 20–21
Europe, capitalism (transition), 146–147
Europe, James Reese, 261–262
European Union, impact, 475
Evanti, Lillian, 265
Evers, Medgar (murder), 303
exclusion, black codes, 221
execrable commerce, condemnation, 62
Executive Mansion, 86
Executive Order 10925, 302
Executive Order 11063, 302
Ex-Slave Association
Justice Department/Post Office Department attacks, 359–360
objective, 358
ex-slaves, money (collection), 360
Fair Deal era
administration, 29
public policies, discrimination, 255
Fair Housing Act (1968), 307, 317
Faneuil, Peter, 110
Faneuil Hall, 49, 110
Farmer, James, 287
Farrakhan, Louis, 376, 419–420
Fattah, Chaka, 99
Faubus, Orval, 275
Fauntroy, Michael, 376
Feagin, Joe, 444
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
COINTELPRO anti-Communist campain (1956-1971), 309
covert attacks, continuation, 309
monitoring, 302–303
Federalist Paper No. 54, 70
Federation of Southern Cooperatives/Black Land Fund (FSC), 468, 470
Fehrenbacher, Don E., 184
Fellner, James, 322
female population, electoral/political voice (absence), 70–71
Ficklin, Charles, 270
Ficklin, John (White House butler/supervisor), 269–270
Ficklin, Samuel, 270
Fidele, Diane (resignation), 447
Fields, Alonzo (White butler/maître d’hôtel), 267–269, 270
presidential preference, 268
Fifteenth Amendment, passage (1870), 216
Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Colored Regiment, 204
Fillmore, Millard
ACS member, 148
Drayton/Sayres executive pardon, 140
Fugitive Slave Act (1850) signing, 151
slave ownership, avoidance, 145
Final Report of the JFK Board, creation, 291–292
Fisk University, 259–260
Fitzgerald, Ella, 384
Fletcher, Arthur (Philadelphia Plan), 312–313
Foote, Henry, 137
“For Aunty Sojourner Truth” (Truth), 211–212
Ford, Gerald, 299, 314
civil rights advances, 31
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 205
Forsyth, John, 153–154
Fort Pillow, black troop murder, 205
founding documents, 35
Founding Fathers
impact, 35
property rights priority, 74–75
rhetoric, challenge, 129
slavery, accommodation, 52
Fourteenth Amendment, passage (1868), 215–216
Fox TV News, right-wing aid, 454
France, Second Republic (declaration), 137
Frank (White House construction slave), 117
Franklin, Aretha, 329–330
Franklin, John Hope, 54, 99, 325
Franklin & Armfield, abducted/enslaved people dealings, 105
Fraunces, “Black Sam,” 49
Free African Society
broad-based network, 95–96
formation, 95
free blacks
future, perception, 190–191
inclusion, 70
restrictions, 146
Freedman and Soldier’s Relief Association, 177–178
Freedman’s Bank, 28
Freedmen’s Bureau (Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land), 215
school setup, 240
Freedmen’s Bureau Act, Lincoln signing, 470
Freedmen’s Pension Bill (Connell), 357–358
Freedom, White House symbol, 18
Freedom (statue) (Crawford), 127–129
freedom movement, 298–317
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), Kennedy documents release, 281
freedom rides (1961), 282, 303
free jazz movement, 338
free labor
capital construction involvement, 110–117
Republican Party push, 27–28
Freeman, Morgan, 407–409
Free South Africa Movement (FSAM), 319
free states
slave states, balance, 146
status (1812), 145–146
Freidman, Paul, 470
Fremont, John C., 192–193
Fremont Declaration, 192
Fugitive Slave Act (1793), 26, 40, 44
enforcement, weakening, 413
passage/signing, 74–75
repeal, 96
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 26, 75, 154
creation, 413
Fillmore signing, 151
intent, 415
overthrowing, 196
Pierce enforcement, 151
strengthening, 172
Fugitive Slave Laws, 64
Fulani, Lenora, 381, 394–396
race, dropout, 395
G-7, dissolution, 475
G-20, global governance, 475
Gabriel (White House construction slave), 117
Gag rule
accommodation, 152–153
elimination, 153
impact, 151–152
Gallagher, Mary, 271
Gantt, Henry, 377
Garfield, Jame
s A., 203
abolition support, 238
assassination, 240
inauguration speech (1881), 238–239
states’ rights defense, 240
Garland, Ann, 173
Garland, Armistead, 173
Garland, Hugh, 172–173
Garment, Leonard, 341–342
Garnet, Henry Highland, 173, 178, 189, 199
resistance, 198
Garvey, Marcus Mosiah, 349–361
black community, conflict, 353
death, 361
government attacks, 360–361
Justice Department deportation attempt, 361
KKK Imperial Wizard meeting, 360–361
mail fraud accusation, 357
Negro World, 361
New Negro Crowd, government perspective, 360–361
photograph, 350
Provisional President of Africa proclamation, 350–351
UNIA, 352
Wells battle, 245
Gary Declaration, 396
Gates, Henry Louis (Skip Gates), 417
arrest incident, 462–465
Gawiser, Sheldon, 433
General Order 11, 192
issuance, 193
Lincoln, rescinding, 194
George, King
armed revolt, justification, 59
colonies, split (declaration), 57
regime, oppressiveness, 47–48
Georgetown Weekly Record, 121
George Washington (Trumbull), 79
Georgia
profit, slavery (impact), 55
rejected Jefferson Declaration clause, 61
Gerald (White House construction slave), 117
Getz, Stan, 339, 343
Gibbs, Robert (apologies), 473–474
Gillespie, John Birks “Dizzy,” 342, 343, 381–386
Jazz Ambassador, 337
racism, cessation (campaign), 384
Gilmore III, James S. (Appeals Court nomination opposition), 330–331
Gingrich, Newt, 376
mosque hysteria, 459–460
racist remarks, 461
Gleason, Ralph, 383
global capitalism, change, 29–30
Gonzales, Virgilio (Watergate burglar), 313
Goodman, Amy, 474
Goodman, Andrew, 393
Goodman, Benny, 342
Good Ol’ Boy Roundup investigation, 294–295
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 181
team of rivals, 216
Gore, Al (vote controversy), 325
government cover-up, Bolden story, 280–281
government location, South wariness, 87–88
Gradual Abolition Act
Article X, 41
development, 94
Washington circumvention, 42
gradualist policy (Pennsylvania Abolition Society), 94
Graeff, Abraham op den, 91
Graeff, Derick op den, 91
Granary Burying Ground, funeral procession, 50
grandfather clauses, impact, 243–244
Granger, Lester (Eisenhower meeting), 276
Grant, Gary, 473
Grant, Ulysses S., 203
Jubilee Singer performance, 260
Southern racist domination, 238
Grave of the Slave (Johnson), 157
The Black History of the White House Page 54